Topical treatment for 1 week with latanoprost but not diclofenac reduces the diameter of dilated retinal arterioles in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and mild retinopathy

Purpose: Diabetic retinopathy is characterised by morphological lesions secondary to retinal vascular impairment, and it is assumed that changes in the diameter regulation of retinal arterioles are involved in the disease pathogenesis. It has previously been shown that prostaglandin F2α can constrict retinal arterioles in vitro. In the present study, we investigated whether a similar effect could be achieved by topical administration in diabetic patients with dilated retinal arterioles and retinopathy. Methods: Twenty‐two type 1 diabetic patients with mild retinopathy and twenty‐four matched normal controls were randomized to topical treatment with the prostaglandin F2α agonist latanoprost twice daily for 1 week, followed by similar treatment with the cyclo‐oxygenase inhibitor diclofenac, or to receive the two medications in the reverse order. The Dynamic Vessel Analyzer was used to assess the effect of the interventions on the resting diameter of retinal vessels and on the diameter response of retinal arterioles to increased blood pressure (BP) induced by isometric exercise and flicker stimulation. Results: Latanoprost reduced the resting diameter of retinal arterioles significantly in patients with diabetes (p = 0.01), but had no effect on normal persons. Diclofenac had no effect on the resting diameter of arterioles in either of the groups. The diameter responses to increased BP and flicker stimulation were not significantly changed by any of the treatments. Conclusion: Long‐term prospective studies are needed to study the effect of topical treatment with latanoprost on the consequences of retinal hyperperfusion in retinal vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy.     

Risk factors associated with retinal neovasculari-zation of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus

AIM: To evaluate the risk factors associated with retinal neovascularization of diabetic retinopathy in northern Chinese Han patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: The clinical characteristics of 200 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and 100 age-matched healthy individuals were compared. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed in the patients with PDR. RESULTS: Fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), white blood cell count (WBC), absolute neutrophil count, hematocrit (HCT) and mean platelet volume (MPV) and mean platelet volume (MPV) were all significantly higher in patients with PDR than in the control group (P<0.05). The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that risk factors independently associated with retinal neovascularization of DR were duration of diabetes mellitus (OR=1.112; P =0.000), BUN (OR=1.277; P=0.000), smoking (OR=3.967; P=0.000) and MPV(OR=2.472; P=0.000). On the other hand, panretinal photocoagulation was associated with reduced risk of retinal neovascularization (OR=0.983; P=0.000). CONCLUSION: Preventing and controlling T2DM in terms of risk factors, including duration of diabetes, BUN, smoking and MPV, might offer novel approaches to prevent or delay the onset of retinal neovascularization in patients with PDR.     

Therapeutic targeting of diabetic retinal neuropathy as a strategy in preventing diabetic retinopathy

Diabetes causes a panretinal neurodegeneration herein termed diabetic retinal neuropathy, which manifests in the retina early and progresses throughout the disease. Clinical manifestations include changes in the ERG, perimetry, dark adaptation, contrast sensitivity and colour vision which correlate with laboratory findings of thinning of the retinal neuronal layers, increased apoptosis in neurons and activation of glial cells. Possible mechanisms include oxidative stress, neuronal AGE accumulation, altered balance of neurotrophic factors and loss of mitohormesis. Retinal neural damage precedes and is a biologically plausible cause of retinal vasculopathy later in diabetes, and this review suggests that strategies to target it directly could prevent diabetes induced blindness. The efficacy of fenofibrate in reducing retinopathy progression provides a possible proof of concept for this approach. Strategies which may target diabetic retinal neuropathy include reducing retinal metabolic demand, improving mitochondrial function with AMPK and Sirt1 activators or providing neurotrophic support with neurotrophic supplementation.     

