内镜逆行胰胆管造影十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石诊治胆总管结石163例体会

目的探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）十二指肠乳头括约肌切开（EST）诊断、治疗胆总管结石的临床效果和价值。方法163例临床诊断胆总管结石者行ERCP检查，造影成功159例，150例确诊为胆总管结石并经内镜行乳头括约肌切开术。结果胆总管结石ERCP与临床诊断符合率为94．3％；胆总管结石150例，取石成功141例，成功率94．0％；EST术后发生急性胰腺炎4例，少到中等量肠道出血3例，高淀粉酶血症5例，无肠穿孔、大出血及死亡等并发症发生。结论ERCP可提高胆管结石的诊断准确率；EST取石是肝外胆管结石治疗的优良方法，对已作胆囊切除后肝外胆管残留或复发结石并应为首选治疗方法。     

鼻胆管造影对经内镜逆行胰胆管造影取石术后结石残留的诊断价值及结石残留相关因素分析

目的评价经鼻胆管造影对经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后残留胆总管结石的诊断价值,分析残留结石的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2018年1月1日—2019年12月31日在北京大学第一医院完成ERCP取石及内镜下鼻胆管引流术后鼻胆管造影的病例资料。计数资料组间比较采用χ²检验。运用logistic回归分析结石残留的独立危险因素。结果366例患者完成ERCP取石及鼻胆管造影,27例可疑残留结石,再次ERCP证实其中25例为结石残留(残留组),另341例无残留(无残留组)。ERCP胆管取石后结石残留率为6.8%(25/366),鼻胆管造影对胆总管残留结石的阳性预测值为92.6%(25/27)。单因素分析结果显示:多发结石、胆总管直径≥1.5cm、机械碎石在两组间的差异有统计学意义(χ²值分别为5.014、7.651、9.670,P值均<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,多发结石(OR=2.713,95%CI:1.002~7.345,P=0.049)、机械碎石(OR=9.183,95%CI:2.347~35.925,P=0.001)是结石残留的独立危险因素。结论术后鼻胆管造影是发现胆总管残留结石的有效手段。多发结石和术中使用机械碎石是结石残留的独立危险因素。     

胆管末端良性病变合并胆管炎经ERCP治疗随访研究

目的分析胆管末端良性病变经ERCP治疗后复发胆管炎的危险因素,评价ERCP治疗远期效果的同时确定随访对该类患者的重要性。方法回顾性分析2010年至2014年行ERCP诊治的150例胆管末端良性病变合并胆管炎患者的临床数据,并通过随访评价ERCP治疗该类疾病的效果。结果经ERCP成功造影132例,成功率为88.0%,术后共出现胆管炎复发22例,占17.5%(122/126),男性胆管炎复发率高于女性(P=0.138),憩室组复发率高于非憩室组(P=0.023),合并胆囊结石组的复发率高于无胆囊结石组(P=0.016),胆囊切除组胆管炎复发率低于胆囊非切除组(P=0.003),乳头括约肌切开(EST)组的复发率高于非EST组(P=0.045),对年龄、性别、并憩室、并胆囊结石、胆囊切除史、EST治疗等进行Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、合并憩室、EST治疗为胆管炎复发的独立危险因素,合并胆囊结石与术后复发有关(P=0.000),胆囊切除史及性别为男时为复发的保护性因素(P=0.000)。结论胆管末端良性病变包括十二指肠乳头炎、十二指肠乳头括约肌功能障碍、胆管泥沙样结石、壶腹周围憩室等,多病因交叉存在、互相影响,对胆管末端疾病的诊治要有全局观念,从整体出发;ERCP对该类疾病安全有效,该类疾病具有易复发的特点,且有恶变的可能,随访对于该类疾病具有非常重要的作用。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石5年随访效果分析

