胃肠道间质瘤的CT诊断

目的 探讨CT对胃肠道间质瘤的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析我院经手术病理证实的33例胃肠道间质瘤患者的影像学资料,并将大体病理所见与CT表现相对照.结果 33例肿瘤CT表现为外生性或内生性肿块,肿块密度不均匀,中心伴有坏死囊变,实性部分轻度至中度强化.CT分型:黏膜下型15例,肌壁间型8例,浆膜下型10例.变性、出血、囊变及坏死在CT均表现为低密度.结论 CT对胃肠道间质瘤的检出率较高,根据肿瘤直径大小及肿瘤坏死可初步判断肿瘤恶性程度.     

胃肠道间质瘤19例螺旋CT检查结果分析

胃肠道间质肿瘤（GIST）为胃肠道最常见的问叶组织肿瘤,以前被认为是平滑肌源性肿瘤,且多归类为平滑肌肉瘤。GIST是近年来随着免疫组化、电镜及分子生物技术的发展和应用而提出的一个病理学的新概念。国内外许多学者认为GIST为一组独立的起源于胃肠道壁的间叶性肿瘤．不包括典型平滑肌瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、神经鞘瘤及神经纤维瘤。     

胃肠道间质瘤的多层螺旋CT表现及病理特点分析

目的 为进一步提高胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）的诊治水平提供依据.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的15例GIST患者的多层螺旋CT表现和病理检查结果.结果 多层螺旋CT检查示肿瘤位于食管1例、胃10例、小肠3例、结肠1例;肿块最大径3～ 15 cm;8例为腔外生长,4例为腔内生长,3例混合性生长;大多数密度不均匀,少数有囊变或坏死,增强扫描肿瘤实质部分大多中等至明显强化,静脉期持续强化.病理检查光镜下见肿瘤为梭形细胞型9例,上皮样细胞型4例,梭形及上皮样细胞混合型2例.免疫组织化学特征：CD117阳性13例（86.7％）,CD34阳性10例（66.7％）,Vimentin阳性14例（93.3％）,SMA阳性7例（46.7％）.结论 多层螺旋CT检查能准确显示GIST的肿瘤部位、形态、大小,确诊依赖病理和免疫组织化学检查.     

胃肠道间质瘤的多层螺旋CT表现与免疫组化分型的相关性

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)在胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)诊断中的应用价值,并观察其CT表现与免疫组化分型的关系。方法选取2013年1月至2018年3月于泰山医学院附属医院收治的经手术病理证实的56例GIST患者,其中胃部病变30例,肠道病变19例,胃肠道外病变7例。所有患者行MSCT扫描,统计肿块部位、大小、形态、肿块生长方式、CT值、钙化情况及强化程度,并与免疫组化分型进行对照分析。结果 56例患者中,平滑肌方向分化、神经方向分化、平滑肌和神经双向分化、缺乏分化特征分别为21例、6例、6例、23例。GIST的形态、发生部位、生长方式、Ki-67增值指数及危险度分级与GIST的免疫组化分型差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而肿瘤大小、密度及实性部分强化程度与其免疫组化分型差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MSCT检查是GIST进行临床诊断时的一种有效检查方法,其CT表现对于判断肿瘤的免疫组化分型具有重要的参考价值。     

儿童恶性胃肠道间质瘤1例

患者,女,12岁,无意中发现上腹部包块而就诊．经手术探察,行胃大部切除后,经病理证实为儿童恶性胃肠道间质瘤．发生在儿童的胃肠道间质瘤罕见,且多为恶性,因此早期发现和完整、完全切除,对患者的预后有重要意义．     