早期糖尿病视网膜病变视网膜血管管径变化的初步研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者早期糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)视网膜血管管径的变化及其相关因素。设计病例对照研究。研究对象北京德胜社区糖尿病眼病随访研究的85例2型糖尿病患者(51～80岁)及年龄性别匹配的26例无糖尿病者(51～78岁)作为对照。方法 85例2型糖尿病患者根据DR情况分成两组:无DR(NDR)组(51例)、轻中度非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)组(34例),26例无糖尿病者为对照组。使用计算机软件测量视网膜中央动脉管径当量(CRAE)和视网膜中央静脉管径当量(CRVE)。使用光学断层成像技术测量黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度。同时记录最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、糖尿病病程、身高、体重、糖化血红蛋白等数据。比较三组间CRAE、CRVE的差异,并分析可能的相关因素。主要指标CRAE、CRVE。结果 无糖尿病对照组右眼、NDR组右眼和NPDR组病变严重眼的CRAE分别为(151.91±13.65)μm、(156.73±11.53)μm、(154.08±9.82)μm(F=1....     

糖尿病性视网膜病变与其他眼底血管性疾病的玻璃体视网膜手术治疗研究

目的　探讨增生性糖尿病视网膜病变 (proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)及眼底血管性疾病的玻璃体视网膜手术 (vitreous retinal surgery,VRS)效果。方法　统计 1999年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 7月我院 6 9例 (73只眼 ) PDR组和非 PDR组视网膜静脉阻塞 (retinal vein occlusion,RVO)及视网膜静脉周围炎 (retinal periphlebitis,又名 Eales病 ) VRS后的视力、视网膜复位情况及术后并发症 ,研究组分为 PDR组 30例 (33只眼 ) ,非 PDR组 39例 (40只眼 ) (包括 RVO2 6例 2 6只眼和 Eales病 13例 14只眼 )。手术方法主要包括玻璃体切除、膜剥离、过氟萘烷液体使用 ,眼内激光、气体或硅油填充。结果　 PDR组术后视网膜复位 31只眼 ,非 PDR组术后全部解剖复位 ,PDR组解剖复位率低于非 PDR组 ,但统计学差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;PDR组术后视力提高 11只眼 ,非 PDR组术后视力提高 31只眼 ,两组比较 ,差异有非常显著性 (χ2 =14 .4 37,P =0 .0 0 0 ) ;PDR组术后并发性白内障 14只眼 ,非 PDR组并发性白内障 2只眼 ,两组比较 ,差异有非常显著性 (χ2 =14 .798,P =0 .0 0 0 ) ;PDR组继发青光眼 5只眼 ,非 PDR组继发青光眼 1只眼 ,两组比较 ,差异有显著性 (χ2 =4 .0 15 ,P <0 .0 5 )。PDR组中术中高血压者发生缺血性     

胰岛素治疗与2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的关系

目的：探讨胰岛素治疗与2型糖尿病视网膜病变的关系。

方法：收集2016-06/2018-01于我院内分泌科住院的2型糖尿病患者415例830眼。根据不同降糖用药、眼底造影检查结果、胰岛素用量分别进行分组,收集各组患者一般资料,采集清晨空腹静脉血,测量空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹C肽等指标。分析不同用药和不同视网膜病变组间患者空腹血糖、HbA1c、空腹C肽的变化以及胰岛素用量和糖尿病视网膜病变的相关关系。

结果：不同用药组间糖尿病视网膜病变程度不同,不同视网膜病变组间患者的胰岛素用量不同(P<0.05),2型糖尿病患者并发视网膜病变的胰岛素用量切点值为37.5U/d。胰岛素用量>37.5U/d组中2型糖尿病患者的视网膜病变较多,且胰岛素用量与2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变程度呈正相关。

