变异链球菌luxS基因对牙菌斑生物膜形成的影响研究

目的敲除变异链球菌中的luxS基因,构建luxS突变株,测试变异链球菌失去luxS基因后形成牙菌斑生物膜的能力。方法把luxS基因敲除重组质粒转入变异链球菌UA159中,得到转化菌,在含有卡拉霉素的培养基中进行筛选,得到变异链球菌luxS基因突变株,并利用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）和哈氏弧菌发光实验对变异链球菌luxS突变株进行检测,通过扫描电镜,对不同时间段变异链球菌luxS突变株和变异链球菌UA159在BHIS培养液（含1%蔗糖的脑心浸液）和BHIG培养液（含1%葡萄糖的脑心浸液）中形成的生物膜进行比较。结果成功的构建了变异链球菌luxS突变株,在BHIS培养液中,变异链球菌luxS突变株形成生物膜的能力比变异链球菌UA159弱,而在BHIG培养液中,二者无显著差异。结论变异链球菌luxS基因对牙菌斑生物膜的形成有重要的影响,并且luxS基因对变异链球菌生物膜的调控是蔗糖依赖型的。     

利用框内缺失法构建变异链球菌srtA基因缺失株

目的 利用框内缺失法,通过IFDC2基因盒及融合聚合酶链反应（PCR）、同源重组技术构建变异链球菌UA159菌株srtA基因缺失株。方法 PCR扩增变异链球菌UA159菌株srtA基因上下游同源片段及IFDC2基因盒,将这些片段连接、转化入UA159,替换srtA基因同源片段,筛选、鉴定红霉素抗性克隆;PCR扩增、连接UA159 srtA基因上下游同源片段,将连接片段转化入前述红霉素抗性克隆中替换IFDC2同源片段,筛选、鉴定抗苯丙氨酸类似物p-chloro-phenylalanine（p-Cl-Phe）克隆。结果 PCR、琼脂糖凝胶电泳及DNA测序结果均证明srtA基因编码区被完全删除,上下游片段无缝连接,成功构建UA159 srtA基因缺失株。结论 本研究成功构建了无标记的变异链球菌UA159 srtA基因缺失株,为进一步研究该基因在生物膜中的作用及其调控机制奠定了基础。     

变异链球菌LuxS突变株的构建及其耐酸性的测试

目的:把构建好的含有luxS基因两侧同源序列的重组质粒转入变异链球菌进行luxS的敲除以形成luxS突变株,同时测试变异链球菌失去luxS基因后在pH 3.0酸性环境中的生长情况.方法:把含有luxS基因两侧同源序列的重组质粒(pMD-19TUKD)转化入变异链球菌UA159中,利用间源重组,等位基因交换进行luxS基因敲除,再对此突变株进行PCR的检测,利用测试A值、梯度稀释和平板计数法,对变异链球菌luxS突变株和野生型的变异链球菌在pH 3.0酸性环境下生存情况进行比较.结果:成功的构建了变异链球菌luxS的突变株,并且变异链球菌失去luxS基凶后,在酸性环境下的生存能力相对于野生型的变异链球菌低.结论:LuxS基因对变异链球菌的耐酸性起着重要作用.     

变异链球菌自诱导物2信号分子的体外合成与活性检测

目的：利用分子生物学的相关技术体外合成具有良好生物学活性的自诱导物2（AI-2）信号分子,为进一步研究S-核糖高半胱氨酸裂解酶（LuxS）/AI-2信号系统对于变异链球菌和口腔生物膜的致病性、耐药性的调节机制奠定基础。方法???构建稳定高效的LuxS和S-腺苷高半胱氨酸核苷酶（Pfs）原核表达载体,异丙基β-D-1-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导表达目的蛋白,并进行镍柱层析分离纯化与鉴定。利用纯化表达的LuxS蛋白和Pfs蛋白体外合成AI-2信号分子,以哈维氏弧菌菌株BB170作为报告菌株,通过生物发光效应检测体外合成的变异链球菌AI-2信号分子的生物活性,并以此间接检测LuxS蛋白和Pfs蛋白的生物学活性。结果???体外合成的AI-2可诱导哈维氏弧菌菌株BB170强烈发光。以变异链球菌UA159标准株菌液中自然生成的AI-2为对照,体外合成AI-2诱导发光效果强于菌液。结论??体外合成的AI-2具有良好的生物学活性,获得了高效表达、可溶性的LuxS和Pfs重组蛋白。     

