Ophthalmological follow up of preterm infants: a population based, prospective study of visual acuity and strabismus

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Prematurely born infants are known to have an increased rate of ophthalmological morbidity. The aim of the present study was to investigate visual acuity and ocular alignment in a population of preterm infants in a geographical area, in infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: A prospective population based study of ophthalmological status of preterm infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or less was performed during 3.5 years, with examinations at 6, 18, 30, and 42 months of corrected age. Visual acuity was tested using linear optotypes. Multiple regression analyses were used to analyse independent risk factors for poor vision and strabismus. RESULTS: Poor vision (< 0.3) was detected in 2.5% (6/237) of the children. Of these, only two (0.8%) had a severe visual impairment (< 0.1). Strabismus occurred in 13.5% (31/229). Children with cryotreated ROP and neurological complications ran the highest risk of poor vision and strabismus, according to multiple regression analysis. Among children without a history of ROP or neurological complications, 34% had a visual acuity < 0.7 and 5.9% had strabismus, compared with 61% and 22%, respectively, among the children with ROP or neurological complications. CONCLUSIONS: The overall incidence of subnormal vision and strabismus in children born prematurely was higher than in a full term population of the same age. On the basis of this study, follow up of all preterm infants screened for ROP is recommended and general guidelines are suggested.     

早产对无早产儿视网膜病变的早产儿眼发育和发病的影响

目的调查无早产儿视网膜病变（ROP）的学龄前和学龄期早产儿的眼球发育和发病率。方法对26名5～7岁无ROP的早产儿童进行全面的眼科检查,包括矫正视力、散瞳验光、色觉以及眼前后段检查。测量数据包括前房深度、晶体厚度、玻璃体长度和眼轴长度。结果早产儿视力和屈光状态之间没有相关性。2名（7.7%）有斜视,2名（7.7%）有弱视,3名（11.5%）有屈光参差。眼轴长与胎龄（r=0.822,P〈0.001）和胎重（r=0.569,P=0.003）有相关性,玻璃体长度与胎龄（r=0.744,P〈0.001）和胎重（r=0.553,P=0.004）有相关性。讨论本研究显示眼球的增长是因为胎龄和胎重增加,但这种情况不会导致明显的屈光不正。通过文献对比,无ROP的早产儿童的斜视、弱视和屈光参差的发病率要明显高于同年龄段的正常儿童。     

Long‐term biometric optic components of diode laser‐treated threshold retinopathy of prematurity at 9 years of age

Purpose: To assess quantitatively the biometric optic components and its relationship with refractive status in preterm school children with diode laser‐treated threshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: A prospective, cross‐sectional study in which ultrasound biometric measurement of optic components and cycloplegic refraction were performed on 24 consecutive preterm children with diode laser‐treated threshold ROP at the age of 9 years. The study results were compared with 1021 age‐matched full‐term control children from a national survey. Results: The eyes with laser‐treated ROP showed statistically significantly thicker lens (3.94 versus 3.39 mm), steeper vertical corneal curvature (7.47 versus 7.67 mm) and shallower anterior chamber depth (ACD) (2.91 versus 3.58 mm) than age‐matched full‐term controls, but no difference in axial length (23.32 versus 23.24 mm). The laser‐treated eyes had a mean spherical equivalent (SE) of ?4.49 D compared with mean SE of ?0.44 D in controls. Of 46 eyes studied, 93% of eyes were myopic and 28.3% with high myopia (<?6.0 D) compared with the 32% prevalence of myopia in controls. In preterm children, younger gestational age tended to correlate with shallower ACD (r = 0.352) and thicker lens (r = ?0.298); lower birth weight tended to correlate with shallower ACD (r = 0.372) and steeper cornea (r = 0.360). Conclusions: There were higher prevalence and greater magnitude of myopia in preterm children. The significantly thicker lens, steeper corneal curvature and shallower anterior chamber depth are the major factors contributing to the development of myopia in preterm school children with laser‐treated threshold ROP.     