背景胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的治疗方法有多种,当前较为常用的有腹腔镜下胆囊切除、胆总管探查术,内镜下乳头括约肌切开取石术加腹腔镜胆囊切除术,但前者因术后需放置T管引流、后者因破坏Oddi括约肌而有一定的争议.本研究经胆囊管途径取石,避免了损伤胆总管和Oddi括约肌切开所造成的损伤,在临床中取得了良好的效果.目的探讨腹腔镜下应用胆道镜经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床效果.方法对2013-01/2013-12的成功实施腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的125例患者进行5年随访,分析其临床治疗效果.结果122例患者成功完成了腹腔镜胆囊切除加联合胆道镜经胆囊管胆总管取石术,手术成功率97.6%,平均年龄58.21岁±13.01岁,手术时间为87.95min±39.12min,术中出血11.27 mL±6.85 mL.所有患者均行球囊扩张,其中33例行胆囊管汇合处微切开, 5例行胆道镜下碎石术.患者术后排气时间为32.48 h±17.85 h.术后住院时间为2.03 d±1.62 d.短期随访并发症5.74%,共7例,其中术后胰腺炎4例,经奥曲肽、乌司他丁等对症治疗后治愈,发生胆漏2例,经ENBD引流后治愈,手术切口感染1例,经换药后治愈. 5年远期并发症4.92%,共6例,胆总管复发结石4例,其中1例合并肝内胆管结石,胰腺炎2例.死亡患者4名, 2例心梗, 1例肺部感染, 1例车祸,均与本手术无关.结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石近期及远期效果较好,患者创伤小,恢复快,并发症少,在临床掌握适应证的前提下,值得推广.     

应用和谐夹行十二指肠乳头成型术对Oddi括约肌功能恢复效果的初探

目的 为减少胆管巨大结石取石中十二指肠乳头大切开所导致的复发性胆管结石,初步尝试应用和谐夹行十二指肠乳头成型术,探讨此技术对恢复胆管括约肌功能的效果。 方法 选择2018年3月至2018年5月间,在北医三院消化科诊断为胆总管结石（结石大小1.0～2.5 cm,胆总管内径1.2～3.0 cm）,且既往无ERCP史的患者3例,内镜下行胆管括约肌大切开（EST切口≥1.0 cm）,取石成功后分别于胆管及胰管内放置塑料支架,然后应用和谐夹行十二指肠乳头成型术。并在EST术前、术后即刻及乳头成型术后3周取出胰胆管支架后,分别行胆管及Oddi括约肌测压,并随访观察十二指肠乳头愈合情况及并发症。另取5只家猪,进行相似的实验（除胆管取石外）。 结果 患者及实验动物测压结果均显示十二指肠乳头切开术后,Oddi括约肌压力显著降低,而在十二指肠乳头成型术后3周有明显恢复。3例患者均成功完整取石,术后未出现ERCP术后胰腺炎、出血及穿孔等并发症;十二指肠乳头成型术后3周拔除支架后,内镜下可见乳头愈合。动物解剖显示与未作处理的十二指肠乳头比较,未行乳头成型术的十二指肠乳头肌层完全断裂无愈合,行乳头成型术的肌层可见瘢痕性修复愈合。 结论 十二指肠乳头切开后,应用和谐夹进行夹闭的十二指肠乳头成型术,可加速乳头愈合,保留括约肌压力,恢复乳头的抗反流屏障功能。     

老年胆总管结石患者内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后复发因素及列线图预测模型的构建与验证

