初发1型糖尿病患儿酮症酸中毒的调查

目的调查初发1型糖尿病患儿酮症酸中毒(DKA)的发生情况。方法以224例初发1型糖尿病患儿为研究对象,进行回顾性分析,分为DKA组和未合并DKA组,各112例。DKA组患儿根据年龄分为≥5岁组(65例)和5岁组(47例),并根据酸中毒情况分为轻度(26例)、中度(29例)、重度(57例)3组。分析DKA发生的影响因素以及不同年龄DKA患儿的临床及实验室特点。结果 224例初发1型糖尿病患儿中最常见的症状为多饮(86.2%)、多尿(78.6%)及体重下降(57.1%)。与未合并DKA患儿比较,DKA组5岁、低收入、父母教育程度高中及以下所占的比例均较高,随机血糖、Hb A1C水平较高,pH、HCO_3~-及C肽水平更低,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。≥5岁组与5岁组的轻、中、重度DKA所占比例的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与5岁组相比,≥5岁组DKA患儿的症状持续时间较长,随机血糖较低,HbA1C、C肽水平较高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 1型糖尿病患儿DKA发生率高,DKA的发生与年龄、父母文化程度及家庭收入有关。     

以酮症酸中毒为首发症状的小儿糖尿病20例分析

该文总结了Ⅰ型糖尿病 (DM ) 32例 ,发生酮症酸中毒 (DKA) 4 0例 (75 % ) ,以DKA为首发症状者2 0例 (6 2 .5 % ) ,指出DKA是儿童Ⅰ型DM最常见的合并症之一 ,亦是Ⅰ型DM患儿死亡的主要原因。并探讨了发生DKA的病因及临床特点 ,引起DKA的原因主要与激素异常和代谢紊乱有关 ,感染可诱发DKA并加重病情 ,DKA时也易感染而掩盖原发病。提高对该病的警惕性 ,防治感染 ,谨防误诊误治 ,早期诊断 ,合理治疗 ,DKA是可以避免的。     

以酮症酸中毒为首发症状的小儿糖尿病20例分析

该文总结了Ⅰ型糖尿病 (DM ) 32例 ,发生酮症酸中毒 (DKA) 4 0例 (75 % ) ,以DKA为首发症状者2 0例 (6 2 .5 % ) ,指出DKA是儿童Ⅰ型DM最常见的合并症之一 ,亦是Ⅰ型DM患儿死亡的主要原因。并探讨了发生DKA的病因及临床特点 ,引起DKA的原因主要与激素异常和代谢紊乱有关 ,感染可诱发DKA并加重病情 ,DKA时也易感染而掩盖原发病。提高对该病的警惕性 ,防治感染 ,谨防误诊误治 ,早期诊断 ,合理治疗 ,DKA是可以避免的。     

新诊断儿童1型糖尿病109例的临床特征

目的探讨近年新诊断儿童1型糖尿病的临床特征。方法对1999年1月1日～2005年4月30日浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院住院且为首次发病的109例1型糖尿病的临床资料进行回顾性分析,按照有无酮症酸中毒和有无低钾血症分别进行分组比较,正态分布的数据用x±s表示,采用为卡方及t检验,非正态分布的资料用中位数表示,采用Mann-WhiteyU检验进行组间比较。结果新诊断1型糖尿病儿童非酮症酸中毒(DKA)组病程明显较DKA组长,平均住院时间和糖化血红蛋白明显低于DKA组。入院时有感染诱因者21例(19.3%);伴低钾血症48例(44%),非低钾血症61例(56%);DKA组低钾血症的比率为26/47(55.3%),明显高于非DKA组的22/62(35.5%)。低钾组出现心悸、胸闷及倦怠症状出现频率为39.6%、35.4%,而非低钾组上述症状的频率分别是11.5%、16.4%,两组差异有显著性。所有患儿无1例死亡,出院后治疗依从性不一致。结论感染可能导致患儿糖尿病的进展和临床表现的出现。低钾血症组的症状较重。可能是临床症状的不典型导致了糖尿病不能及时被发现。     

