Oxidative stress responses of rats exposed to Roundup and its active ingredient glyphosate

Glyphosate is the active ingredient and polyoxyethyleneamine, the major component, is the surfactant present in the herbicide Roundup formulation. The objective of this study was to analyze potential cytotoxicity of the Roundup and its fundamental substance (glyphosate). Albino male rats were intraperitoneally treated with sub-lethal concentration of Roundup (269.9 mg/kg) or glyphosate (134.95 mg/kg) each 2 days, during 2 weeks. Hepatotoxicity was monitored by quantitative analysis of the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, total protein, albumin, triglyceride and cholesterol. Creatinine and urea were used as the biochemical markers of kidney damages. The second aim of this study to investigate how glyphosate alone or included in herbicide Roundup affected hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels of animals as an index of antioxidant status and oxidative stress, respectively, as well as the serum nitric oxide (NO) and alpha tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) were measured. Treatment of animals with Roundup induced the leakage of hepatic intracellular enzymes, ALT, AST and ALP suggesting irreversible damage in hepatocytes starting from the first week. It was found that the effects were different on the enzymes in Roundup and glyphosate-treated groups. Significant time-dependent depletion of GSH levels and induction of oxidative stress in liver by the elevated levels of LPO, further confirmed the potential of Roundup to induce oxidative stress in hepatic tissue. However, glyphosate caused significant increases in NO levels more than Roundup after 2 weeks of treatment. Both treatments increased the level of TNF-α by the same manner. The results suggest that excessive antioxidant disruptor and oxidative stress is induced with Roundup than glyphosate.     

The effects of sub-chronic exposure of Wistar rats to the herbicide Glyphosate-Biocarb

The object of this study was to analyze the hepatic effects of the herbicide Glyphosate-Biocarb (as commercialized in Brazil) in Wistar rats. Animals were treated orally with water or 4.87, 48.7, or 487 mg/kg of glyphosate each 2 days, during 75 days. Sub-chronic treatment of animals starting from the lowest dose of glyphosate induced the leakage of hepatic intracellular enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), suggesting irreversible damage in hepatocytes. We observed the increase of Kupffer cells in hepatic sinusoid of glyphosate-treated animals. This was followed by large deposition of reticulin fibers, composed mainly of collagen type III. We may conclude that Glyphosate-Biocarb may induce hepatic histological changes as well as AST and ALT leaking from liver to serum in experimental models.     

中药蛤蚧治疗非酒精性脂肪肝小鼠的临床观察

目的：研究蛤蚧治疗非酒精性脂肪肝（ NAFLD）模型小鼠的临床效果。方法选取95只清洁剂雄性昆明小鼠建立NAFLD研究模型，抽签随机分为正常组和模型组，正常组25只给予普通饲料喂养，模型组70只给予高脂饲料喂养，持续喂养6周建立NAFLD模型。模型建立后将模型组中60只抽签随机分为对照组和观察组各30只，两组均给予等渗盐水灌注治疗，观察组加用蛤蚧进行喂养，观察两组血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（ AST）活性以及血脂总胆固醇（ TC）、三酰甘油（ TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ HDL?C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ LDL?C）变化。结果实验小鼠模型成功建立，血脂指标与组织切片与对照组比较，差异具有统计学意义。治疗后观察组ALT（33．54±4．23）IU／L、AST（205．73±20．84）IU／L较对照组（38．75±5．81）IU／L、（221．68±21．25）IU／L明显较低，具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。血脂指标TC（2．82±0．26）mmol／L、TG（1．87±0．36）mmol／L、LDL?C（0．34±0．08）mmol／L较对照组（3．23±0．32）mmol／L、（2．24±0．38）mmol／L、（0．48±0．11）mmol／L明显较低，HDL?C（1．06±0．35）mmol／L较对照组（0．73±0．42）mmol／L明显较高，均具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论蛤蚧能有效降低AST、ALT活性。     