应用Sirius眼前节分析系统观察ROP激光术后儿童眼前节结构

目的:应用Sirius眼前节分析系统观察早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)激光光凝术后儿童眼前节各组织发育情况。方法:回顾性病例研究。选取2015-09/2018-04于深圳市眼科医院因ROP已行激光光凝治疗的儿童25例50眼纳入ROP组,同时选取年龄匹配的足月儿童23例46眼为对照组。两组儿童均行最佳矫正视力(BCVA)检查,并采用Sirius眼前节分析系统测量虹膜水平直径(HVID)、角膜最薄点半径、角膜最薄点厚度、角膜最大曲率半径、角膜最大曲率、中央角膜厚度(CCT)、角膜容积(CV)、前房深度(ACD)、前房容积、前房房角。结果:ROP组儿童HVID、角膜最薄点厚度、ACD、前房容积均明显小于对照组(均P<0.05),CV、前房房角均小于对照组,但两组间无差异(均P>0.05)。对照组儿童BCVA明显优于ROP组(0.07±0.10 vs 0.24±0.25,P<0.05)。结论:ROP激光光凝术后儿童眼前节组织的形态结构发生改变,角膜形态较陡峭,前房深度变浅,房角偏小,最佳矫正视力较差,可能更容易发展为屈光不正及青光眼等。     

Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of prematurity

Increasing rates of preterm births coupled with better survival of these infants have resulted in higher prevalence of systemic and ocular complications associated with prematurity. In addition to retinopathy of prematurity, infants who are born preterm may suffer from severe visual impairment as a result of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, hypoglycemia, and other metabolic imbalances. The effect of these processes on the anterior visual pathway may result in optic atrophy, optic nerve hypoplasia or optic disc cupping and affection of the posterior visual pathway leads to cortical visual impairment (CVI). Other ocular associations include strabismus, nystagmus, and ocular motor abnormalities such as tonic down gaze and defective saccades and pursuits. Cortical and subcortical involvement also manifests as defects in functional vision and these have not yet been completely understood. Children with CVI may have visual field defects, photophobia, defective visual processing, and deficient color vision. Since most of these children also suffer from additional systemic disabilities, evaluation, and management remains a challenge. However, early diagnosis and initiation of rehabilitation therapy can prove to be of significant benefit in these children.     

早产儿视网膜病变的危险因素研究进展

早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)是早产儿视网膜血管发育异常所导致的眼病,可导致弱视、斜视、白内障、青光眼,甚至失明,严重影响存活早产儿的生存质量。据世界卫生组织统计,ROP导致早产儿失明的比例约为6%～18%,已成为导致世界儿童失明的首要原因。ROP的发病机制尚不完全清楚,国内外研究发现影响ROP发生的危险因素包括胎龄、出生体质量、吸氧、分娩方式、多胎、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、贫血、输血、败血症、感染、高碳酸血症、高胆红素血症、母体产前应用某种药物等。我们就ROP的危险因素和可能的作用机制进行综述,为ROP研究和防治提供理论支持。     

Visual function in 6 to 7 year‐old children born extremely preterm: a population‐based study

Purpose: Progress in neonatal care has caused an increased survival of children born extremely preterm. The aims of this study were to examine the long‐term visual function and ocular development in an unselected cohort of extremely preterm infants and relate the results to neonatal morbidity and long‐term neurodevelopmental outcome. Methods: All children with gestational age of 22–27 completed weeks or birth weight of 500–999 g born in the years 1999–2000 in two counties of Western Norway (n = 52) were invited to an eye examination that included visual acuity, refractive error, binocular function, accommodative amplitude and fundus examination. Cognitive function was assessed with the WPSSI‐R test and motor abilities with the ABC movement test. Results: Neonatal morbidities and neurodevelopmental outcome were known for all, while 37 of the 52 children underwent the eye examination. None were blind or visually impaired, but 46% had subnormal visual acuity (logMAR ≥0.1). Ninety per cent were emmetropic or slightly hypermetropic (0 to +3D), while 10% had manifest and 51% latent strabismus. Performance IQ on the WPSSI‐R test and ABC total score were associated with best visual acuity (p = 0.03 and p < 0.01, respectively). In a multiple linear regression model, visual acuity in the best eye was significantly associated with performance IQ (p = 0.03) and ABC total score (p = 0.02). Conclusion: This study suggests a more favourable long‐term prognosis on important ocular and visual parameters in survivors of extreme prematurity than expected from similar reports on children born less prematurely and that performance IQ and motor function are related to visual acuity.     