儿童1型糖尿病90例

目的探讨儿童1型糖尿病(IDDM)的发病情况、临床特点、远期并发症及酮症酸中毒(DKA)的治疗。方法回顾性分析1993～2003年我院90例IDDM患儿的发病情况,临床特点,远期并发症,并探讨DKA的治疗。结果10～16岁儿童发病率最高,感染是诱发DKA的常见原因,未长期坚持胰岛素治疗易导致IDDM远期并发症的发生。结论小剂量胰岛素持续静滴、纠正水电解质紊乱、调节酸碱平衡是抢救DKA的关键;坚持长期胰岛素治疗是防治远期并发症IDDM的关键。     

儿童1型糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并低磷血症临床研究

目的 总结儿童1型糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA）合并低磷血症的临床特点,探讨DKA治疗期间低磷血症的发生率及预后。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2020年6月于广州市妇女儿童医疗中心遗传与内分泌科住院治疗的133例合并DKA的1型糖尿病患儿临床资料,分析入院后4～24h血磷水平,并对影响儿童血磷变化的相关因素进行分析。结果 133例DKA患儿中男55例（41%）,女78例（59%）,年龄6月龄至15岁,平均年龄（6.7±3.9）岁,新发1型糖尿病占72%。75例（56%）患儿出现血磷降低,其中41例（31%）患儿血磷0.81～1.29 mmol/L,22例（16%）患儿血磷0.61～0.81mmol/L,10例（7.5%）患儿血磷0.38～0.61mmol/L,2例（1.5%）患儿血磷<0.38mmol/L。正常血磷组与低血磷组之间pH值、碳酸氢根（HCO3-）、碱剩余（BE-B）、血钾、血氯差异均有统计学意义。酸中毒、年龄≤5岁为影响儿童DKA时血磷降低严重程度的危险因素。75例低血磷患儿均未出现低磷血症相关临床症状,未补充磷酸盐治疗。34例血磷<0.81mmol/L的患儿...     

儿童糖尿病酮症酸中毒17例临床分析

目的 分析儿童糖尿病酮症酸中毒(diabetic ketoacidosis,DKA)的临床特点及其相关治疗,以减少临床上的误诊、误治.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2007年12月我院收治的17例DKA的临床资料.结果 儿童DKA以原发性糖尿病为多见,伴有少数继发性药物性糖尿病,但疾病初期易误诊(47.1%).针对DKA的治疗以液体复苏、纠正酸中毒和控制血糖为原则,其中液体复苏应首选等张的生理盐水,纠正酸中毒应补充适量的碳酸氢钠,控制血糖以小剂量胰岛素静滴为宜.17例患儿中15例经上述处理均治愈出院,仅2例放弃治疗.结论 及时确诊、小剂量胰岛素静滴调控血糖、液体复苏纠正水电解质紊乱、维持酸碱平衡是救治DKA的关键.     

婴幼儿下尿路梗阻13例临床分析

目的 探讨婴幼儿下尿路梗阻的临床特点及早期诊断治疗。方法 回顾性研究13例患儿的临床资料、B超、VCU等，对其诊断治疗进行分析。结果 婴幼儿下尿路梗阻临床特点为症状不典型，体征隐匿，合并尿潴留及泌尿系感染，常有肾功能受损。结论 早期尿流改道是有效的处理措施，是改善患儿肾功能提高存活率的关键。     

儿童糖尿病合并酮症酸中毒和高血糖高渗状态临床特征分析

目的了解儿童糖尿病合并酮症酸中毒(DKA)和高血糖高渗状态(HHS)的临床特征。方法依据诊断标准,从1995年1月至2009年12月新确诊的糖尿病患儿中筛选DKA和HHS患儿,比较糖尿病同时合并DKA和HHS(DKA-HHS)与单纯DKA患儿的临床特点。结果 1 065例新诊断儿童糖尿病患儿中有483例合并DKA,占45.35%;16例符合DKA-HHS,占1.50%;无单纯HHS糖尿病患儿。HHS在DKA患儿中的发生率为3.31%,其中1型糖尿病14例,2型糖尿病2例。HHS在年龄≥10岁的DKA患儿中的发生率明显高于小年龄患儿(χ2=6.05,P<0.05)。DKA-HHS患儿中重度脱水的比例、平均有效渗透压、血糖、三酰甘油及尿素氮水平均显著高于单纯DKA患儿,且酸中毒程度明显重于单纯DKA患儿,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);DKA-HHS患儿的校正血清钠水平显著高于单纯DKA患儿,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论新诊断糖尿病患儿的HHS发生率较DKA低,且均与DKA合并存在;更常见于≥10岁患儿;DKA-HHS较单纯DKA患儿的代谢紊乱程度、脱水及酸中毒程度更严重,肾功能异常率更高。     

