神经内科重症监护病房铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因研究

目的 了解分离自神经内科重症监护病房患者的铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因存在状况.方法 对36株铜绿假单胞菌,采用ATB微生物鉴定仅鉴定细菌,用PCR法检测aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(3)-Ⅲ、aac(3)-Ⅳ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅱ、aph(3')-Ⅵ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ和ant(2″)-Ⅰ等9种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因.结果 36株PAE中aac(6')-Ⅱ阳性19株52.8%、aac(3)-Ⅱ阳性17株47.2%、aac(6')-Ⅰ阳性4株11.1%和aph(3')-Ⅵ阳性1株2.8%,而其他基因均阴性,共有28株(77.8%)检出氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因.结论 神经内科重症监护病房铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因携带率很高.     

铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因检测研究

目的了解医院铜绿假单胞菌中氨基糖苷类修饰酶编码基因的存在状况。方法对临床分离的59株铜绿假单胞菌中氨基糖苷类修饰酶(AMEs)基因进行PCR检测。结果共检出同时含aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ和ant(2″)-Ⅰ3种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因的铜绿假单胞菌35株,且氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因对庆大霉素、阿米卡星的耐药表型有较高的阳性预测值>75%。结论铜绿假单胞菌对庆大霉素、阿米卡星耐药中氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因发挥着重要的作用。     

多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类耐药相关基因研究

目的研究临床分离的多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌(MDR-PEA)常见氨基糖苷类修饰酶及甲基化酶基因的存在状况。方法收集2009年2月-2010年4月从医院住院患者分离出来的MDR-PAE20株,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析的方法分析对6种甲基化酶及8种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因进行检测及测序。结果 20株MDR-PAE中,甲基化酶基因rmtB阳性率为15.0%;氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰb、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ的阳性率分别为40.0%、10.0%、20.0%、15.0%、10.0%,未检出aac(3)-Ⅰ、ant(4′)-Ⅰ及aph(3′)-Ⅱb。结论产氨基糖苷类修饰酶是MDR-PAE对氨基糖苷类药物耐药的主要机制,非产氨基糖苷类修饰酶MDR-PAE株对氨基糖苷类药物耐药可能与其他机制有关。     

铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株新型氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因分析

目的了解铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株对氨基糖苷类药物耐药的遗传学背景。方法收集2018年3月-2019年5月浙江省宁波与杭州两个地区6所医院的耐药铜绿假单胞菌98株(非重复株),采用琼脂稀释法测定其对13种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);聚合酶链反应检测14种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因和10种16S rRNA甲基化酶基因;比较宁波与杭州地区分离株耐药率和耐药基因携带率。结果 98株铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、妥布霉素和庆大霉素3种氨基糖苷类药物耐药率均30%,对其余10种抗菌药物的耐药率高达60.20%～94.90%。宁波分离株对3种氨基糖苷类药物的耐药率均高于杭州分离株。98株菌共检出5种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因:ant(3″)-Ⅰ(13/98,13.27%)、ant(2″)-Ⅰ(11/98,11.22%)、aac(6′)-Ⅰb (7/98,7.14%)、aph(3′)-ⅩⅤ(4/98,4.08%)、aac(6′)-Ⅱ(3/98,3.06%),和1种16S rRNA甲基化酶基因:rmtB(10/98,10.20%)。宁波分离株氨基糖苷类耐药基因ant(2″)-Ⅰ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、aph(3′)-ⅩⅤ和rmtB检出率高于杭州分离株。25株菌检出氨基糖苷类耐药基因(25/98,25.51%),其中15株携带2种及以上耐药基因,10株携带1种耐药基因。10株检出16S rRNA甲基化酶基因rmtB的菌株对氨基糖苷类药物的MIC均≥256μg/ml。耐药基因携带模式共有6种,与氨基糖苷类药物耐药表型相符。结论携带ant(3″)-Ⅰ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ、aac(6′)-Ⅰb、aph(3′)-ⅩⅤ、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、rmtB基因是本组铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类药物耐药的主要原因。     

多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、消毒剂耐药相关基因研究

目的了解多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)中β-内酰胺酶、oprD2基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶及qacE△1基因存在状况。方法铜绿假单胞菌使用VITEK仪器鉴定,琼脂稀释法行MIC药敏试验,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测TEMI、MP、VIM、oprD2、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰa、ac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ、qacE△1。结果TEM基因检出率分别为51.4%,IMP、VIM基因未检出,oprD2基因缺失率为60.0%;aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰ、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ和ant(2″)-Ⅰ等5种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因检出率分别为48.6%、40.0%、54.3%、45.7%、60.0%;qacE△1基因为94.3%。结论在35株多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌中,β-内酰胺酶、氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因检出率较高,耐消毒剂基因检出率很高,应该引起高度重视。     

泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶与16SrRNA甲基化酶基因检测研究

目的研究泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类的耐药机制,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,降低细菌耐药性的产生。方法收集2010年1-12月浙江绍兴第二医院住院患者痰液标本中分离到的泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌共20株,用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析的方法分析14种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因与7种16SrRNA甲基化酶基因。结果 20株铜绿假单胞菌均检测到aac(6′)-Ⅱ及rmtB基因,检出率100.0%;17株检测到aac(6′)-Ⅰb,检出率85.0%;18株检测到ant(2″)-Ⅰ,检出率90.0%;2株检测到ant(3″)-Ⅰ,检出率10.0%。结论 aac(6′)-Ⅱ型氨基糖苷类修饰酶与rmtB型16SrRNA甲基化酶基因流行是泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类耐药的重要原因。     

肺炎克雷伯菌老年患者分离株氨基糖苷类药物耐药相关基因研究

目的了解肺炎克雷伯菌老年患者分离株16S rRNA甲基化酶、氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因的存在状况。方法自2006年1~10月住院患者标本中分离并筛选出20株多药耐药肺炎克雷伯菌,微量肉汤稀释法检测20种抗菌药物的敏感性;PCR法检测16S rRNA甲基化酶、氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因。结果20株多药耐药肺炎克雷伯菌16S rRNA甲基化酶(rmtA、rmtB、rmtC、rmtD、armA和npmA)基因均为阴性;氨基糖苷类修饰酶aac(3)-Ⅱ基因阳性15株、aac(6′)-Ⅰb基因阳性1株、ant(3″)-Ⅰ基因阳性16株、aph(3′)-Ⅰ基因阳性3株、ant(2″)-Ⅰ基因阳性1株。结论研究结果显示,肺炎克雷伯菌老年患者分离株对氨基糖苷类药物耐药的主要原因是aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰb、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、aph(3′)-Ⅰ和ant(2″)-Ⅰ5种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因的存在;从肺炎克雷伯菌中检出aac(6′)-Ⅰb-Cr型和aph(3′)-Ⅰ均为国内首次。     

ICU分离铜绿假单胞菌耐药特征及菌株聚类分析研究

目的了解自重症监护病房(ICU)患者分离到的铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)中β-内酰胺类药物耐药相关基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因存在状况和菌株的亲缘性。方法对21株PAE,采用PCR检测β-内酰胺类药物耐药相关基因(TEM、SHV、OXA-10群、PER、VEB、GES、CARB、IMP、VIM、SPM、GIM、DHA、FOX、MOX和oprD2),氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因(aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰ、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ和aac(3)-Ⅰ)。结果21株PAEβ-内酰胺类药物耐药相关基因中TEM阳性21株(100.0%)、SHV阳性2株(9.5%)、GES阳性1株(4.8%)、CARB阳性2株(9.5%)、VIM阳性4株(19.0%),oprD2基因缺失14株(66.7%),其余基因均阴性;氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因中aac(3)-Ⅱ阳性4株(19.0%)、aac(6′)-Ⅰ阳性5株(23.8%)、aac(6′)-Ⅱ阳性2株(9.5%)、ant(3″)-Ⅰ阳性1株(4.8%)和ant(2″)-Ⅰ阳性4株(19.0%),aac(3)-Ⅰ为阴性。结论ICU患者分离到的铜绿假单胞菌携带多种β-内酰胺酶和氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因,聚类分析显示存在克隆传播医院感染。     

大肠埃希菌中同时发现携带aac(6′)-Ⅰb及aac(6′)-Ⅰb-Cr氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因

目的了解大肠埃希菌(ECO)氨基糖苷类药物获得性耐药基因流行状况。方法收集2009年10月-2010年3月临床分离的MDR-ECO 20株,PCR法检测14种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因[aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(3)-Ⅲ、aac(3)-Ⅳ、aac(6′)-Ⅰb、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、aadA4/5、aadA6/16、ant(4′)-Ⅰ、aph(3′)-Ⅰ、aph(3′)-Ⅱa、aph(3′)-Ⅱb]和6种16S rRNA甲基化酶基因(armA、rmtA、rmtB、rmtC、rmtD、npmA),部分PCR阳性产物进行测序,并经BLASTn比对确认。结果 14种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因共检出aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰb、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、aadA5、aph(3′)-Ⅰ5种,阳性率分别为25.0%、25.0%、5.0%、65.0%和55.0%;其余9种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因和6种16S rRNA甲基化酶基因均未检出;5株aac(6′)-Ⅰb PCR阳性产物均进行了测序,经BLASTn比对确认1株为aac(6′)-Ⅰb型,其余4株均为aac(6′)-Ⅰb-cr型。结论该组MDR-ECO氨基糖苷类药物获得性耐药与氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因密切相关,而与甲基化酶基因无关系。     

铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类耐药表型及耐药基因的检测

目的了解中山地区铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类药物的耐药表型和基因表型的分布及其关系。方法采用VITEK-2Compact高级专家系统判定2010年1-9月896株铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类药物的耐药表型,并对其中15株多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌采用PCR的方法检测4种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因。结果 896株铜绿假单胞菌及15株多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类药物的耐药表型模式均主要为表型模式RESISTANT(GEN、NET、AMI、TOB),阳性株分别为468、12株;15株多药耐药菌株全部检出氨基糖苷类耐药基因:aac(6′)-Ⅰ、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ分别为13、4、3、8株。结论临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌以单一耐药表型模式为主,推测该地区氨基糖苷类药物耐药的主要原因,是氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因的存在导致。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.