目的 探讨影响老年胆总管结石患者内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后复发因素及构建验证列线图预测模型。方法 回顾分析1 025例实施ERCP诊治患者的临床资料,分为建模组(n=822)及验证组(n=203),根据结石是否复发分为复发组(n=42)及未复发组(n=780),比较两组资料差异,采用单因素和多因素分析筛选出影响ERCP术后复发的独立危险因素,绘制列线图并使用验证组进行验证。结果 复发组和未复发组在年龄、症状为黄疸或胆囊炎、结石大小、手术操作时间、胆总管(CBD)封闭方法、乳头括约肌切开、合并冠心病或脂肪肝或尿路结石、既往行胆囊切除术方面具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。经单因素和多因素分析发现,年龄、CBD封闭方法、乳头括约肌切开、合并脂肪肝、合并尿路结石、既往行胆囊切除术为胆总管结石ERCP术后复发的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 胆总管结石ERCP术后结石复发的6个独立危险因素,包括年龄、T形管引流、乳头括约肌切开、合并脂肪肝和尿路结石及胆囊切除术后。基于这些因素,列线图对预测结石复发具有良好的准确性,对指导医生和提醒高危患者合理随访具有潜在价值。     

内镜治疗胆总管结石远期疗效观察及结石复发危险因素分析

目的 探讨内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)治疗胆总管结石患者的远期疗效,分析术后胆总管结石复发的危险因素.方法 收集2006年1月至12月因胆总管结石而行EST治疗患者154例,对患者的有关指标与术后胆总管结石复发的关系进行多因素分析.结果 出现远期并发症22例(14.29%),其中胆总管结石复发18例(11.69%),16例伴发胆管炎;单纯胆管炎1例(0.65%);急性胰腺炎2例(1.30%);胆管癌1例(0.65%).胆总管结石复发的危险因素有高体重指数和血清胆固醇水平;而十二指肠乳头中小切口(0.5 cm～1.5 cm)是胆总管结石复发的保护因素.结论 体重指数、血清胆固醇水平、十二指肠乳头切口大小与EST术后胆总管结石复发相关.     

内镜治疗胆总管结石远期疗效观察及结石复发危险因素分析

目的 探讨内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)治疗胆总管结石患者的远期疗效,分析术后胆总管结石复发的危险因素.方法 收集2006年1月至12月因胆总管结石而行EST治疗患者154例,对患者的有关指标与术后胆总管结石复发的关系进行多因素分析.结果 出现远期并发症22例(14.29%),其中胆总管结石复发18例(11.69%),16例伴发胆管炎;单纯胆管炎1例(0.65%);急性胰腺炎2例(1.30%);胆管癌1例(0.65%).胆总管结石复发的危险因素有高体重指数和血清胆固醇水平;而十二指肠乳头中小切口(0.5 cm～1.5 cm)是胆总管结石复发的保护因素.结论 体重指数、血清胆固醇水平、十二指肠乳头切口大小与EST术后胆总管结石复发相关.     

内镜治疗胆总管结石远期疗效观察及结石复发危险因素分析

目的 探讨内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)治疗胆总管结石患者的远期疗效,分析术后胆总管结石复发的危险因素.方法 收集2006年1月至12月因胆总管结石而行EST治疗患者154例,对患者的有关指标与术后胆总管结石复发的关系进行多因素分析.结果 出现远期并发症22例(14.29%),其中胆总管结石复发18例(11.69%),16例伴发胆管炎;单纯胆管炎1例(0.65%);急性胰腺炎2例(1.30%);胆管癌1例(0.65%).胆总管结石复发的危险因素有高体重指数和血清胆固醇水平;而十二指肠乳头中小切口(0.5 cm～1.5 cm)是胆总管结石复发的保护因素.结论 体重指数、血清胆固醇水平、十二指肠乳头切口大小与EST术后胆总管结石复发相关.     

