肝静脉压力梯度与经颈静脉肝内门体分流术

肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)是临床上监测肝硬化门静脉高压重要的指标,以肝静脉楔入压(WHVP)减去肝静脉游离压(FHVP)而获得。正常值为3~5mmHg。当HVPG≥10mmHg时,称为有意义的门脉高压,即可导致静脉曲张;当HVPG≥12mmHg时,可致使曲张静脉破裂出血。近年来,HVPG的临床价值再次受到研究者的关注。HVPG在预测肝硬化门静脉高压并发的食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血(EGVB)风险,筛选对非选择性β受体阻滞剂应答患者,预估活动性EGVB患者药物和内镜治疗效果,以及指导经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗的潜在价值等方面有较深入的研究,在不同版本的肝硬化门静脉高压诊治指南中被推荐应用。     

肝硬化门静脉高压患者肝静脉压力梯度的影响因素分析

目的探讨行经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术(TIPS)治疗的肝硬化门静脉高压患者肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)的临床影响因素。方法选取2015年1月-2018年12月在中国人民解放军西部战区总医院接受TIPS治疗的肝硬化门静脉高压患者158例。在TIPS过程中,分别测量肝静脉楔压、肝静脉自由压及门静脉压,计算得出HVPG与门静脉压力梯度(PVPG)。计量资料2组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验。HVPG与PVPG相关性采用Pearson相关分析,采用多元线性逐步回归法分析影响HVPG的独立危险因素。结果 HVPG与PVPG呈正相关(r=0. 796,P 0. 001)。单因素方差分析显示年龄、病因是HVPG的影响因素(F值分别为19. 900、10. 287,P值均0. 001)。多元线性逐步回归分析显示,年龄及病因是HVPG的独立影响因素(t值分别为7. 870、-2. 178,P值均0. 001)。结论肝硬化门静脉高压患者的年龄和病因是HVPG的独立影响因素,年龄≥60岁或慢性丙型肝炎肝硬化门静脉高压患者具有更高的HVPG。     

非肝硬化性门静脉高压症研究进展

正门静脉高压的定义为门静脉和下腔静脉压力梯度大于5 mm Hg。根据门静脉系统阻塞部位,可分为肝前性、肝性和肝后性。根据肝血窦累及情况,肝性门静脉高压又可以细分为窦前性、窦性和窦后性。继发于肝硬化的窦性门静脉高压是最常见的类型,表现为肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)升高,即肝静脉楔入压与肝静脉游离压的差值升高~([1,2])。有约20%门静脉高压继发于非肝硬化因素,统称为非肝硬化性门静脉高压症(NCPH),其中包括窦后性或窦性NCPH,临床上多为肝窦阻塞综合症(HSOS),     

肝硬化门静脉高压无创性诊断的研究进展

门静脉高压症是肝硬化最严重的并发症[1].目前,肝静脉压力梯度(hepatic venous pressure gradient,HVPG)是诊断门静脉高压的"金标准"[2].但由于HVPG属有创性操作,且费用高,难以重复,只能在少数大型医院开展[3],因此对门静脉高压无创性诊断的研究具有重要临床意义.     

原发性肝癌患者肝静脉压力梯度与门静脉压力梯度相关性研究

目的 探讨原发性肝癌患者肝静脉压力梯度（hepatic vein pressure gradient, HVPG）与门静脉压力梯度（portal pressure gradient, PPG）相关性。方法 161例原发性肝癌患者在TIPS术中测量下腔静脉压力（inferior vena cava pressure,ICVP）、肝静脉自由压（free hepatic vein pressure, FHVP）、肝静脉楔压（wedged hepatic vein pressure, WHVP）和门静脉压力（portal vein pressure, PVP），计算HVPG(HVPG=WHVP-FHVP)和PPG(PPG=PVP-IVCP)。结果 161例患者HVPG为（20.18±9.22）mmHg,PPG为（26.44±6.82）mmHg,2者无相关性（r=0.112）;PPG明显高于HVPG (P <0.05)。HVPG与PPG相差在5 mmHg以上者90例，占55.9%,HVPG与PPG相差在5 mmHg以内者71例，占44.1%。球囊阻断肝静脉造影有肝内静脉-静脉侧支分流（in...     