纤维支气管镜诊断活动性肺结核病临床分析

目的探讨纤维支气管镜对于活动性肺结核病的诊断价值。方法收集2013年10月至2016年4月在天津市儿童医院呼吸感染科收治的5例经纤维支气管镜确诊的肺结核病患儿临床资料,总结分析其临床特点和诊治经过。结果 5例患儿中男3例,女2例,年龄1~13岁,病程12~35 d。5例免疫功能检查均未见异常。起病均急骤,3例伴发热,2例伴反复咳喘。3例曾于外院误诊为肺炎、婴幼儿喘息;1例误诊为肺化脓症、先天性肺囊性病变继发感染(?);1例误诊为肺炎、胸膜炎。5例均否认结核接触史,按时接种卡介苗,1例卡介苗瘢痕阴性。病变侵及肺及胸膜,其中肺结核病3例(其中1例继发左主支气管狭窄),支气管内膜结核2例。患儿均予抗痨治疗后出院(平均住院11 d),预后良好。结论儿童肺结核病具有症状、体征、影像学不典型,以及纤维支气管镜下病变不典型等特点,提示对咳喘迁延反复、常规抗感染治疗无效的患儿,应积极行纤维支气管镜检查协助临床诊断。     

儿童糖尿病198例

目的 探讨儿童糖尿病(DM)的临床特点,为临床诊治提供理论依据.方法 对1999年1月-2009年3月在本院住院的198例DM患儿的临床表现和实验室检查进行回顾性临床分析.结果 198例DM患儿中,男97例,女101例.均为首诊病例;发病高峰年龄为5～6岁及9～11岁;首诊例数逐年增加,2008年较1999年增加了3.7倍;其中1型糖尿病(T1DM) 174例(占88.9％),2型糖尿病7例(占3.5％),新生儿DM 14例(占7.1％),其他3例(占1.5％).首诊的TlDM患者中,酮症酸中毒(DKA)的发生率为42.0％;发病前有感染史者55例,与无感染史者比较,DKA的发生率有统计学差异(P＜0.01).有DM家族遗传史者23例.并甲状腺功能亢进症2例;并暂时性甲状腺功能减低症31例;并肝功能异常30例,肾功能异常12例,血脂异常48例,尿蛋白阳性27例.糖化血红蛋白为(12.0±1.8)％;共分析了25例T1 DM患者的自身抗体,胰岛细胞抗体阳性率为28％,胰岛素自身抗体的阳性率为20％,谷氮酸脱羧酶自身抗体(GADA)阳性率为72％.结论 首诊的儿童DM逐年增加,以T1DM为主;新生儿DM增加明显;DKA是T1DM患者就诊的重要原因;首诊的T1DM者中,感染是发生DKA的重要诱因;儿童DM常合并暂时性甲状腺功能减低症、肝肾功能异常及血脂异常;糖尿病自身抗体中GADA的阳性率最高.     

Ketoacidosis at presentation of type 1 diabetes in children in Kuwait: frequency and clinical characteristics