经皮胆管置管乳头扩张与内镜乳头切开治疗胆总管结石的临床比较

目的比较经皮顺行性球囊扩张乳头括约肌并将胆总管结石推入十二指肠与内镜乳头切开取石的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2010年3月至2014年5月威海市立医院肝胆外科就诊的71例胆总管结石患者,根据手术方式不同分为顺行乳头扩张组(APBD)35例及内镜乳头切开组(EST)36例。APBD组采用经皮穿肝胆管造影并置管球囊扩张乳头并推出结石。比较两组患者:术前既往胃空肠吻合术后出现率、结石数量及大小、血清直接胆红素、胆总管直径、胆囊储存排空功能指标;术中结石彻底清除率;术后血液检查指标、近期并发症(胰腺炎、胆管炎、胆管出血)发生率及术后2年随访胆囊储存排出功能、胆管结石复发、胆管炎症、胆囊结石、胆管积气发生率。结果术前既往胃空肠吻合术后出现率、术前胆总管直径及血清直接胆红素APBD组高于EST组[37.1%vs.5.6%,(14.9±7.4)mm vs.(11.1±6.5)mm,(31.4±9.5)μmol/L vs.(26.4±7.8)μmol/L];差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。APBD组与EST组术中彻底清除胆总管结石成功率及术后近期并发症总发生率比较(91.4%vs.91.7%,8.6%vs.11.1%),差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后随访2年APBD组与EST组胆总管结石复发率(12.5%vs.33.3%)、胆管积气发生率(25%vs.71.9%)、空腹胆囊容积[(21.3±3.3)ml vs(12.1±2.3)ml]、餐后胆囊排出量[(9.9±2.3)mm vs.(6.5±1.9)mm]、急性胆管炎症发生率(15.6%vs.36.3%)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。APBD组胆囊结石发生率(15.6%)低于EST组(18.1%),差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经皮经胆管扩张乳头括约肌清除胆总管结石与内镜乳头切除取石近期疗效类似,前者在保存Oddi括约肌及胆囊功能、减少术后胆总管结石复发方面具有优势。     

Long-term outcomes of endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for removal of bile duct stones in Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy patients

Background: Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation(EPBD) for common bile duct(CBD) stones removal in Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy patients is feasible. However, the long-term outcomes of this technique are not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the procedural and long-term outcomes of EPBD for removal of CBD stones in Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy patients.Methods: The records of patients with previous Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy referred for CBD stones removal with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) between July 1, 2008 and September 1,2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The main outcomes of stone clearance, ERCP-related adverse events,and stone recurrence were analyzed.Results: A total of 83 patients with previous Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy underwent ERCP in our center were reviewed. Forty-nine consecutive patients with previous Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy referred to EPBD for removal of CBD stones underwent 59 ERCP procedures were enrolled in the end. The overall successful CBD stones clearance was achieved in 42 patients(85.7%). ERCP-related adverse events was in 3 ERCP procedures(5.1%). Severe complications, including perforation and bleeding, were not observed. Six of 49 patients(12.2%) had stone recurrence after a median period of22.5 months(range 6–71 months) from the end of stone removal treatment. Female [odds ratio(OR) = 11.352; 95% confidence interval(95% CI): 1.040–123.912; P = 0.046] and previous mechanical lithotripsy(OR = 13.423; 95% CI: 1.070–168.434; P = 0.044) were significantly associated with stone recurrence.Conclusions: At long-term follow-up, EPBD for removal of CBD stones appeared to be safe and effective in Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy patients. Female and previous mechanical lithotripsy may be risk factors for stone recurrence.     

Evaluation of risk factors for recurrent primary common bile duct stone in patients with cholecystectomy

Objectives: Recurrence of primary common bile duct (CBD) stone commonly occurs after complete removal of CBD stones in patients with cholecystectomy. This study aimed to investigate potential risk factors for the recurrence of primary CBD stones after endoscopic treatment.

Materials and methods: Between January 2005 and December 2015, the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) database of our medical center was retrospectively reviewed; information regarding eligible patients who had recurrent CBD stones with a history of previous cholecystectomy was collected. The characteristics of the patients, CBD stone, CBD and ERCP-related factors were analyzed.