结论：不同降糖治疗对糖尿病视网膜病变的影响不同,使用胰岛素治疗与2型糖尿病性视网膜病变的发病及严重程度呈正相关。     

轻型播散性光凝治疗非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的回顾性研究

目的 观察对非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变进行轻型播散性光凝的治疗效果。设计 回顾性病例系列。研究对象 背景型糖尿病视网膜病变（BDR）Ⅲ期，且病变未进入增殖前期（PPDR）的病例100例（178眼），其中合并黄斑水肿者156眼。方法 对BDR-Ⅲ期患者100例（178眼）进行规定治疗标准的轻型播散性光凝，其中合并黄斑水肿的156眼同时进行局部光凝治疗。随诊观察至光凝治疗后2年，对光凝治疗前后的视力、视网膜病变进展程度（通过荧光素眼底血管造影和眼底照相）进行评价。主要指标 视力，糖尿病视网膜病变进展程度。结果 本组病例在接受早期光凝治疗后2年内，视力变化差异有统计学意义（P=0．017），以光凝后2年的视力变化最为显著。但视力〉0-3者的比例变化不大，在光凝前为53．9％，光凝后1年、2年分别为55．1％、52．8％。黄斑水肿通过局部光凝治疗2年内视力稳定或改善的病例达到70．5％。早期光凝术后1年、2年视网膜病变稳定者分别占91．0％、80．9％。结论 对于BDR Ⅲ期，且病变未进入PPDR的病例行早期轻型播散性光凝治疗，对合并黄斑水肿的病例同时进行黄斑局部光凝，可使多数患者达到稳定视网膜病变进展的作用。     

1型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的危险因素分析

目的：探讨1型糖尿病(T1DM)患者视网膜病变(DR)的危险因素。

方法：回顾性研究。选取2010-01/2020-10在南方医科大学附属南海医院就诊的204例T1DM患者,根据眼底表现将患者分为DR组(71例)和无DR组(133例),其中DR组包括非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(NPDR)组(48例)和增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)组(23例)。采集其临床资料并检测相关生化指标。通过单因素分析DR/PDR的相关因素,采用多因素Logistic回归分析DR/PDR的危险因素并绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)。

结果：T1DM患者的发病年龄、病程、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c),合并高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病肾病(DN)、糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)与DR有关(P<0.05)。病程、体质量指数(BMI)、收缩压(SBP),合并高脂血症、DN、DPN与PDR有关。Logistic回归分析结果显示病程(OR=1.130,P<0.001)和HbA1c(OR=2.734,P<0.001)是发生DR的危险因素; 病程(OR=1.144,P=0.005)和合并DN(OR=6.500,P=0.001)是发生PDR的危险因素。ROC曲线分析结果显示,病程和HbA1c预测DR发生的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.720、0.727,截断值分别为15.1a,8.2%,敏感性分别为50.7%、76.1%,特异性分别为86.5%、59.4%。病程预测PDR发生的AUC为0.713,截断值为18.5a,敏感性为73.9%,特异性为60.4%。

结论：T1DM患者视网膜病变与糖尿病发病年龄较晚有关。糖尿病病程和高血糖是DR的主要影响因素。HbA1c与DR的发生相关,DN与PDR的发生相关。     

Correlation of leaking microaneurysms with retinal thickening in diabetic retinopathy

AIM: To investigate the contribution of fluorescein angiographic leaking microaneurysms (leak-MA) versus non-leaking microaneurysms (non-leak-MA) to retinal thickening in diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: A consecutive series of 38 eyes from 24 patients with diabetic retinopathy was included. Leak-MA and non-leak-MA in each eye were selected in pairs at corresponding topographic location. Leaking was defined by late phase fluorescein angiograms compared to early phase. Retinal thickness was measured with Heidelberg Spectralis OCT topographically aligned on early phase angiograms at the MA site and within a 1 mm circle. RESULTS: In all eyes, significant retinal thickening at the site of leaking compared to non-leaking microaneurysms was observed (356±69μm vs 318±56μm, P <0.001), showing a mean increase in thickness in the areas of leak-MA vs non-leak-MA of 38±39μm (95% confidence interval 25-51μm, P<0.001). All 1mm area measurements also showed significant (P<0.001) thickening of the leak-MA with average thickness of leak-MA vs non-leak-MA as 351±67μm vs 319±59μm; minimum thickness 311±62μm vs 284±60μm; maximum thickness 389±78μm vs 352±66μm; and retina volume 26.4±6.0mm vs 23.6±3.7mm3, respectively. CONCLUSION: Leaking of microaneurysms on fluorescein angiography appears to cause focal thickening of retina, which can be measured with high-resolution OCT. Therefore, targeting leaking microaneursyms in diabetic retinopathy has the potential to reduce retinal thickening.     