Abdul‐Rasoul M, Al‐Mahdi M, Al‐Qattan H, Al‐Tarkait N, Alkhouly M, Al‐Safi R, Al‐Shawaf F, Mahmoud H. Ketoacidosis at presentation of type 1 diabetes in children in Kuwait: frequency and clinical characteristics. Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has significant morbidity and mortality, and is common at diagnosis in children. Objective: Describe the frequency and severity of DKA at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children in Kuwait. Methods: Hospital records of 677 diabetic children less than 12 yr of age, diagnosed during the period of 2000–2006 were reviewed. DKA was defined as blood glucose > 11 mmol/L, pH < 7.3, and/or bicarbonate < 15 mmol/L with ketonuria. Results: Of all patients diagnosed with T1DM, 255 (37.7%) presented with DKA. The frequency of DKA was constant between 2000 and 2002 (42.7–41.5%), but decreased in the following years to 30.7% in 2006 (p < 0.005). The majority had either mild or moderate DKA (74.1%). Fifty‐one (36.7%) of all children in the 0–4 yr had severe DKA compared to ten (2.9%) in the 5‐ to 8‐yr‐old group, and three (1.5%) in 9‐ to 12‐yr‐old patients (p < 0.0001). Moreover, 83% of children with severe DKA were in the 0–4 yr age group. One child (0.15%) died and twenty‐seven (4%) needed intensive care unit (ICU) care. Conclusion: Our study provides recent data on Middle Eastern population, for whom data are sparse. Although it has significantly decreased, the frequency of DKA at presentation of T1DM in children in Kuwait is still high, secondary to the high prevalence of diabetes in the community. Young children, especially those less than 2 yr old remain at high risk. Increasing the general awareness of the public as well as of pediatricians to the disease may lead to early diagnosis before the development of acidosis.     

儿童 1型糖尿病 30年临床特征及随访观察

目的 分析儿童1型糖尿病（T1DM）的临床特征,探讨该病对儿童生长发育的影响程度及后期并发症发生的情况。方法 对发病年龄在13个月至14．7岁,经实验室检查确诊为T1DM的210例患儿的临床特征进行了回顾性分性,并对99例患儿进行了1～24年的并发症、生长发育、死因随访。结果 因单纯糖尿病人院者47例（22．4％）;伴酮血症入院者69例（32．9％）;伴酮症酸中毒入院者94例（44．7％）,其中农村患儿78例。起病时有诱因者43例,其中自停胰岛素15例。酮症酸中毒患儿住院时间明显比单纯糖尿病患儿长（P〈0．05）。随访的99例中出现各种并发症50例,其中以微血管病变发生率最高。病程长易并发各种并发症（P〈0．05）,病后的监测方法与并发症的发生也明显相关。患儿组身高明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论 酮症酸中毒是儿童糖尿病的基本特征;病程长易并发各种并发症;加强对儿童糖尿病患者的血糖检测和病后教育,将对儿童糖尿病的治疗起重要作用。     

Predicting diabetic ketoacidosis in children by measuring end-tidal CO2 via non-invasive nasal capnography

AIM: To determine if nasal capnography can be used as a screening tool to predict diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) presenting to the emergency department. METHODS: Cross-sectional, prospective, observational study of children with T1DM who presented to the Emergency Department of Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Western Australia, over a 12-month period from June 2003 to June 2004. Information on demographic data and T1DM was recorded. Nasal capnography, venous blood gases and urinary analysis were performed on patients. Data were analysed using chi(2) tests and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Sensitivities and specificities were calculated at different end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO(2)) levels to predict presence of DKA. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients aged 1-18 years (mean 10.7, SD 4.7) were analysed. Thirty-three (57%) were male and 30 (52%) presented with new onset of T1DM. Of the 58 cases, 15 (26%) had DKA, and 11 of these were new T1DM patients. No patients with an ETCO(2) > 30 mmHg had DKA (sensitivity 1.0, specificity 0.86). Six patients with an ETCO(2) < 30 mmHg did not have DKA. CONCLUSIONS: Nasal capnography in conjunction with clinical assessment is predictive of DKA. Further research into this area with larger numbers could help validate ETCO(2) as a screening tool for DKA in the emergency department.     

Pediatric stroke associated with new onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: case reports and review of the literature

Neurological deterioration in children with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is commonly caused by cerebral edema. However, stroke should also be suspected when focal neurological deficits are apparent, because children with hyperglycemia and DKA are prone to thrombosis. We report three cases of pediatric stroke associated with new onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The first case presented with sinovenous thrombosis, and the other two cases presented in DKA and had a late diagnosis of ischemic stroke following neurological deterioration. Our recent experiences and review of the literature emphasize the importance of early diagnosis, investigation, and treatment for patients that present with new onset T1DM and stroke.     