Results: The recurrence rate of CBD stone was 18.5% (115/622) after endoscopic treatment in patients with cholecystectomy. In univariate analysis, the number of CBD stones (≥2), CBD stone diameter (≥10?mm), stone composition, stone consistency, CBD diameter (≥15?mm), bile duct dilatation pattern, sharp bile duct angulation (<145°), balloon dilatation, large balloon (>12?mm) dilatation, endoscopic mechanical lithotripsy, endoscopic sphincterotomy, and endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation alone method were significant between the non-recurrence and recurrence groups. However, in multivariate analysis (based on the binary logistic regression method), the number of CBD stones (≥2) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.232; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.344–7.773; p?=?.009), cholesterol stone (AOR 2.824; 95% CI 1.175–6.786; p?=.02) and sharp bile duct angulation (<145°) (AOR 2.462; 95% CI 1.062–5.711; p?=?.036) were independent risk factors of CBD stone recurrence after cholecystectomy.

Conclusions: CBD stone number (≥2), cholesterol stone and sharp bile duct angulation (<145°) are associated with recurrent common bile duct stones after cholecystectomy.     

Cholecystectomy improves long-term success after endoscopic treatment of CBD stones

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim was to study prospectively primary endoscopic treatment of CBD stones and further the long-term need for renewed gallstone disease interventions, defined as short- and long-term outcome. METHODOLOGY: Seven years prospective follow-up of 101 consecutive patients with CBD stones who underwent endoscopic treatment with the intent of primarily achieving duct clearance. RESULTS: Many patients underwent several endoscopy sessions before stone clearance was completed in 83%. Eleven patients were treated surgically, 2 patients received a permanent stent, and the remaining 3 became stone free with other means. Complications occurred in 47 patients. During follow-up, 31 patients were readmitted for gallstone disease and 15 of these had recurrent CBD stones. Ten percent (8/78) of patients with the gallbladder in situ had acute cholecystitis during follow-up and late cholecystectomy was carried out in 22%. Risk factors for new gallstone disease were an in situ gallbladder containing stones and previous episodes of CBD stones. CONCLUSIONS: A goal of complete CBD stone clearance with ERC and ES proved to be relatively resource consuming. Subsequent cholecystectomy after duct clearance for CBD should be advised when the gallbladder lodges gallstones, especially in younger patients. Recurrent CBD stones were not influenced by cholecystectomy.     

Therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography using an anterior oblique-viewing endoscope for bile duct stones in patients with prior Billroth II gastrectomy

Background  Prior Billroth II gastrectomy is an important factor presenting difficulties in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) administration. We retrospectively evaluated the usefulness and safety of therapeutic ERCP using an anterior oblique-viewing endoscope for bile duct stones in patients with prior Billroth II gastrectomy. Methods  Forty-three patients with bile duct stones after Billroth II gastrectomy who underwent ERCP from January 1998 to February 2008 were enrolled in this study. We used anterior oblique-viewing endoscopes for all procedures. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed using a needle knife guided by a biliary stent. A total of 808 patients without gastrectomy who had undergone ERCP for bile duct stones in the same period were reviewed as controls. Results  The success rate of access to the papilla of Vater was 88.4%, and the average time required for such access was 13 min. In cases of successful access, selective cannulation of the bile duct and complete stone removal were achieved in 94.7% and 94.6% of patients, respectively. The incidence of complications was 4.7%. As for the success rate of selective cannulation, complete stone removal ratio, and the incidence of complications, there were no significant differences compared with the control group. Conclusions  Use of an anterior oblique-viewing endoscope enables good success rates in selective cannulation and complete stone removal to be achieved in patients with prior Billroth II gastrectomy. The safety of therapeutic ERCP for removal of bile duct stones in those patients is comparable to that in patients with normal anatomy.     

ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy in infants and children with jaundice due to common bile duct stones.

ERCP was performed in two infants (29 and 62 days old) and eight children (5 to 12 years old) with jaundice due to common bile duct stones. Seven patients had hemolytic anemia and three patients had a family history of gallstone disease. Successful cannulation of the common bile duct demonstrating stones was accomplished in all patients. Four patients had coexisting gallstones and were treated surgically. Six children who had previously undergone cholecystectomy were treated by endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone extraction without complication. We believe that ERCP should be utilized by expert endoscopists in children with evidence of extra-hepatic cholestasis, and endoscopic sphincterotomy should be the treatment of choice in children who have previously undergone cholecystectomy, and who are jaundiced secondary to common bile duct stones.     