Advances in retinal imaging for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema

Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema (DME) are leading causes of blindness throughout the world, and cause significant visual morbidity. Ocular imaging has played a significant role in the management of diabetic eye disease, and the advent of advanced imaging modalities will be of great value as our understanding of diabetic eye diseases increase, and the management options become increasingly varied and complex. Color fundus photography has established roles in screening for diabetic eye disease, early detection of progression, and monitoring of treatment response. Fluorescein angiography (FA) detects areas of capillary nonperfusion, as well as leakage from both microaneurysms and neovascularization. Recent advances in retinal imaging modalities complement traditional fundus photography and provide invaluable new information for clinicians. Ultra-widefield imaging, which can be used to produce both color fundus photographs and FAs, now allows unprecedented views of the posterior pole. The pathologies that are detected in the periphery of the retina have the potential to change the grading of disease severity, and may be of prognostic significance to disease progression. Studies have shown that peripheral ischemia may be related to the presence and severity of DME. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides structural detail of the retina, and the quantitative and qualitative features are useful in the monitoring of diabetic eye disease. A relatively recent innovation, OCT angiography, produces images of the fine blood vessels at the macula and optic disc, without the need for contrast agents. This paper will review the roles of each of these imaging modalities for diabetic eye disease.     

视网膜病变筛查中无症状视网膜血管阻塞患者发生颈动脉狭窄的评估与治疗

目的　评估糖尿病患者无症状视网膜动脉阻塞与颈动脉狭窄的相关性。方法　收集２０１３年至２０１５年我院内分泌科确诊的糖尿病患者,经过糖尿病视网膜病变筛查发现的视网膜栓塞患者资料,根据标准化方案,进行颈动脉多普勒超声及超声心动图等一系列检查确诊,并记录评估结果、用药变化和接受相关外科手术干预的患者数量。结果　糖尿病视网膜病变筛查患者中有６２例（１．０％）存在视网膜动脉阻塞。病例资料齐全的患者５３例,其中３３例（６２．３％）患者相关用药发生变化。５３例患者中１３例（２４．５％）存在明显的颈动脉狭窄,其中２例患者行颈动脉内膜切除术。１３例患者接受了最大剂量的药物治疗。结论　明显的颈动脉狭窄在经视网膜病变筛查发现的视网膜动脉阻塞患者中较为常见。而将视网膜动脉阻塞患者转诊到指定医院科室,并对其进一步调查可确定患者发生脑血管事件的风险,进而可优化其治疗措施。     

Automated detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal images

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a disease with an increasing prevalence and the main cause of blindness among working-age population. The risk of severe vision loss can be significantly reduced by timely diagnosis and treatment. Systematic screening for DR has been identified as a cost-effective way to save health services resources. Automatic retinal image analysis is emerging as an important screening tool for early DR detection, which can reduce the workload associated to manual grading as well as save diagnosis costs and time. Many research efforts in the last years have been devoted to developing automatic tools to help in the detection and evaluation of DR lesions. However, there is a large variability in the databases and evaluation criteria used in the literature, which hampers a direct comparison of the different studies. This work is aimed at summarizing the results of the available algorithms for the detection and classification of DR pathology. A detailed literature search was conducted using PubMed. Selected relevant studies in the last 10 years were scrutinized and included in the review. Furthermore, we will try to give an overview of the available commercial software for automatic retinal image analysis.     