食管静脉曲张出血药物防治的进展

食管静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化门静脉高压症最严重的并发症之一.食管静脉曲张形成与破裂的前提在于门静脉压力升高,当肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)低于10～12 mmHg时,一般不会形成曲张静脉,只有当HVPG超过12 mmHg这一临界值,才会发生曲张静脉破裂出血.     

无创诊断肝硬化门静脉高压症:血清标志物还是影像学检查？

门静脉高压症(portal hypertension,PH)是由不同因素引起的门静脉血液回流受阻而导致的门静脉系统压力增高,肝硬化是最常见的病因。压力持久升高会出现一系列相关的临床表现,如腹水、脾功能亢进症、食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血、肝肾综合征和肝性脑病等。肝静脉压力梯度(hepatic venous pressure gradient,HVPG)是肝静脉楔压与肝静脉自由压之间的差值,为目前临床诊断PH的“金标准”。不同分期的肝硬化患者,其发生PH并发症的风险、预后和治疗目标不同,这一观念已得到广泛的认同。HVPG测定不仅有助于PH类型的诊断和鉴别诊断,还能预测肝硬化失代偿事件的发生风险、进展程度和临床预后,指导治疗方案的选择并评估药物的疗效,近几年来在临床应用日益得到重视。2015年BavenoⅥ共识根据HVPG(≥10 mmHg)制订了临床显著性PH(clinically significant portal hypertension,CSPH)的概念,将代偿期肝硬化患者分为无CSPH和伴有CSPH两类。CSPH是肝硬化PH患者病程进展中的关键阶段,提示代偿期肝硬化患者发生静脉曲张、腹水、肝癌和失代偿事件的风险增加。     

肝硬化门静脉高压的无创评估

肝静脉压力梯度测定(HVPG)是反映肝硬化门静脉高压程度的金标准,但其临床应用有一定限制,迫切需要门静脉高压的无创评估方法。简述了血清学、影像学、弹性成像等方法以及联合诊断模型,评述了现有的研究结果及不同方法的优缺点,认为无创诊断技术未来有可能在肝硬化门静脉高压患者的筛查监测和风险分层中起到更大的作用。     

肝硬化相关门静脉高压无创检测的研究进展

门静脉高压是肝硬化患者最常见也是最主要的并发症，其导致的食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化患者最主要的死亡原因之一。肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)是评价门静脉高压及其严重程度最准确的方法，胃镜检查是筛查和评估食管胃静脉曲张及其严重程度的金标准，但两项检查均为侵入性操作，限制了其临床适用性。CT、MR、弹性成像技术及新兴的无创检测方法被越来越广泛地应用于门静脉高压、食管胃底静脉曲张的诊断及分层，但能够媲美HVPG和胃镜检查的无创检测方法仍需进一步探索。     

卡维地洛对肝硬化患者肝静脉压力梯度及门静脉系统血流动力学的影响

目的探讨卡维地洛对肝硬化患者门静脉系统血流动力学及肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)的影响,为卡维地洛治疗门静脉高压的临床应用提供依据。方法入选2010年3月至2011年3月山东省立医院肝硬化门静脉高压合并食管胃静脉曲张患者33例,分别于卡维地洛治疗前、治疗1周后行HVPG测定及门静脉彩色多普勒血流动力学指标检测。结果 30例患者完成治疗前后的HVPG和门静脉系统超声血流动力学指标观察。该30例患者卡维地洛治疗前HVPG(13.02±4.49)mm Hg,1周后降至(10.62±4.86)mm Hg,差异有统计学意义(P=0.002);其中40%(12例)患者HVPG降低至12 mm Hg以下或者HVPG降低幅度达基础值的20%以上。卡维地洛治疗前后门静脉主干内径(DPV)、门静脉主干血流速度(VPV)、门静脉主干血流量(QPV)、脾静脉血流速度(VSV)、脾静脉血流量(QSV)均显著降低(P0.05),而脾静脉内径(DSV),肠系膜上静脉内径(DSMV)、血流速度(VSMV)和血流量(QSMV)变化无统计学意义(P0.05)。有3例患者出现低血压、头晕,其中1例不耐受而停药退出临床试验;未发现哮喘、房室传导阻滞等其他严重不良反应。结论卡维地洛能显著降低肝硬化患者脾静脉和门静脉主干的血流速度和血流量,从而减少门静脉系统的血流灌注,显著降低HVPG,具有潜在的预防静脉曲张破裂出血的应用前景。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。