ERCP和EST治疗胆总管结石复发危险因素分析

目的 分析影响胆总管结石患者行逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）和内镜下乳头括约肌切开取石术（EST）治疗后结石复发的危险因素。方法 我院诊治的胆总管结石患者357例,常规行ERCP检查,发现胆管内有结石后行EST。对结石直径<1.0 cm者,用取石网篮取石;对结石直径≥1.0 cm者,用碎石篮碎石取出;对巨大结石,于胆管内置入支架,再择期取石。采用Logistic回归分析影响治疗后结石复发的危险因素。结果 在357例患者,行ERCP插管成功349例(97.8%),行EST取石成功334例（93.6%),其中一次取石成功者297例（88.9%）,两次取石成功者37例（11.1%）;随访发现结石复发138例,未复发219例;单因素分析结果显示,复发组病程、年龄和乳头切口分别为（10.9±2.5）年、（66.8±7.2）岁和（15.6±1.9） mm,显著长于或大于未复发组【分别为（7.6±1.7）年、（57.3±8.7）岁和（7.9±2.2） mm,P均<0.05】,复发组有胆道手术史、乳头旁憩室、胆道狭窄、合并胆管或胰腺炎、结石数量≥2枚和结石直径≥10 mm比率分别为18.8%、29.7%、30.4%、78.9%、81.9%和40.6%,显著高于未复发组的1.8%、7.3%、11.4%、40.6%、64.8%和9.6%（P均<0.05）;进一步行Logistic回归分析显示,胆总管直径≥10 mm和乳头切口≥15 mm为患者术后结石复发的独立危险因素。结论 对于乳头切口和胆总管直径较大的患者,临床应该警惕其术后结石复发,增加随访次数,以早期发现。     

经皮胆道造瘘碎石取石术治疗肝内胆管结石患者疗效分析

目的 探讨经皮胆道造瘘碎石取石术治疗肝内胆管结石患者的疗效,并对影响术后结石复发的因素进行分析。方法 2013年1月~2017年1月我院行经皮胆道造瘘取石治疗肝内胆管结石患者894例,在T管引流术后行经皮胆道造瘘碎石取石术治疗。术后行定期超声检查发现结石复发情况,应用Logistic回归分析影响患者术后结石复发的危险因素。结果 在894例患者中,结石完全取尽者844例（94.4%）;随访期间87例（9.7%）患者结石复发;单因素分析发现复发患者年龄≥60岁、胆结石最大直径≥1 cm、胆结石数目≥10个、存在胆管扩张、黄疸、胆汁细菌培养阳性和结石类型为胆色素结石或混合型结石比例显著高于未复发患者（均P<0.05）,进一步行多因素分析显示,年龄≥60岁、胆结石最大直径≥1 cm和胆结石数目≥10个为影响患者术后结石复发的独立危险因素。结论 经皮胆道造瘘碎石取石术治疗肝内胆管结石患者能取得良好的效果,取石安全有效,结石取尽率高。但对于年龄≥60岁、胆结石最大直径≥1 cm和胆结石数目≥10个有高危结石复发因素者,应密切随访,尽早发现,早期处理。     

Gallstone recurrence after successful percutaneous cholecystolithotomy:a 10-year follow-up of 439 cases