糖尿病视网膜病变合并视网膜静脉阻塞的临床分析

目的: 分析糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)合并视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)的眼底特征及荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)的图像特征。方法: 回顾性分析118例129眼DR合并RVO患者的视力、眼底、荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)的图像特征及相关临床资料。结果: DR合并RVO的患者118例中,双眼同时发病有11例22眼,其余皆为单眼,其中66眼表现为视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO),占51.2%,58眼表现为颞上分支静脉阻塞,占45.0%,其它分支静脉阻塞有5眼,占3.9%。FFA表现为:静脉阻塞区视网膜有大量神经纤维层出血,相应黄斑区荧光渗漏,掩盖了此眼DR的改变,对侧眼均可见DR不同级别的改变。结论: 糖尿病视网膜病变合并视网膜静脉阻塞眼底表现复杂,应与单一的糖尿病视网膜病变和视网膜静脉阻塞甄别。     

OCTA观察糖尿病视网膜病变患者视网膜微血管损伤的研究进展

糖尿病视网膜病变是糖尿病常见的一种并发症,它可以破坏视网膜微血管系统,造成视力损伤,严重者可以导致失明.光学相干断层扫描血管成像(OCTA)是一种无创的血管成像技术,可以显示视网膜各个分层血管的损伤情况.本文综述了OCTA检测糖尿病患者微血管损伤的临床应用及其功能特点,展望了其未来发展的方向.以期更早发现糖尿病患者微血...     

全视网膜光凝术对糖尿病视网膜病变视网膜神经纤维层及黄斑区视网膜的影响

目的　探讨全视网膜光凝术（ｐａｎｒｅｔｉｎａｌｐｈｏｔｏｃｏａｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ,ＰＲＰ）对糖尿病视网膜病变（ｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｒｅｔｉｎｏｐａｔｈｙ,ＤＲ）视网膜神经纤维层（ｒｅｔｉｎａｌｎｅｒｖｅｆｉｂｅｒｌａｙｅｒ,ＲＮＦＬ）及黄斑区视网膜的影响。方法　选取２０１０年６月至２０１３年１２月于我院行ＰＲＰ治疗的１２０例（１２０眼）ＤＲ患者,其中非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（ｎｏｎ-ｐｒｏｌｉｆｅｒａｔｉｖｅｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｒｅｔｉｎｏｐａｔｈｙ,ＮＰＤＲ）６０例（ＮＰＤＲ组）,增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（ｐｒｏｌｉｆｅｒａｔｉｖｅｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｒｅｔｉｎｏｐａｔｈｙ,ＰＤＲ）６０例（ＰＤＲ组）,同时选取同期于我院健康体检的６０例（６０眼）正常志愿者作为正常对照组。ＰＲＰ手术前后使用ＯＣＴ横向扫描视盘旁ＲＮＦＬ厚度和黄斑区,将视盘旁ＲＮＦＬ和黄斑区分为上方、鼻侧、下方和颞侧４个象限进行扫描,获取各象限及全周平均视盘旁ＲＮＦＬ厚度及黄斑区视网膜厚度,并对结果进行统计分析。结果　与正常对照组相比,ＮＰＤＲ和ＰＤＲ组ＰＲＰ前视盘上方、下方、鼻侧象限、全周平均ＲＮＦＬ厚度均降低（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）,但颞侧象限ＲＮＦＬ厚度差异均无统计学意义（均为Ｐ＞０．０５）;ＮＰＤＲ组和ＰＤＲ组ＰＲＰ前不同象限及全周平均ＲＮＦＬ厚度相比,差异均无统计学意义（均为Ｐ＞０．０５）。与ＰＲＰ前相比,ＮＰＤＲ、ＰＤＲ组ＰＲＰ后各象限及全周平均ＲＮＦＬ厚度均变薄,但只有上方、下方及全周平均ＲＮＦＬ厚度差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）;与ＮＰＤＲ组相比,ＰＤＲ组上方、下方、鼻侧及全周平均ＲＮＦＬ厚度变薄更明显,差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）。与正常对照组相比,ＮＰＤＲ和ＰＤＲ组ＰＲＰ前各象限及平均黄斑区视网膜厚度均增加,差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）,且ＰＤＲ组较ＮＰＤＲ组增加更为明显,差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０.０５）。与ＰＲＰ前相比,ＮＰＤＲ、ＰＤＲ组ＰＲＰ后各象限及平均黄斑区视网膜厚度均增加,差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）,且ＰＤＲ较ＮＰＤＲ组增加更为明显,差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论　ＰＲＰ对ＤＲ患者ＲＮＦＬ有一定损伤,应选择适当的激光能量与曝光时间,最大限度地降低对ＲＮＦＬ的影响。     