深圳地区早产儿视网膜病变10年发病情况分析

目的 观察深圳地区近10年早产儿视网膜病变（ROP）发病状况和变化趋势。方法 2004年1月至2013年6月对在深圳市人民医院、深圳市妇幼保健院等新生儿重症监护病房住院或早产儿出院后至深圳市眼科医院ROP专科门诊检查且符合筛查标准的9100名早产儿进行了ROP筛查。首次检查在出生后4～6周开始。接受筛查的早产儿中,男性5401名,女性3699名;出生体重520～2990 g,平均出生体重（1710±410） g。其中,＜1000 g者206名;1000～1499 g者2473名;1500～1999 g者4038名;≥2000 g者2383名。出生胎龄24～36周,平均出生胎龄（31.57±1.99）周。其中,＜28周者208名;28～32周者3608名;33～34周者3553名;＞34周者1731名。采用双目间接检眼镜配合巩膜压迫器和（或）广角数码视网膜成像系统进行眼底检查。按照国际ROP分类法的规定和ROP早期治疗研究标准记录检查结果。双眼病变不对称时,记录病变严重眼;所有接受治疗的病例统一定义为重症ROP。回顾分析近10年ROP总体发病率、重症率,以及第一、二阶段即2004年至2008年和2009年至2013年6月ROP发病率、重症率的变化情况。结果 9100名早产儿中,发生不同程度ROP 1137例,发病率12.49%;重症ROP 454例,占筛查人数的4.99%。出生体重＜1000、1000～1499、1500～1999、≥2000 g者,ROP发病率分别为62.62%、28.40%、11.34%、3.63%;重症率分别占筛查人数的34.95%、12.21%、3.73%、0.49%。出生胎龄＜28、28～32、33～34、＞34周者,ROP发病率分别为67.31%、25.27%、7.22%、3.87%;重症率分别占筛查人数的37.02%、10.71%、1.79%、0.68%。第二阶段ROP发病率、重症率与第一阶段比较,ROP发病率、重症率分别从14.64%、6.52%降至11.47%、4.26%,差异有统计学意义（χ²=26.96、26.61,P＜0.05）。出生体重＜1000 g的患儿,第二阶段ROP发病率、重症率明显低于第一阶段,差异有统计学意义（χ²=13.676、5.271,P＜0.05）。出生胎龄＜28周的患儿,第一阶段ROP发病率与第二阶段ROP发病率比较,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.843,P＞0.05）;第二阶段重症率较第一阶段明显下降,差异有统计学意义（χ²=4.757,P＜0.05）。结论 2004年至2013年深圳地区ROP发病率和重症率逐年下降。     

Evaluation of Refractive Errors and Ocular Biometric Outcomes after Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Retinopathy of Prematurity

Purpose: To assess ocular biometric outcomes following intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) monotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and compare these results with those of laser photocoagulated infants and with the ones with spontaneously regressed ROP.

Materials and methods: Premature infants including those who underwent IVB monotherapy (Group 1) or laser photocoagulation (Group 2) for ROP and infants with spontaneously regressed ROP (Group 3) were recruited for the study. Refractive errors and ocular biometric parameters (Axial length [AL], anterior chamber depth [ACD], and lens thickness [LT]) were measured at adjusted 1 year of age in all subjects.

Results: There was no significant difference of spherical equivalent (SE) value between the groups (P = 0.781). The incidence of high myopia was 7.4% in Group 1 and 12.7% in Group 2 (P = 0.081). No infants exhibited high myopia in Group 3. LT was greater in Group 2 when compared to Group 1 and Group 3 (P = 0.011). Lower SE was significantly correlated to longer AL in Group 1 (r = ?0.656, P = 0.015). There was a significant positive correlation between SE and ACD values in Group 2 (r = 0.391, P = 0.005).

Conclusion: The study showed no significant difference of SE between the groups. High myopia was only present among the treated infants either with IVB or laser. Infants who received laser treatment significantly had thicker lenses.     

Vision-related Quality of Life in Malaysian Children with Threshold and Prethreshold Retinopathy of Prematurity

PurposeThe prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is higher in developing countries compared to developed countries. There is limited data on vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) among children with severe type of ROP in developing countries. This study evaluated the influence of threshold and prethreshold ROP on VRQoL in Malaysian children.MethodsMulticenter prospective cross-sectional study conducted in three tertiary hospitals in 2018 to 2019. Children less than 7 years old with previous ROP diagnosis were recruited. Patients with systemic comorbidities that affected vision or daily activities were excluded. A parent or guardian completed the Children’s Visual Function Questionnaire (CVFQ) for the assessment of child’s general health, general vision, competence, personality, family impact, and treatment difficulty.ResultsEight were categorized with threshold ROP, 16 with high-risk prethreshold ROP, and 26 with low-risk prethreshold ROP. Fifty age-matched controls were also included. Mean visual acuity in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution was 0.46 in the threshold, 0.08 in high-risk prethreshold, and 0.01 in low-risk prethreshold subgroups. Threshold ROP was associated with myopia and strabismus, and associated with poor visual acuity compared to prethreshold ROP. Mean total CVFQ score was significantly lower in the ROP group (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Mean score and all mean subscale scores were significantly lower in the threshold subgroup compared to high-risk and low-risk prethreshold subgroups, with lowest subscale scores on general vision and general health. There was significant association between gestational age, visual acuity of the better eye, family income, and VRQoL (p < 0.05).ConclusionsROP was associated with lower VRQoL in children born prematurely in Malaysia. The threshold ROP group is the most affected. General vision and health domains are their main difficulties encountered. Gestational age, visual acuity of the better eye, and family income affects the VRQoL.     