水飞蓟宾对高脂诱导非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠的调脂保肝作用

目的 探讨水飞蓟宾对高脂诱导的非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFL）模型大鼠的调脂保肝作用。方法 采用ig高脂乳剂配合高脂饲料制备大鼠NAFL模型,持续4周,对照组给予生理盐水和普通饲料。模型大鼠随机分为模型组、辛伐他汀（阳性药,1.8 mg/kg）组和水飞蓟宾低、中、高剂量（18.9、37.8、75.6 mg/kg）组,第5周在继续造模的基础上ig给药,每天1次,持续8周。末次给药后,称取肝脏质量并计算肝系数;HE染色观察肝组织病理形态;腹主动脉取血,分离血清,试剂盒法检测三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）水平。结果 连续治疗8周后,与对照组比较,水飞蓟宾高、中剂量均可明显改善肝组织脂肪变性程度;各剂量组肝系数均显著下降（P<0.05、0.01）;各剂量组均显著降低血清TC、TG、AST、ALT水平（P<0.05、0.01）;高、中剂量组显著降低LDL、升高HDL水平（P<0.01）。结论 水飞蓟宾对NAFL大鼠发挥治疗作用,其作用可能与降脂、保肝有关。     

Dose-dependent serum biochemical alterations in Wistar albino rats after Palamneus gravimanus (Indian black scorpion) envenomation

Palamneus gravimanus envenomated rats showed dose-dependent alterations in serum biochemical parameters. Sub lethal doses of 100, 200, and 400 microg/kg of P. gravimanus venom were injected intramuscularly into rats. Blood samples were collected by heart puncture before and 4 h after crude venom administration. Serum was analyzed for glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, total protein, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST-SGOT), alanine amino-transferase (ALT-SGPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK). Statistically significant increases in serum levels of glucose, creatinine, AST, ALT, BUN, CPK, and LDH and significant decreases in serum levels of total protein, uric acid, cholesterol, calcium, and potassium 4 h after venom administration could be due to the toxic action of P. gravimanus venom on certain organs in rats.     

Zinc prevents hematological and biochemical alterations induced by static magnetic field in rats

The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the effect of subchronic exposure of rats to static magnetic field (SMF) and/or zinc treatment on the selected hematological and biochemical parameters. Metallothioneins (MT) and zinc content in kidney and liver were studied. The exposure of rats to SMF for 1h/day during 30 consecutive days induced an increase in hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC) and platelet number. By contrast, hematocrit remained unchanged. The same treatment also increased the serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. However, the creatinine and urea concentrations were similar to those of controls. On the other hand, renal and hepatic zinc levels were not altered in SMF treated-rats. SMF exposure induced MT synthesis in the liver and kidney. Zinc administration (40 mg/l for 30 consecutive days, in drinking water) had no effect on hematological and biochemical parameters. However, hepatic and renal zinc content and MT levels were increased. Zinc prevented the increase in serum transaminase activities, and WBC and platelet counts induced by SMF. However, the elevation of the LDH, hemoglobin and RBC levels induced by SMF exposure was not suppressed. MT concentrations in both tissues were potentiated by zinc administration in SMF-exposed rats. It is suggested that zinc supplementation could prevent toxic effects of SMF probably by its anti-oxidant properties.     

生化指标在肝病诊断中的应用价值

目的：探讨各种生化指标在肝病鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值。方法采用贝克曼库尔特AU680全自动生化分析仪对观察组及对照组的各项肝生化指标（AST、ALT、ALP、LDH、CHE、TBA、γ-GT）的含量进行检测,并进行分析比较。结果在不同肝病患者血清中的生化指标AST、ALT、ALP、LDH、TBA及γ-GT的含量除慢性肝炎患者血清中的LDH有所降低,其余指标含量均有增高（与对照组比较,P＜0.01）,在不同肝病患者血清中的CHE均有显著降低（与对照组比较,P＜0.01）。结论各项生化指标在对不同肝病的诊断中分别具有不同的临床价值,在急性肝炎时AST、ALT、TBA具有较高诊断价值;在肝癌时ALP、LDH、γ-GT和TBA具有较高诊断价值;而CHE能够作为肝病轻重程度的判断指标。     