BACKGROUND: Stone recurrence is a major problem in the medication of gallstones with gallbladder preservation. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term recurrence rate of gallstones and the clinical outcome after successful percutaneous cholecystolithotomy (PCCL) treatment, and to investigate the possible risk factors for gallstone recurrence. METHODS: After successful PCCL for gallstones, 439 patients were followed up during a 10-year period. The long-term gallstone recurrence rate and clinical outcome were evaluated. Risk factors associated with stone recurrence were identified. RESULTS: Gallstone recurrence was detected in 182 of 439 PCCL patients, giving an overall recurrence rate of 41.46%. The cumulative gallstone recurrence rate for each of the 10 post-operative years was 9.57%, 18.91%, 27.33%, 34.14%, 37.59%, 39.86%, 41.90%, 42.73%, 42.85%, and 43.21%, respectively. Among these recurrent patients, 94 were asymptomatic, 80 suffered from nonspecific upper gastrointestinal symptoms and 8 suffered from abdominal pain or biliary colic. Thirty-eight of the 182 patients were retreated with cholecystectomy. The risk factors for stone recurrence included a family history of gallstones, preference for fatty food, accompanying liver disease, multiple stones and poor gallbladder function pre-PCCL. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the overall recurrence rate of gallstone was 41.46% during a 10-year period. The highest frequency of gallstone recurrence was during the 5th to 6th postoperative years and then continued to slowly increase. Risk factors for stone recurrence varied.We suggest that the use of PCCL in patients with gallstones should be considered carefully because of stone recurrence.     

Recurrent symptomatic common bile duct stones after endoscopic stone extraction in elderly patients

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and stone extraction are established therapeutic procedures for common bile duct (CBD) stones. Little is known about the outcomes of EST for CBD stones among elderly patients. OBJECTIVES: To examine the rate and the risk factors (CBD dilation and/or angulation, periampullary diverticulum, and past open cholecystectomy) for recurrent symptomatic CBD stones after EST in the elderly. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: A total of 228 patients who underwent EST for CBD stones in the period 1997 to 2004 were included. Follow-up data were obtained from medical records and by questioning all the patients. The correlation between age and stone recurrence, as well as between age and the prevalence of risk factors for recurrence was calculated. In addition, a subgroup of 45 elderly patients aged > or =80 years was compared with a control subgroup of 51 young patients aged < or =50 years, in terms of stone recurrence and associated risk factors. SETTING: Single-center, retrospective study. INTERVENTIONS: Endoscopic sphincterotomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Symptomatic CBD stone recurrence rate and frequency of risk factors for it. RESULTS: In the group of all patients, a correlation was found between the age and stone recurrence, as well as between age and the known risk factors for recurrent stones. In analyzing the 2 subgroups, CBD stones recurred in 20% of the elderly patients compared with 4% of the young patients. Risk factors for recurrent CBD stones were more common in the elderly, and so was the presence of multiple risk factors in the same patient. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence of symptomatic CBD stones after endoscopic therapy was more frequent in the elderly patients because of an increased frequency of risk factors.     

Relation between the risk of gallstone pancreatitis and characteristics of gallstone in Korea

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Pancreatitis is a serious complication of patients with gallstones. However, risk factors of gallstone pancreatitis were unpredictable until recently. In Korea, characteristics of gallstones are different from Western countries. The present study was designed to determine differences in the risk of gallstone pancreatitis and characteristics of gallstones in Korean patients. METHODOLOGY: Clinical data were collected on patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The physical characteristics of gallstones recovered at surgery were also recorded. Patients with gallstone pancreatitis were compared with patients who had uncomplicated biliary pain. RESULTS: In a logistic regression model, acute gallstone pancreatitis was associated with a stone diameter of less than 5 mm (odds ratio: 3.3695; P = 0.0352) and with stone number of more than 20 (odds ratio: 3.8686; P = 0.0361). No other variable, including pigment stone, age, and sex, remained statistically significant in the adjusted analysis (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with at least 1 gallstone smaller than 5 mm in diameter and stone number more than 20 each have a more than 3-fold increased risk of presenting with acute gallstone pancreatitis. The composition of gallstones, especially pigment stones, was not an important risk factor in gallstone pancreatitis in Korean patients with stones having a different composition than those from Western countries.