Postnatal Growth and Retinopathy of Prematurity Study: Rationale,Design, and Subject Characteristics

Purpose: Postnatal-growth-based predictive models demonstrate strong potential for improving the low specificity of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening. Prior studies are limited by inadequate sample size. We sought to study a sufficiently large cohort of at-risk infants to enable development of a model with highly precise estimates of sensitivity for severe ROP.

Methods: The Postnatal Growth and ROP (G-ROP) Study was a multicenter retrospective cohort study of infants at 30 North American hospitals during 2006–2012. A total of 65 G-ROP-certified abstractors submitted data to a secure, web-based database. Data included ROP examination findings, treatments, complications, daily weight measurements, daily oxygen supplementation, maternal/infant demographics, medical comorbidities, surgical events, and weekly nutrition. Data quality was monitored with system validation rules, data audits, and discrepancy algorithms.

Results: Of 11,261 screened infants, 8334 were enrolled, and 2927 had insufficient data due to transfer, discharge, or death. Of the enrolled infants, 90% (7483) had a known ROP outcome and were included in the study. Median birth weight was 1070 g (range 310–3000g) and mean gestational age 28 weeks (range 22–35 weeks). Severe ROP (Early Treatment of Retinopathy type 1 or 2) developed in 931 infants (12.5%).

Conclusion: Successful incorporation of a predictive model into ROP screening requires confidence that it will capture cases of severe ROP. This dataset provides power to estimate sensitivity with half-confidence interval width of less than 0.5%, determined by the high number of severe ROP cases. The G-ROP Study represents a large, diverse cohort of at-risk infants undergoing ROP screening. It will facilitate evaluation of growth-based algorithms to improve efficiency of ROP screening.     

深圳早产儿视网膜病变筛查结果分析

目的 了解深圳地区三间医院早产儿视网膜病变（ROP）发病情况。方法 2004年 1月至2007年1月，对深圳市人民医院、深圳市妇幼保健院和深圳市眼科医院三间医院出生体重<2000g的早产儿或根据儿科医生的要求超过以上标准但患有严重疾病的早产儿共1372例2744只眼采用双目间接检眼镜和（或）广角数码儿童视网膜成像系统（RetCamII）进行 ROP筛查，发现阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型ROP及时进行冷冻或激光 光 凝治疗。所有患儿随访至视网膜完全血管化或病变退化。结果 所有早产儿中218例436只眼发生ROP，发病率15.9％，其中阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型ROP190只眼，发病率6.9％；4~5期ROP 16只眼，发病率0.6%；未到阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型ROP 230只眼，发病率8.4 %。出生体重≤1500 g者435例870只眼，占所有筛查对象的31.7％；236只眼发生ROP，发病 率27.1%：其中阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型ROP 126只眼，发病率14.5％；4~5期ROP10只眼，发病 率1.1%，未到阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型ROP 100只眼，发病率11.5%。出生体重≤1250 g者274 只眼，占所有筛查对象的10％；108只眼发生ROP，发病率39.4%：其中阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型 RO P 60只眼，发病率21.9%；4~5期ROP 4只眼，发病率1.4%；未到阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型ROP 4 4 只眼，发病率16％。所有早产儿、出生体重≤1500g者和出生体重≤1250g者的RO P发病率（χ²=60.43，P<0.001）、阈值或阈 值前期Ⅰ型ROP发病率（χ²=46.82，P<0001）和未到阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型ROP发病 率 （χ²=10.71，P=0.005）比较，差异均有统计学意义。结论 深圳地区三间医院早产儿ROP的总体发生率较 低，但需要治疗的阈值或阈值前期Ⅰ型重症ROP发病率高。出生体重是影响ROP发病 率的重要因素。     