变形链球菌UA159磷酸蔗糖变位酶基因功能丧失菌株的构建

目的:构建变形链球菌UA159磷酸蔗糖变位酶基因(phospho-sugar mutase gene,psm)功能丧失菌株,为进一步研究变形链球菌psm功能做准备.方法:将变形链球菌UA159 psm内部上、下游2段序列分别克隆至自杀质粒pFW5的2个多克隆位点(MCS-Ⅰ和MCS-Ⅱ),构建重组质粒,并经酶切和测序证实.利用同源重组(homologous recombination)原理,采用自然转化的方法,实现重组自杀质粒和变形链球菌UA159同源序列的等位交换(allelic exchange).结果:经过PCR和测序分析,证实变形链球菌UA159基因组中的psm被重组质粒的基因(含有壮观霉素抗性)取代.结论:成功构建了变形链球菌UA159 psm功能丧失菌株.     

多药耐药草绿色链球菌LuxS基因同源重组质粒的构建

目的:构建一个含有红霉素抗性基因和多药耐药草绿色链球菌LuxS基因上下游区同源序列的重组质粒,为后续进行LuxS基因敲除实验做准备。方法:设计合成引物,分别以质粒PMG36E、草绿色链球菌DNA为模板,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增得到红霉素抗性基因DNA片断和LuxS基因上下游序列,经双酶切反应插入pUC19质粒的多克隆酶切位点中,转化大肠杆菌的感受态中,氨苄青霉和红霉素培养基筛选。结果:红霉素抗性基因和LuxS基因两侧同源序列成功连入到Puc19质粒相应酶切位点,PCR凝胶电泳、测序结果正确。结论:成功构建多药耐药草绿色链球菌LuxS基因敲除同源重组质粒,为进一步构建LuxS突变株打下基础。     

LuxS基因缺失对变异链球菌生物学性状的影响

目的:观察LuxS基因突变对变异链球菌生物性状的影响。方法:将变链菌标准株和LuxS突变株分别培养于TSA、TSA-Cmr、BHI培养基培养48 h,通过菌落形态观察、常规生化检测、革兰染色涂片观察和生长曲线,比较两种菌株的生长特性;体外建立LuxS基因突变株和标准株的生物被膜模型,结晶紫染色,观察比较两菌株形成生物被膜的能力。结果:在含氯霉素的TSA-Cmr固体培养基中增塑,标准株基本不能生长,而突变株的生长状况基本正常。在不含氯霉素的TSA固体培养基中培养,两种菌株的菌落形态没有明显差别,革兰染色镜下观察,可见标准株菌体呈长链状排列且相互缠绕,而突变株菌体多呈短链状排列,形成长链的较少。生长曲线观察发现:两菌株在生长模式上基本一致,均呈典型的"S"型曲线,只是在进入生长的稳定期后,两者在细菌饱和度上有一定差异,即11.5～22.5 h之间各时间点标准株的A值均明显高于LuxS突变株(P<0.05)。在BHI培养基中两菌株均能形成生物被膜,但结构存在差异:标准株形成光滑且均匀分布的生物被膜,而突变株的生物被膜形态较粗糙。结论:LuxS基因突变对变异链球菌的生长以及生物被膜形成能力等生物学性状有一定影响。     