以胃肠道出血首发的小肠间质瘤17例

目的:提高对以胃肠道出血首发的小肠间质瘤的了解和早期诊治.方法:回顾性分析17例以胃肠道出血首发的小肠间质瘤患者的临床表现、血红蛋白水平、小肠CT表现、手术病理、免疫组织化学以及随访结果等临床资料.结果:以胃肠道出血首发的小肠间质瘤多好发于中老年人,平均年龄58岁,男性略多于女性,临床表现为便血和不同程度的贫血.小肠CT检查有助于发现病灶,16例患者小肠CT发现小肠占位病变,表现为无分叶或有分叶的低密度、边界清晰软组织肿块,平均CT值32HU,强化大多不均匀,多数无淋巴结转移.肿瘤多为外生性生长,17例患者CD117免疫组织化学检测均阳性.组织病理学以及CD117、CD34免疫组织化学有助于肿瘤的确诊和危险分类,治疗方法主要为手术切除.结论:重视急诊胃镜、肠镜检查阴性的以胃肠道出血的小肠间质瘤患者,小肠CT检查有助于发现病变,并经手术切除病灶、生物靶向治疗、加强随访以改善患者预后.     

CT和超声内镜诊断胃肠道间质瘤的现状

胃肠道间质瘤是原发于胃肠道和腹部的间叶源性肿瘤,绝大多数存在c-Kit基因突变。内镜检查胃肠道间质瘤有一定困难,而CT和超声内镜结合有助于胃肠道间质瘤的定位和良、恶性的判断,对指导临床治疗和估计预后有一定的价值。     

胃肠道间质瘤

我院于 2 0 0 3年连续收治 2例胃肠道间质瘤(GIST) ,为加强对本病的认识 ,现将 2例病历复习和近些年来有关本病诊断及治疗的文献综合报道如下。1　病例报告例 1,男 ,6 5岁 ,因进行性进食困难 2个月入院。胃镜检查见贲门口一溃疡型肿物 ,约 3× 2× 1cm大小 ,周围粘膜红肿隆起 ,质地硬。胃镜所取组织病检示粘膜慢性炎症。诊为胃底贲门癌而行手术。术中见肿瘤位于贲门部 ,约 4× 4× 3cm大小 ,质韧 ,界清 ,活动度好 ,未侵浆膜 ,于周围无浸润 ,未见明显肿大淋巴结。行近端胃大部切除术。术后病理 :胃肠道间质瘤 ,5× 7× 3.3cm ,淋巴结无转移…     

胃肠道间质瘤

胃肠道间质瘤(GIST) 是一种较少见的肿瘤,既往治疗主要以手术为主。随着病理研究的深入,发现大多数GIST存在c kit前癌基因的变异,导致kit酪氨酸激酶持续活化,STI 571 是选择性酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,在胃肠道间质瘤靶向治疗方面起重要作用。对 GIST的认识将对临床医师治疗本病有所帮助。现就GIST的流行病学、病理、临床表现、诊断及治疗进展等几方面进行综述。     

胃肠道间质瘤

胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)是一种较少见的肿瘤，既往治疗主要以手术为主。随着病理研究的深入，发现大多数GIST存在c—kit前癌基因的变异，导致kit酪氨酸激酶持续活化，STI571是选择性酪氨酸激酶抑制剂，在胃肠道间质瘤靶向治疗方面起重要作用。对GIST的认识将对临床医师治疗本病有所帮助。现就GIST的流行病学、病理、临床表现、诊断及治疗进展等几方面进行综述。     

Current findings on gastrointestinal stromal tumors: seven observations of malignant tumors

PURPOSE: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are rare neoplasms, 1-3% of malignant gastrointestinal tumors. They are immature proliferations of spindled and/or epithelioid cells, developed in the muscular layer of the digestive tract, showing uncompleted or partial muscular, nervous or mixed differentiation. Immunohistologic knowledge about these tumors has recently progressed because of the discovery of specific markers (coexpression vimentin-CD117, oncogenes): GIST can now be distinguished from the other mesenchymal tumors. METHODS: Retrospective study of seven patients with GIST who received the same treatment. RESULTS: For our seven patients the mean age was 49 years with a male predominance (sex-ratio 4/3). The tumoral localisations are principally the small bowel (four cases), the rectum (two cases) and the stomach (one case). The treatment consisted of a first surgery, adapted to the tumoral localisation and extension, associated to chemotherapy in case of metastasis or local recurrence. The study of the histological grading for the seven patients showed tumors with poor prognoses. Six patients developed recurrence in a 2-year period; for the survey we are too close for a proper view. CONCLUSIONS: A review of the literature on stromal tumors finds older patients (59 years) with an equal sex ratio. Against the results of our series, the most frequent location is the stomach (50%). But the main problem is the better understanding of the particular evolution of these tumors. The bad short-date prognosis imposes carrying out larger studies, in order to confirm the principal hypothesis of histogenesis and to improve the survey by an optimal treatment.     