半全视网膜激光光凝术治疗阈值前和阈值期早产儿视网膜病变的疗效

目的：观察半全视网膜激光光凝治疗阈值前和阈值期早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)的临床疗效和安全性。

方法：经临床确诊的ROP患儿25例46眼纳入研究。其中,阈值前病变24眼,阈值病变22眼。46眼中,Ⅰ区病变20眼,Ⅱ区病变26眼。所有患儿均在全身麻醉下采用波长为810nm 的Iridis激光机经双目间接检眼镜输出,保留Ⅰ区及其颞侧2个视乳头直径区域不接受光凝,对其余无血管区进行光凝治疗。随访42～881(362±59.6)d,进行疗效分析。

结果：一次光凝术后病变完全消退38眼(83%); 进展期患眼8眼(17%)经Ⅰ区颞侧2PD区域补全激光光凝治疗,二次光凝治疗时间在首次治疗术后33～45d,病变完全消退。未出现局部纤维增生、局限性视网膜脱离等严重并发症。阈值前病变组24眼中,病变完全消退22眼(92%); 阈值病变组22眼中,病变完全消退10眼(73%)。两组病变完全消退率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论：半全视网膜激光光凝术可以有效治疗阈值前和阈值期早产儿视网膜病变,对周边视网膜破坏少。     

Syphilitic retinitis and uveitis in HIV‐positive adults

Background: The incidence of new infection with syphilis is increasing, particularly in men who have sex with men, with HIV co‐infection common. There has been a corresponding increase in ophthalmic manifestations that can be varied in presentation. Methods: Thirteen consecutive patients with syphilitic uveitis presenting to two ophthalmic departments in Sydney are described. Results: Twelve patients were male, of whom 10 were homosexual and six HIV‐positive. Peripheral retinitis with panuveitis was the commonest ophthalmic presentation (n = 7, 54%), and six cases were initially treated with vitreous tap and intravitreal foscarnet as a precaution in case of viral retinitis. Retinitis was present in six of six (100%) HIV‐positive and only one of seven (14%) HIV‐negative patients (χ²10.6, P < 0.01). Other ophthalmic presentations included anterior uveitis, vitritis, multifocal choroiditis, scleritis and papillitis. All patients responded to 10–14 days' intravenous penicillin with good final visual outcomes (6/12 or better in all eyes). Conclusions: This case series reinforces the importance of considering syphilis in the differential diagnosis of many ocular presentations, but in particular retinitis. Retinitis appears to be the predominant presentation in HIV‐infected individuals, suggesting that HIV infection may somehow modulate the disease.     

Ophthalmological problems associated with preterm birth

As survival of preterm infants improves, the long-term care of consequent ophthalmic problems is an expanding field. Preterm birth can inflict a host of challenges on the developing ocular system, resulting in the visual manifestations of varied significance and pathological scope. The ophthalmic condition most commonly associated with preterm birth is retinopathy of prematurity, which has the potential to result in devastating vision loss. However, the visual compromise from increased incidence of refractive errors, strabismus, and cerebral vision impairment has significant impact on visual function, which also has influence on other developmental aspects including psychological and educational. In this review, the normal ocular development is discussed, aiming to exemplify the impact of early exteriorisation on one of the more naive organs of prematurity. This is then related to the incidence and visual consequences of many types of deficit, including refractive error, strabismus, and loss of visual function in preterm populations, with comparisons to term infant studies. Often these conditions are linked with causal and resultant factors being impossible to segregate, but the common factor of increased rates of all types of ophthalmic deficits demonstrates that children born prematurely are indeed premature for life.     

Long-term results of lens-sparing vitrectomy for stages 4B and 5 retinopathy of prematurity

Purpose

To assess long-term anatomic and visual outcomes and associated complications of lens-sparing vitrectomy (LSV) for treatment of tractional retinal detachments (TRDs) associated with stages 4B and 5 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of medical records and data analyses of consecutive patients who presented with stages 4B and 5 ROP and underwent LSV from 1999 to 2007. Retinal reattachment status, visual acuity and postoperative complications were evaluated.