变异链球菌luxS基因对多糖基质代谢的影响

目的:利用变异链球菌luxS基因敲除的突变株,研究该基因缺陷对于生物膜多糖基质的影响。方法:通过向生物膜培养悬液中加入与细菌直径相近的磁性小珠,利用这些小珠由于生物膜约束而在磁场中位移受限的原理,采用生物膜定量分析仪,定量比较luxS突变株与野生株在利用外源性碳水化合物合成生物膜多糖基质能力方面的差异。采用SPSS 10.0软件包对实验数据,进行Dunnet双侧t检验。结果:变异链球菌luxS基因突变株与野生株均可利用碳水化合物合成胞外多糖基质,且外源性糖的加入可显著促进生物膜的形成。在加入1%蔗糖时,2菌株生物膜均在1h内迅速形成,而两者之间无显著差异。在加入1%葡萄糖时,两菌株的生物膜形成速度均有所加快,突变株的改变则更为明显。结论:luxS基因参与调节细菌对多糖基质代谢的过程,而其对于生物膜形成的影响也更多是通过调节多糖基质代谢实现的。     

luxS/AI-2密度感应对缓症链球菌生物膜致病力的影响

目的 了解luxS基因敲除,自体诱导物-2(AI-2)密度感应信号缺失对缓症链球菌生物膜致病力表型的影响.方法 常规细菌培养、药敏试验、形态学与生化反应鉴定,16S核糖体DNA(rDNA)序列同源性分析,获得耐药性缓症链球菌临床分离株.同源重组法敲除luxS基因,构建突变株.哈氏弧菌BB170菌株生物发光实验检测AI-2信号;定量分析临床分离株与突变株生物膜形成量与抗菌药敏感性的差异;荧光黄染液、18909荧光增白染液、L7012死/活菌染液染色,激光共聚焦显微镜扫描,了解生物膜结构、胞外多糖、死/活菌分布差异;临床分离株上清液、4,5-二羟基-2,3-戊二酮(DPD)补偿生长实验确认突变株表型改变的原因.实验数据行KolmogorovSmimo非参数检验.结果 luxS基因突变株与临床分离株生物膜形成量存在显著性差异(P＜0.001);氨苄西林、环丙沙星、四环素干预条件下,突变株生物膜形成量显著降低.上清液、DPD补偿后,突变株生物膜形成能力和结构可以恢复.突变株生物膜结构变疏松,对氨苄西林、环内沙星、四环素的敏感性增加.结论 luxS/AI-2密度感应信号缺失,导致耐药性缓症链球菌生物膜形成量下降,抗菌药敏感性增加,致病力表型发生改变.     

乳牙高毒力变异链球菌HtrA缺陷株的构建及转化力的研究

目的:构建乳牙高毒力变异链球菌HtrA基因缺陷株(简称HtrA缺陷株),比较HtrA缺陷株和高毒力株的转化力。方法:将乳牙变异链球菌HtrA高毒力菌株复苏,厌氧培养,应用基因同源重组技术进行HtrA基因缺陷株的构建。以含有HtrA基因的变异链球菌标准株DNA作为参照进行PCR鉴定。将乳牙变异链球菌HtrA高毒力株与HtrA缺陷菌株分别在TPY液体培养基中增菌,厌氧培养,以菌落计数来比较二者的转化力。结果:凝胶自动成像分析结果显示,HtrA缺陷株在500 bp未出现HtrA基因片段的特异性电泳条带,而在710、1 200、1 100 bp处分别出现了红霉素抗性基因片段、HtrA基因上游引物序列合并红霉素抗性基因引物HtrAUF/P1以及HtrA基因下游引物序列合并红霉素抗性基因引物HtrAUR/P2的特异性条带。而HtrA高毒力株的表现则相反。转化力检测结果显示:6、9、12、24、48 h,高毒力株的菌落数量均明显多于HtrA基因缺陷株(P<0.05)。结论:通过基因重组等方法可以将变异链球菌高毒力株中的Htr A基因敲除,构建高毒力变异链球菌Htr A基因缺陷株;变异链球菌高毒力株的转化力高于HtrA基因缺陷株,提示HtrA与变异链球菌的致龋性有关。     

Deletion of gtfC of Streptococcus mutans has no influence on the composition of a mixed-species in vitro biofilm model of supragingival plaque