8-甲氧补骨脂素对对乙酰氨基酚致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的研究8-甲氧补骨脂素(8-methoxypsoralen,8-MOP)对对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen,APAP)致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法采用对乙酰氨基酚所致小鼠急性肝损伤模型。24 h后,检测小鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH);留取肝脏组织,常规石蜡包埋切片,HE染色,光镜观察肝脏组织病理变化;制备肝匀浆,测定肝中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠血清中ALT、AST和LDH活性明显升高,肝脏组织出现明显的肝细胞变性坏死;与模型组相比,8-甲氧补骨脂素可以明显降低小鼠血清中ALT、AST和LDH的活性,降低肝组织中MDA的含量,升高GSH/GSSG比值,肝组织病理损伤也明显减轻。结论 8-甲氧补骨脂素对对乙酰氨基酚致小鼠急性肝损伤具有明显的保护作用。     

Biochemical profile of dogs experimentally envenomed with Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom

The aim of this study was to evaluate the canine blood and urinary profiles after envenomation by Tityus serrulatus venom. Twelve dogs were randomly distributed into two equal groups. Control group animals received 0.5 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS) injected subcutaneously into the internal portion of the left thigh, whilst dogs in the envenomed group were injected with scorpion venom (250 μg/kg in 0.5 mL PBS). No significant alterations were detected in the urine of envenomed dogs. Levels of plasma glucose and serum urea, creatinine, total protein, potassium, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and amylase were determined. Semi-quantitative analysis of serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was performed using an immunochromatographic test. The concentrations of cortisol and insulin were determined using commercial radioimmunoassay kits. Increases in serum cortisol levels in experimental group animals coincided with hyperglycaemia and was probably a response to pain. Increased insulin levels were observed during the hyperglycaemic peaks. Envenomed dogs presented discreet increases in ALT, AST and CK, but no alterations in LDH, amylase, cTnI, urea, creatinine and potassium levels were observed. It was concluded that the venom of T. serrulatus induces blood and urinary biochemical changes in dogs.     

Morin reduce uric acid level in hyperuricemia mice

OBJECTIVE To explore morin's effect on hyperuricemia mice. METHODS Mice were grouped as control, model, morin low dose, middle dose, high dose,allopurinol, benzbromarone. Hyperuricemia model was built by 300 mg · kg~(-1) potassium oxonate intraperitoneal injection. After model built, administrated morin two weeks and sampled serum, kidneys, ileum and liver. Assay UA, BUN, CRE, AST, ALT, TG, CHO, ALB, HDL, LDL by Biochemical analyzer. RESULTS Morin groups can reduce the serum uric acid. Compared with allopurinol,morin have less BUN level and CRE level in serum. Morin can reduce ALT level and high dose of morin group significantly reduce LDH level. CONCLUSION morin can reduce the serum uric acid on hyperuricemia mice, meanwhile, has liver and kidneys protective effects in some degrees.     

枯草杆菌肠球菌二联活菌联合多烯磷脂酰胆碱治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的疗效观察

目的 探讨枯草杆菌肠球菌二联活菌联合多烯磷脂酰胆碱治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的疗效及对血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平的影响.方法 118例NASH患者采用随机数字表法分为观察组(59例)和对照组(59例).两组患者依照《非酒精性脂肪性肝病诊疗指南》予非药物干预.对照组予多烯磷脂酰胆碱胶囊治疗,3次/天,2粒/次.观察组在对照组基础上口服枯草杆菌肠球菌二联活菌,3次/天,2粒/次.两组患者连续治疗3个月.比较两组血脂水平、肝功能和临床疗效.检测两组血清中TNF-α和IL-6水平.结果 治疗后,治疗组患者的高密度脂蛋白(HDL)明显高于对照组,低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)明显少于对照组(P<0.01).观察组患者的总有效率为93.22%,对照组为79.66%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).治疗组患者治疗后血清中TNF-α和IL-6明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 枯草杆菌肠球菌二联活菌联合多烯磷脂酰胆碱治疗NASH疗效明显,且可抑制血清中TNF-α和IL-6水平.     