Difficulties or mistakes in diagnosing type 1 diabetes in children?—demographic factors influencing delayed diagnosis

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) development in children with new‐onset type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is often the main consequence of delayed diagnosis. The aim of the study was to estimate the frequency of difficulties in T1DM diagnosis and to investigate if and how the demographic factors (gender, patient's age at presentation, family history of T1DM, level of maternal education, place of residence, and health service unit the patient called at) have any influence on diagnostic delays. Subjects and methods: Retrospective analysis of 474 children (243 boys—51.27% and 231 girls ?48.73%) with new‐onset T1DM aged below 17 yr and living in the Pomeranian region of Poland was carried out. The delay in diagnosis was recognized if the patient was not diagnosed on the first visit because of omission, wrong interpretation of main diabetic symptoms, exclusive treatment of additional signs, or concomitant diseases. Results: Difficulties in diagnosing T1DM were found in 67 cases (14.13%) and they are the main cause of DKA development in these children (p = 0.00). Among the examined demographic factors, mainly the patient's age at presentation has a significant influence on diagnostic delays (p = 0.01), especially in children below 2 yr (p = 0.00). Most frequently family doctors were responsible for wrong preliminary diagnosis. Conclusions: Difficulties in diagnosing T1DM are a significant cause of DKA development in children with new‐onset disease. Patient's age at presentation is the main risk factor of delayed diagnosis, especially in children below 2 yr. The increase in awareness among pediatricians concerning the possibility of T1DM development in children is needed.     

Ketoacidosis at presentation of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children: a retrospective 20-year experience from a tertiary care hospital in Serbia

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has significant morbidity and mortality and is common at diagnosis in children. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of DKA over a 20-year period among children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) at University children's hospital in Belgrade, Serbia. The study population comprised of 720 patients (366 boys) diagnosed with type 1 diabetes aged <18 years between January 1992 and December 2011. Of all patients diagnosed with T1DM, 237 (32.9 %) presented with DKA. The majority had either mild (69.6 %) or moderate (22.8 %) DKA. Sixty (55.0 %) of all children under 5 years had DKA compared to sixty-two (20.9 %) in the 5- to 10-year-old group and one hundred fifteen (36.6 %) in the 11- to 18-year-old patients (p?<?0.01), while 2.5 % of the entire DKA cohort were in real coma. During the later 10-year period, children less often had DKA at diagnosis compared with the earlier 10-year period (28.0 vs. 37.4 %) (p?<?0.01), but the frequency of severe DKA was higher in the age group <5 year and in the age group >11 year during 2002–2011, compared with the earlier 10-year period (12.9 vs. 3.4 %, p?<?0.01 and 17.1 vs. 3.8 %, p?<?0.01). Conclusion: The overall frequency of DKA in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes decreased over a 20-year period at our hospital. However, children aged <5 years and adolescents are still at high risk for DKA at diagnosis.     

Clinical characteristics at presentation of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children younger than 15 years in Croatia

The aim of the study was to determine the clinical and biochemical characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) at presentation in children younger than 15 years in Croatia during a 9-year period, with special attention to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) incidence. The registered data set comprised blood glucose, pH, serum bicarbonate levels, and clinical symptoms at disease manifestation. During the study period, 692 children were diagnosed with type 1 DM. Polydipsia (96.7%), polyuria (96.05%), and weight loss (82.7%) were the most frequent symptoms anticipating disease detection. Enuresis was recorded in 11.55%. A total of 36.41% patients had DKA (pH < 7.3) at disease onset. During the 9-year period, the percentage of children presenting with DKA at time of diagnosis decreased from 41.67% to 33.33% (z = 1.68, p = 0.046). A positive family history of DM, the only factor with an impact on the DKA incidence rate in our population, lowers the probability of the development of ketoacidosis. This study confirms the importance of the detection of the classic symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss in patients with new-onset type 1 DM. The percentage of patients with DKA at diabetes onset decreased during the observed period but is still high and includes one-third of all patients. This is why in every acutely ill child, especially at a younger age, one should evaluate the possibility of type 1 DM to avoid the development of ketoacidosis.     

儿童1型糖尿病胰岛素泵治疗长期随访的疗效观察

目的 比较1型糖尿病(T1DM)患儿应用持续皮下胰岛素输注(CSII)与每日多次皮下胰岛素注射(MDI)治疗对血糖控制的疗效差异.方法 回顾性收集91例应用CSII方式治疗1年以上T1DM患儿的临床资料,评估其糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)水平、糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)再发生情况,通过与75例应用MDI治疗的T1DM患儿...