氧氟沙星注射液在几种输液中的稳定性考察

本文采用紫外分光光度法测定氧氟沙星注射液的含量及其与几种输液配伍的稳定性。结果表明：氧氟沙星与５％葡萄糖、葡萄糖氯化钠、０．９％氯化钠、复方氯化钠、腹膜透析液在室温下（２０～２５°、透析液３７±１℃）配伍稳定，２４ｈ内外观、ｐＨ值、含量基本不变，说明它们混合静滴和腹膜透析是可行的。     

培氟沙星注射液在常用输液中的稳定性考察

本文研究了培氟沙星注射液与常用输液配伍的稳定性。结果表明：培氟沙星与５％葡萄糖、０．９％氯化钠、葡萄糖氯化钠、复方氯化钠注射液在室温下配伍稳定，２４ｈ内ｐＨ值，量变化不大，说明它们混合静滴是可行的。     

甲硝唑与氨茶碱注射液配伍稳定性的探讨

目的：研究甲硝唑与氨茶碱注射液配伍的稳定性。方法：采用紫外双波长法考察甲硝唑与氨茶碱在０．９ ％ 氯化钠注射液中配伍６ ｈ 内的含量变化情况。结果：在室温条件下,０ ～６ ｈ 内,其外观、ｐＨ 值没有明显变化,两者相对含量在配伍前后没有明显变化。结论：甲硝唑与氨茶碱在０ ．９％ 氯化钠注射液中配伍,其含量变化在允许范围内（ ＜５ ％） 。     

优普林在四种输液中的稳定性考察

目的：考虑优普林在输液过程中与５％、１０％的葡萄糖溶液、葡萄糖氯化钠溶液和氯化钠溶液中的配伍稳定性。方法：采用紫外分光光度法测定优普林与四种输液配伍后６ｈ内优普林的含量,同时观察外观及ｐＨ值。结果：在温度２５℃、３７℃时,混合液６ｈ内外观ｐＨ值无明显变化,含量有所下降,尤其是和葡萄糖输液配伍后含量下降明显。结论：优普林与四种输液配伍静滴应限制时间。     

异环磷酰胺与头孢噻肟的配伍稳定性

目的：考察不同温度下,注射用异环磷酰胺与头孢噻肟在０．９％氯化钠注射液中配伍的稳定性。方法：采用反相高效液相色谱法测定异环磷酰胺与头孢内配伍后２４ｈ内各时间的含量,同时观察外观变化并测定ｐＨ值。结果：两药在０．９％氯化钠注射液中配伍后,异环磷酰胺在不同温度下２４ｈ内的含量在９７．４８％以上。头孢噻肟钠随着时间的推移有水解,呈一级反应规律０℃￣４℃,Ｔ０．９＝７６．８５ｈ,２５℃Ｔ０．９＝２１．９６     

硫酸阿米卡星注射液与其它药物在输液中的配伍变化

硫酸阿米卡星注射液为一半合成氨基苷类广谱抗生素,临床上常与其它药物在输液中配伍应用。了解硫酸阿米卡星注射液与其它药物在输液中的配伍稳定性对临床合理用药具有一定的指导意义。因此本文参考已发表的部分文献,作一简述。１　常用输液硫酸阿米卡星注射液０－１ｇ在含氯化钠的甲硝唑注射液１００ｍｌ中,３６℃２４ｈ内含量几乎无变化,而在１００ｍｌ甲硝唑葡萄糖注射液或５％葡萄糖注射液中,１８℃２４ｈ含量降低约为６％,３６℃２４ｈ含量降低约为１０％。同时在不同时间分别观察混合液的澄明度、色泽,并测定ｐＨ值,结果２４ｈ…     

氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液与常用六种药物配伍实验

氧氟沙星属于第三代喹诺酮类抗菌药，具有广谱、高效、低毒的优点而广泛用于临床。本文模拟临床常用药物浓度分别将地塞米松、氨基乙酸、庆大霉素、维生素Ｃ、氨苄青霉素、甘露醇注射液与氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液进行配伍实验，观察配伍０、１、２、３ｈ后药液外观及ｐＨ值变化，并以紫外分光光度法在２９３ｎｍ波长处测定氧氟沙星含量变化。实验结果：氯氟沙星葡萄糖注射液除与氨苄青霉素配伍ｐＨ值升至８．１０，外观淡黄绿色变淡外，其余各药均无外观及ｐＨ应变化，紫外分光光度法测定含量３ｈ后均在９０．０～１１０．０％范围内．结果显示氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液与上述六种药物配伍３ｈ内稳定，无理化配伍禁忌。     

几种中药注射剂与常用输液的配伍

目的：介绍１０种中药注射剂在输液配伍中的稳定性。方法：对近年来国内期刊有关文献检索,综述。结果：菌桅黄注射液在含氯化钠配伍液中含量下降;普乐林注射液与５％碳酸氢钠注射液配伍,８ｈ内外观。ｐＨ值及含量均有变化;穿琥宁注射液与庆大霉素、阿米卡星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星在５％葡萄糖注射液或０．９％氯化钠注射液中室温４ｈ产生沉淀;双黄连粉针与硫酸妥布霉素注射液同瓶静滴产生沉淀。结论：某些中药注射剂与输液配伍时     

赖氨匹林与妥布霉素注射液在生理盐水中配伍观察

在２５℃，３７℃下对赖氨匹林与硫酸妥布霉素注射液在０．９％氯化钠注射液中的配伍进行了观察。用紫外分光光度法和旋光度法分别测定赖氨匹林，妥布霉素的含量变化。结果表明，两者在２５℃，３７℃与配伍后６ｈ内含量药液的外观，ｐＨ值等无改变。     

替硝唑葡萄糖注射液与注射用头孢噻肟钠的配伍稳定性

目的：考察４℃、２５℃、３７℃下２４ｈ内替硝唑葡萄糖注射液与注射用头孢噻肟钠的配伍稳定性。方法：采用反相高效液相色谱法测定配伍后４℃、２５℃、３７℃下２４ｈ内不同时间替硝唑与头孢噻肟钠的含量,同时观察外观并测定ｐＨ值。结果：在３种温度下２４ｈ内,配伍液的 ｐＨ值无明显变化;配伍液的外观、替硝唑和头孢噻肟钠的含量随时间有明显变化;在 ４℃ ６ｈ时、２５℃２ｈ时、３７℃１ｈ时,配伍液的吸收曲线发生微小变化,产生了新的最大吸收峰位。结论：在４℃ ６ｈ内、２５℃２ｈ内、３７℃１ｈ内,替硝唑葡萄糖注射液与注射用头孢噻肟钠的配伍液稳定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.