Synchronous incidental gastrointestinal stromal and epithelial malignant tumors

AIM： To investigate the incidence of incidental gastrointestinal stromal tumor （GIST） and its etiopathogenesis. METHODS： From January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2007, 13804 cases of gastrointestinal epithelial malignant tumor （EMT） and 521 cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma （PAC） were successfully treated with surgery at the Department of General Surgery and the Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China. The clinical and pathologic data of 311 cases of primary GIST, including 257 cases with clinical GIST and 54 cases of incidental GIST were analyzed. RESULTS： Of the 311 patients, 54 had incidental GIST, accounting for 17.4%. Of these tumors, 27 were found in 1.13% patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma （ESCC）, 22 in 0.53% patients with gastric adenocarcinoma （GAC）, 2 in 0.38% patients with PAC, 2 in 0.03% patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, and 1 in one patient with GAC accompanying ESCC, respectively. Patients with incidental GIST presented symptoms indistinguishable from those with EMT. All incidental GIST lesions were small in size, and the majority had a low mitotic activity while only 1.9% （5/257） of clinical GIST lesions had a high risk.CONCLUSION： Incidental GIST may occur synchronously with other tumors and has a high prevalence in males. Surgery is its best treatment modality.     

Clinical experience in diagnosis and treatment of malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors

This study investigated the clinical pathologic character of malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (MGIST), their treatment with surgery, and evaluated the efficacy of imatinib postoperation. A total of 68 MGIST patients were enrolled. Of these, 27 patients underwent imatinib auxiliary therapy (treatment group) and 41 underwent imatinib therapy (control group). The therapeutic effects on the two groups were compared using χ² test analysis after follow-up of two years. The expressions of CD117, CD34, S100, Vimentin, and alpha smooth-muscle actin (SMA) were detected by immunohistochemistry methods. Of the 68 cases, 28 showed potential MGIST, whereas 40 had MGIST. Haemorrhagia or necrosis, abundant cell, manifest heteromorphism, and caryocinesia were observed in varying degrees. The positive rates of CD117, CD34, Vimentin, S100, and SMA were 89.7% (61/62), 88.2% (60/62), 73.5% (50/62), 41.1% (28/62) and 25.0% (17/62), respectively. The recurrence rate in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.01). We concluded that CD117 and CD34 may be the most valuable markers in the diagnosis of MGIST, and the diagnosis of MGIST depends on the pathology. Surgery is a far better approach in the treatment of such patients, and imatinib is the more efficient target drug in preventing recurrence and metastasis.     

Prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors (GIMT) of the gut. The aim of this retrospective study is to correlate the histological risk factors with the survival of our patients operated for GIST. METHODOLOGY: In our department, from 1980 to October 2003, 15 patients were operated for GIST. Their mean age was 58 years old and 8 of them were males; 10 (67%) were localized in the stomach and 5 (33%) in the small bowel. In 7 cases liver metastases were present at laparotomy and 4 of them also had peritoneal diffusion. We performed immunohistochemistry for c-Kit, SMA and S100p. Mitotic index (MI) and size neoplasm were the main pathological criteria for malignity. The patients with c-kit (CD117) positive neoplasms were divided according to NIH Consensus Conference risk class, MI, tumor size, localization, SMA or S100p presence, liver metastasis and peritoneal metastasis to compare the different 5-year survival rates. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test and a p < 0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS: Global survival rate after 5 years was 40% and the mortality was, in all cases, due to GIST. In our experience gender, age, tumor size, localization and S100p positivity did not play any role in predicting the prognosis of GIST. On the contrary high MI and SMA positivity are significantly associated to a lower survival rate (33% vs. 86% and 39% vs. 100% at 5 years, respectively). Finally patients with metastases at laparotomy have a significantly lower 5-year survival rate (hepatic 29% vs. 100%, hepatic and peritoneal 25% us. 78%). CONCLUSIONS: In our experience high MI and in some cases SMA expression can be considered assessed risk factors. On the other hand, criteria of benign behavior did not completely predict the long-term clinical outcome.     