Glucosyltransferases from Streptococcus mutans are thought to play an important role in bacterial adherence to the tooth surface. The goal of the present study was to determine the effect of the deletion of the gtfC gene, which encodes a glucosyltransferase that catalyses primarily the formation of insoluble glucan (mutan), on colonization of S. mutans in a mixed-species biofilm model of supragingival plaque. A gtfC deletion mutant of S. mutans UA159 grew poorly in biofilms on a polystyrene surface in Todd–Hewitt medium containing sucrose, but biofilm formation in the semi-defined fluid universal medium (FUM) was not affected. The S. mutans gtfC mutant colonized with the same efficiency as the wild-type strain when grown together with five other species in a mixed-species biofilm on hydroxyapatite in a mixture of FUM and saliva with pulses of sucrose and showed the same ability to demineralize enamel in vitro . Colonization of mutant and wild-type strains was also equal in an association experiment in specific-pathogen-free rats. However, the gtfC mutant gave rise to more dentinal fissure lesions and smooth surface caries than the wild-type strain; this could be caused by a change in diffusion properties as a result of to the lack of mutan.     

Involvement of antigen I/II surface proteins in Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus intermedius biofilm formation

BACKGROUND/AIM: Dental diseases are caused by microorganisms organized in biofilms. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus intermedius are commensals of the human oral cavity. S. mutans is associated with caries, whereas S. intermedius is associated with purulent infections. Oral streptococci including S. mutants and S. intermedius express a family of surface proteins termed antigen I/II (Ag I/II). Ag I/II is implicated in adhesion; however, its role in biofilm formation has not yet been investigated. METHODS: By using isogenic Ag I/II-deficient mutants of S. mutans and S. intermedius we studied the influence of Ag I/II on in vitro biofilm formation. Biofilm was quantified in polystyrene microtiter plates and visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Ag I/II expression in planktonic and biofilm cells, as well as in the presence or absence of saliva was investigated by immunoblotting. RESULTS: In the presence of saliva, the Ag I/II-deficient mutants formed 65% less biofilm than the wild-types. In the absence of saliva, no difference was observed in S. mutans, whereas the S. intermedius Ag I/II mutant formed 41% less biofilm. Ag I/II expression was reduced in the presence of saliva. No differences in expression were observed between biofilm and planktonic cells. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that Ag I/II may be important during biofilm formation particularly in the presence of saliva. These findings may provide useful information regarding the importance of Ag I/II in biofilm formation and in the search of new strategies to control biofilm-mediated infections.     

蔗糖环境对寡发酵链球菌与变异链球菌双菌种生物膜形成的影响

目的探讨蔗糖环境对寡发酵链球菌与变异链球菌双菌种生物膜形成的影响,并与血链球菌和变异链球菌的双菌种生物膜形成进行比较。方法运用菌落计数法观察蔗糖环境下唾液包被的玻璃生物模型中单/双菌株寡发酵链球菌,变异链球菌和血链球菌24 h生物膜形成情况;运用激光共聚焦显微镜观察蔗糖环境下寡发酵链球菌,变异链球菌和血链球菌单/双菌株生物模型中24h生物膜形成厚度。结果无糖环境下,单菌株模型中,菌落数:血链球菌(55.67±5.36)>变异链球菌(53.48±2.63)(P>0.05)>寡发酵链球菌(46.24±2.34)(P<0.05);生物膜厚度:血链球菌(17.23±3.82)>变异链球菌(15.16±4.21)(P>0.05)>寡发酵链球菌(10.54±4.37)(P<0.05)。双菌株模型中,变异链球菌菌落数降低幅度:血链球菌组>寡发酵链球菌组(P<0.05)。生物膜厚度:血链球菌组(8.12±2.82)<寡发酵链球菌组(11.27±3.55)(P<0.05)。蔗糖环境下,单菌株模型中,菌落数:变异链球菌(58.54±2.74)>血链球菌(51.87±5.35)>寡发酵链球菌(48.57±3.05)(P<0.05)生物膜厚度:变异链球菌(20.63±5.71)>血链球菌(13.37±4.93)>寡发酵链球菌(12.45±4.62)(P<0.05)双菌株模型中;变异链球菌菌落数降低幅度,寡发酵链球菌组>血链球菌组(P<0.05),生物膜厚度:寡发酵链球菌组(6.67±2.19)<血链球菌组(10.45±2.72)(P<0.05)。结论外界糖环境影响寡发酵链球菌和血链球菌对变异链球菌的抑制作用,蔗糖环境下,寡发酵链球菌的抑制作用强于血链球菌。     