标本溶血对生化检验结果的影响及处理对策

目的分析研究标本溶血对生化检验结果的影响及处理对策。方法随机选择本院2011年8～11月在门诊进行体检的65例正常人的血标本作为研究对象,采用全自动生化分析仪对正常和溶血标本中的15项生化指标含量进行检测。结果研究对象血液的总胆红素（TBIL）、直接胆红素（DBIL）、总蛋白（TP）、清蛋白（ALB）、肌酸激酶（CK）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、钾（K＋）、葡萄糖（GLU）、尿酸（UA）的值在溶血和不溶血标本中差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;三酰甘油（TG）、尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）、钙（Ca2＋）的值在溶血和不溶血的标本中差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。其中TBIL、DBIL、TP、ALB、CK、ALT、AST、LDH、K＋的值更能说明溶血对血液生化指标有影响（P〈0.01）。结论溶血对较多的生化检验项目有影响,为尽量避免或减少标本的溶血,要求医务工作者采血时规范操作,对血标本的运送、分离和检测过程严格把关,使检验结果更准确可靠。     

加味二至胶囊对大鼠复合型脂肪肝的调脂保肝作用

目的：研究加味二至胶囊对大鼠复合型脂肪肝的调脂保肝作用。方法：采用高脂饲料、酒精及四氯化碳复制大鼠复合型脂肪肝模型,实验分为空白对照组、模型组、加味二至胶囊高剂量组（MEP1）、加味二至胶囊中剂量组（MEP2）、加味二至胶囊低剂量组（MEP3）及东宝肝泰组（DB）,然后测定各组肝脏指数,血清脂质TC、TG、HDL及LDL含量,测定血清ALT及AST含量,肝匀浆中游离脂肪酸、SOD及MDA含量。结果：模型组大鼠肝脏指数,血清脂质TC、TG、LDL,血清转氨酶ALT、AST含量较空白对照组明显升高,HDL较空白对照组显著降低;与空白对照组相比模型组大鼠SOD活性显著降低,MDA含量显著升高。与模型组相比各治疗组肝脏指数,血清脂质TC、TG、LDL,血清转氨酶ALT、AST含量均显著降低,HDL含量显著升高。与模型组相比,各治疗组SOD活性显著提高,MDA含量明显降低。结论：加味二至胶囊具有较好的降脂保肝作用,其作用机制可能与提高抗氧化能力有关。     

Biochemical and histopathological effects of glyphosate herbicide on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

In Oreochromis niloticus that had been exposed for 3 months to sublethal concentrations (5 and 15 ppm) of the commercial glyphosate herbicide (C(3)H(8)NO(5)P) Roundup, the organs exhibited varying degrees of histopathological change. In the gills filament cell proliferation, lamellar cell hyperplasia, lamellar fusion, epithelial lifting, and aneurysm were observed. In the liver there were vacuolation of hepatocytes and nuclear pyknosis. Kidney lesions consisted of dilation of Bowman's space and accumulation of hyaline droplets in the tubular epithelial cells. The structural damages could be correlated to the significant increase (p 相似文献   

溶血现象对临床生化检验项目的影响及预防对策

目的探讨溶血现象对临床生化检验项目的影响及预防对策。方法选取2013年8月15日本院40例体检者的血液标本为研究对象,血样4ml,分别置于2支试管中,其中1支采用人工方法使其溶血,设为观察样,另一份血样置于肝素管,设为对照样。对2份样本进行临床常规生化检测,主要观察血脂[总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）]、血糖（GLU）、肝功能指标[丙氨酸氨基转移酶（Au）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）]、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、血尿酸（UA）、尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）以及血钾（对）等。结果观察样中ATJT、AST、LDH、K＋、TC均高于对照样,差异有统计意义（P〈0．05）。观察样ALP低于对照样,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组TG、BUN、GLU、UA、Cr差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论溶血现象会影响临床生化检验项目的准确性,应该采取必要的预防性措施,严格检验各个环节,保证报告的真实性和准确性。     

ADA与ALT、AST、GGT联合检测在肝脏疾病诊断中的意义

目的 探讨血清腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)联合谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)检测在肝脏疾病中诊断意义.方法 选取2014年1月至2015年4月本院收治各种肝病患者78例作为研究组,随机选取同期本院体检中心体检健康人50例作为对照组,采用全自动生化分析仪检测比较两组ADA、ALT、AST、GGT水平.结果 研究组患者ADA、ALT、AST、GGT水平均高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).各组ADA、ALT、AST、GGT阳性率在不同肝病中检出也不同.结论 ADA与ALT、AST、GGT联合检测有利于对各种肝病进行诊断,在肝脏疾病中具有较高诊断价值和临床意义.     