Results

Twenty-one eyes of 20 patients, including 13 eyes with stage 4B ROP and 8 eyes with stage 5 ROP, were examined. The mean follow-up period was 5.6 years. In 9 (43%) out of 21 eyes, retinas were eventually reattached. The anatomic success rates were 62% in stage 4B and 13% in stage 5 ROP. In eyes with reattached retinas, visual acuity better than form vision was shown in 7 eyes (78%), whereas no light perception was present in 10 eyes (83%) among eyes with TRD on final examination. Postoperative intraocular hemorrhage occurred in nine eyes (43%). Long-term complications of cataract, corneal opacity, glaucoma and strabismus developed in 4 (19%), 6 (29%), 7 (33%) and 8 (38%) eyes, respectively, and were more common in eyes with TRD.

Conclusions

After following-up for a mean of 5.6 years, the anatomical success rate of LSV was encouraging for the correction of TRD associated with stage 4B ROP but not for stage 5 ROP. Retinal reattachment is important for obtaining better visual outcomes and preventing the development of late complications.     

两种抗VEGF药物治疗1型早产儿视网膜病变的疗效比较

目的:比较玻璃体腔注射康柏西普和雷珠单抗治疗1型早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)的有效性和安全性。方法:回顾性收集2018-08/2020-01于西京医院眼科确诊为1型ROP,并进行玻璃体腔注射康柏西普(IVC组,46例91眼)或雷珠单抗(IVR组,55例109眼)治疗的患儿临床资料,比较治疗后两组患儿ROP病变消退、复发及再治疗情况,不良预后及眼部和全身并发症情况。结果:纳入患儿101例200眼中急进型后极部ROP(AP-ROP)20眼,阈值期ROP 86眼,阈值前期1型ROP 94眼。两组患儿基线资料及治疗前ROP严重程度均无差异(P>0.05)。IVC组和IVR组一次治愈率无差异(93.4%vs 87.2%,P>0.05)。一次治疗后IVC组复发6眼(6.6%),平均复发时间为11.7±4.13wk,其中2眼再次行IVC治疗,4眼行视网膜激光光凝治疗,治疗后病变均消退;IVR组复发11眼(10.1%),平均复发时间9.82±4.02wk,其中4眼再次行IVR治疗,7眼行视网膜激光光凝治疗,治疗后病变均退行;两组复发率及复发时间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。IVC组一次治疗后未见病变进展;IVR组一次治疗后3眼病情进展,其中2眼视网膜增殖加重伴出血,行视网膜激光光凝治疗,1眼进展为牵拉性视网膜脱离,行玻璃体切除术治疗。两组患儿治疗后均未出现与药物或玻璃体腔注射相关的眼部及全身并发症,IVR组3眼出现颞侧视网膜皱褶,视网膜血管牵拉致血管弓夹角变小等不良预后。结论:IVC和IVR均为1型ROP治疗的有效手段,两者一次治愈率、复发率无显著差异,但IVR治疗的部分病情严重患儿有出现病变进展或不良预后的可能,需长期严密观察随访。     

Ocular manifestations in sarcoidosis]

PURPOSE: The ophthalmic examination of patients with diagnosed systemic sarcoidosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 33 patients (17 women, 16 men), aged 22-60 years had ophthalmic examination (visual acuity, anterior and posterior segment evaluation, applanation tonometry). In 8 patients repeated examination was performed (duration of observation: 2-31 months). RESULTS: In 27 patients no characteristic features of ocular sarcoidosis were found. In 6 persons (18.2%) variety of ocular lesions was recognized (nodular infiltrations of the eyelids, chronic uveal inflammation, signs of anterior and posterior uveitis in the past, optic disc oedema). In 3 cases ocular lesions preceded the signs of systemic sarcoidosis. This emphasizes the importance of the routine ophthalmic examination of patients with suspected or proven sarcoidosis.     

Multifocal ERG in Subjects with a History of Retinopathy of Prematurity

Purpose: Investigate the function of the central retina in subjects with a history of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: Multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) responses to a scaled array of 103 hexagons were recorded in subjects, aged 11–23 years (N = 11), with a documented history of mild ROP. The amplitude and implicit time of the components (N₁, P₁, N₂) of the first order kernel for six concentric rings were compared to those of control subjects (N = 9). Results: The amplitude of each component varied significantly with eccentricity in both ROP and control subjects and was significantly smaller in the ROP subjects. The discrepancy between ROP and control subjects was greatest for central rings (1–3) and smaller for peripheral rings (4–6). The slopes of the functions summarizing log response density as a function of log eccentricity (degrees visual angle) were significantly shallower in ROP subjects. The implicit time of each component was longer in ROP subjects at all eccentricities. Conclusions: ROP associated alterations in neural retinal development may underlie the subtle macular dysfunction disclosed by the mfERG.