Primary omental gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) represent the majority of primary non-epithelial neoplasms of the digestive tract, most frequently expressing the KIT protein detected by immunohistochemical staining for the CD117 antigen. Extragastrointestinal stromal tumors (EGISTs), neoplasms with immunohistological features overlapping those of GISTs, are found in the abdomen outside of the gastrointestinal tract with no connection to the gastric or intestinal wall. The present report presents the clinical, macroscopic and immunohistological features of an EGIST arising in the greater omentum of a 63-year-old woman, and discusses the clinical behavior and prognostic factors of such lesions in comparison to their gastrointestinal counterparts.     

Angiographic findings of gastrointestinal stromal tumor

AIM: To discuss the angiographic features of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and to evaluate their diagnostic role. METHODS: Twelve patients with pathologically proved GIST underwent angiography (DSA)1 wk before operation, using Puck and digital subtraction DSA. The origin, size, morphology and angiographic appearance of the lesions were reviewed. RESULTS: Two tumors arose from stomach, 8 from jejunum, and 2 from ileum. Seven cases were benign and 5 were malignant. Obviously thickened supplying arteries were detected in 8 tumors, and early-developed veins were found in 3. Two types of angiographic changes of GIST were observed. Four cases had twisted irregular neoplastic vessels with partially coarse and indistinct margins, which were all malignant. Eight cases had ball-like neoplastic vessels with uniform tumor staining, of which 7 were benign and 1 was malignant. CONCLUSION: Angiography facilitates localization and diagnosis of GIST, helps define their size, range and location, and is especially valuable to patients suffering from melena with unknown reasons.     

Ghrelin and gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Ghrelin, as a kind of multifunctional protein polypeptide, is mainly produced in the fundus of the stomach and can promote occurrence and development of many tumors, including gastrointestinal tumors, which has been proved by the relevant researches. Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs, about 80%), as the most common mesenchymal tumor, also develop in the fundus. Scientific research has confirmed that ghrelin, its receptors and m RNA respectively can be found in GISTs, which demonstrated the existence of a ghrelin autocrine/paracrine loop in GIST tissues. However, no reports to date have specified the mechanism whether ghrelin can promote the occurrence and development of GISTs. Studies of pulmonary artery endothelial cells in a low-oxygen environment and cardiac muscle cells in an ischemic environment have shown that ghrelin can activate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin(PI3K/AKT/m TOR) signaling pathway. Moreover, some studies of GISTs have confirmed that activation of the PI3K/AKT/m TOR pathway can indeed promote the growth and progression of GISTs. Whether ghrelin is involved in the development or progression of GISTs through certain pathways remains unknown. Can we find a new target for the treatment of GISTs? This review explores and summaries the relationship among ghrelin, the PI3K/AKT/m TOR pathway and the development of GISTs.     

Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs)are characterized by KIT or platelet-derived growth factor alpha(PDGFRA)activating mutations.However,there are still 10%-15%of GISTs lacking KIT and PDGFRA mutations,called wild-type GISTs(WT GISTs).Among these so-called WT GISTs,a small subset is associated with succinate dehydrogenase(SDH)deficiency,known as SDH-deficient GISTs.In addition,GISTs that occur in Carney triad and Carney-Stratakis syndromerepresent specific examples of SDH-deficient GISTs.SDH-deficient GISTs locate exclusively in the stomach,showing predilection for children and young adults with female preponderance.The tumor generally pursues an indolent course and exhibits primary resistance to imatinib therapy in most cases.Loss of succinate dehydrogenase subunit B expression and overexpression of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor(IGF1R)are common features of SDH-deficient GISTs.In WT GISTs without succinate dehydrogenase activity,upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1αmay lead to increased growth signaling through IGF1R and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor(VEGFR).As a result,IGF1R and VEGFR are promising to be the novel therapeutic targets of GISTs.This review will update the current knowledge on characteristics of SDH-deficient GISTs and further discuss the possible mechanisms of tumorigenesis and clinical management of SDH-deficient GISTs.