多种血清学指标水平检验在脂肪肝诊断中的应用价值分析

目的：探讨多种血清学指标水平检验在脂肪肝诊断中的应用价值。方法：本院2010年6月～2011年2月对脂肪肝患者50例（观察组）和50例健康体检者（对照组）分别进行多种血清学指标检测,包括血清三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）和天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）等。结果：观察组TG、TC、ALT、AST明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,两组间HDL-C、LDL-C差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：肝功能与血脂的异常在脂肪肝的发病过程中起着极为重要的作用,因此,及时进行血脂及肝功能检查并观察其指标变化,可作为临床监测脂肪肝的方法之一。     

三七叶总皂苷对高脂血症大鼠血脂、肝功能及脂质过氧化的影响

目的 探讨三七叶总皂苷对实验性高脂血症大鼠血脂水平、肝功能及脂质过氧化的影响。方法 采用SD大鼠灌胃脂肪乳剂建立高脂血症模型,给予三七叶总皂苷4周,检测血清中总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-c）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-c）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）;在给予三七叶总皂苷10周后,检测血清和肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）。结果 三七叶总皂苷可降低大鼠血清TC、LDL-c、ALT、AST,升高HDL-c/TC比值;同时能提高血清和肝组织中SOD的活力,降低MDA水平。结论 三七叶总皂苷可以调节高脂血症模型大鼠血脂水平和肝功能,同时具有一定的抵抗脂质过氧化作用,提示三七叶总皂苷对预防高胆固醇血症具有积极作用。     

The effect of two glyphosate formulations on a small,diurnal lizard (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oligosoma polychroma</Emphasis>)

Formulations of glyphosate-based herbicides continue to dominate the global herbicide market, while there continue to be concerns regarding the impact of this herbicide on non-target organisms. Research also indicates that the additives within certain glyphosate formulations, such as surfactants, are actually more toxic than the glyphosate active ingredient alone. Concerns arise in particular when glyphosate formulations are proposed for vegetation control in areas inhabited by rare or threatened species. Although the effect of glyphosate on birds and mammals is well studied, reptiles remain neglected in ecotoxicological studies. We investigated whether dermal exposure to two different commercial glyphosate formulations affected performance measures in the New Zealand common skink (Oligosoma polychroma). Fifty-eight skinks were each placed in a box of straw to simulate field conditions and sprayed once with Agpro Glyphosate 360, Yates Roundup Weedkiller (both at the label-specified concentrations of 144 mg glyphosate per 1 L water), or water (control). Agpro Glyphosate 360 contained ethoxylated tallow amine at a concentration of <200 g/L, while the surfactant within Yates Roundup Weedkiller was unknown. Following treatment skinks were kept in captivity and sampled for selected temperature and mass over a four-week period. Neither glyphosate formulation had a significant impact on mass. However, skinks treated with Yates Roundup Weedkiller selected significantly higher temperatures across 3 weeks following exposure. This heat-seeking behaviour could be a fever response to increase metabolism and thereby counteract physiological stress.     

Toxicity of food contaminant furan on liver and kidney of growing male rats

Furan is a chemical used in some industrial products and occurs naturally in heat-treated foods. We aimed to investigate the effects of orally administered furan on liver and kidney in growing Wistar male rats for 90 days. In this respect, biochemical, morphological, histopathological, and histomorphometrical examinations were performed. Three- to 4-week aged rats were divided into five groups of eight animals each; control, oil control; 2, 4, 8 mg/kg/day furan treatment groups. At the end of the experiment, antioxidant enzyme activities and serum AST, ALT, HDL, Urea, etc. levels were analyzed. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were also measured in liver homogenates. Also, liver and kidney were examined morphologically and histopathologically under light microscopy. According to the results of biochemical analysis, ALT, ALP, and LDL levels in treatment groups were significantly different compared with control groups. While LDL levels in treatment groups increased significantly, ALT and ALP levels decreased significantly. No significant changes were observed in liver MDA levels, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in treatment groups. While IL-6 levels did not change in treatment groups, furan caused dose-dependent increases in liver TNF-α level of rats. In treatment groups, absolute and relative liver weights changed significantly, however, no significant changes were observed in kidney and relative kidney weights. Hyperemic blood vessels in the liver and congestion, edema, fibrosis, and tubular damage in the kidney of rats treated with furan were observed histopathologically. According to histomorphometric examinations, glomeruli diameters and glomerular volume decreased in the kidneys of rats in treatment groups.