The thickness and volume of the choroid, outer retinal layers and retinal pigment epithelium layer changes in patients with diabetic retinopathy

AIM: To evaluate the thickness and volume changes of the choroidal, outer retinal layers (ORL) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and correlate them with visual acuity. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective observational case series. Consecutive DR patients were recruited for color fundus photography and OCT assessment. The RPE, ORL and choroidal thickness were measured. The correlation with the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was also investigated. RESULTS: The study included 128 eyes, comprising 45 eyes of 25 diabetic macular edema (DME) patients, 34 eyes of 20 DR without DME (non-DME) patients, and 49 eyes of 25 age-matched normal individuals. The choroidal thickness in DR patients were decreased statistically significantly compared with the control group (P<0.05). The mean macular ORL thickness in DME (73.02±15.34 μm) and non-DME groups (76.35±7.32 μm) were decreased statistically significantly compared with the control group (80.20±5.85 μm; P=0.006, P=0.013, respectively). In both the non-DME and DME groups, the RPE thickness were decreased compared with the control group (P<0.05), except in the macular and central ring. The BCVA were significant interactions with the total inner retinal volume and macular RPE thickness in the DME group (r=0.115, P<0.001, r=-0.013, P=0.017, respectively). CONCLUSION: The choroid, ORL and RPE thickness are significantly decreased in DR patients compared with controls in different segments.     

1型糖尿病患者视网膜病变与肾功能的关系

目的：探讨1型糖尿病患者视网膜病变与肾功能的相关性。

方法：选取2016-09/2018-05在我院眼科和内分泌科门诊及住院的1型糖尿病患者110例,根据眼底情况分为无糖尿病视网膜病变(NDR)组35例、非增生期糖尿病视网膜病变(BDR)组35例和增生期糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)组40例,同时选取健康体检者40例作为对照组,分别记录受检者的一般情况,并检测尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值、肾小球滤过率、血清肌酐、血尿素氮、胱抑素C、尿α1-微球蛋白和尿β2-微球蛋白等指标。

结果：四组受检者尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值、肾小球率过滤、血清肌酐、血尿素氮、胱抑素C、尿α1-微球蛋白、尿β2-微球蛋白检测值有明显差异(均P<0.05),糖尿病患者尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值、血清肌酐、血尿素氮、胱抑素C、尿α1-微球蛋白、尿β2-微球蛋白明显升高,肾小球滤过率显著下降(均P<0.05)。糖尿病患者视网膜病变程度与尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值呈正相关(r_s =0.498,P<0.05),与肾小球滤过率呈负相关(r_s=-0.481,P<0.05)。PDR组患者大量尿蛋白(尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值>300mg/g)发病率为67.5%,肾功能不全(肾小球滤过率<60mL/min)发病率高达65.0%。

结论：1型糖尿病患者视网膜病变与肾功能关系密切,肾功能异常患者糖尿病视网膜病变发生风险高,检测肾功能有助于预测其发生发展。