Effects of oral streptococci on biofilm formation by cariogenic bacteria in dual species cultures

The effects of oral commensal streptococci (Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus salivarius) on biofilm formation by cariogenic mutans streptococci (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus) were investigated. Cell suspensions were cultured on 96-well microtiter plates coated with or without salivary components (SC), and in flow cell systems coated with SC in tryptic soy broth including 0.25% sucrose without dextrose (TSB). The resultant biofilm formations were stained using safranin or a LIVE/DEAD BacLight Viability Kit, and examined with absorbance at 492 nm or using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Mutans streptococci and S. sanguinis biofilms were formed significantly on the polystyrene surfaces in TSB. Further, in combination cultures, S. sanguinis formed a sufficient biofilm when cultured with S. mutans. However, when S. sanguinis was cultured with S. sobrinus, biofilm formation was slightly inhibited. S. gordonii also inhibited biofilm formation in the culture with S. sobrinus, but not when cultured with S. mutans. S. mitis and S. salivarius collapsed the biofilm morphology and inhibited volume development in some conditions when cultured with S. mutans or S. sobrinus. Biofilm formation by mutans streptococci was challenged and collapsed on the whole by culturing with each of the other oral streptococci. These results indicate that co-culturing of multiple species of mutans streptococci and other oral streptococci has physical effects related to previous attachment and colonization on the surface, as well as biological effects to regulate biofilm formation.     

The effects of orthodontic bonding steps on biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans in the presence of saliva

Abstract Objective. To investigate the effects of various orthodontic bonding steps on biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans in the presence of saliva. Materials and methods: Hydroxyapatite (HA) and orthodontic adhesive (AD) disks were prepared to a uniform size. HA disks were etched with 37% phosphoric acid gel in the etched group (HE). In the primed group (HP), Transbond XT primer was applied to the etched HA surface and light-cured. For biofilm formation, Streptococcus mutans was grown on each specimen in a biofilm medium with either glucose or sucrose in the presence of fluid-phase UWS (F-UWS) or surface adsorbed saliva (S-UWS). The adherent bacteria were quantified by enumeration of the total viable counts of bacteria. Biofilms formed on each surface were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Results. When glucose was used, both F-UWS and S-UWS suppressed biofilm formation of S. mutans. Compared to HA and HE, biofilm formation was significantly inhibited on HP and AD in the presence of glucose. Biofilm-forming patterns that were inhibited by saliva were restored in a sucrose-containing medium. F-UWS promoted biofilm formation on HA and HE, while S-UWS significantly promoted biofilm formation on HP. S. mutans developed biofilm better on HA and HE than on AD when sucrose was used as the sole carbohydrate source. Conclusions. This study suggests that the biofilm development by S. mutans is significantly influenced by the orthodontic bonding procedure. Biofilm formation of S. mutans was inhibited on AD more than other surfaces, irrespective of the presence of saliva or a carbohydrate source.     

变形链球菌中LuxS介导的群体感应系统的研究进展

LuxS介导的群体感应系统以自体诱导物-2（AI-2）分子作为通用信号,可介导不同细菌的交流。作为口腔致龋生物膜中主要致病菌的变形链球菌中也存在这种感应系统。本文就LuxS信号系统在变形链球菌生物膜形成和毒力因子分泌方面的作用以及它所介导的变形链球菌与口腔中其他细菌的交流等内容作一综述。