长治地区乙肝疫苗接种后应答情况调查及原因分析

目的了解长治地区一般人群乙肝疫苗接种后应答情况及主要影响因素。方法对长治城区、郊区、高新区等地1056人进行问卷调查，并用非条件Logistic回归分析法对结果进行分析。结果长治地区一般人群乙型肝炎疫苗无（弱）应答率为28．30％。单因素Logistic回归分析结果表明，接种乙肝疫苗后是否产生乙肝病毒抗体与接种者的年龄、接种次数、饮食卫生习惯、父母接种乙肝疫苗后有无抗体5个因素有关。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，年龄因素和父母接种后应答情况是接种者无应答的主要影响因素。结论接种乙肝疫苗后是否产生抗体与机体发育情况、饮食卫生习惯、遗传因素有密切关系。     

乙肝疫苗免疫应答影响因素分析

[目的]探讨南平市儿童接种乙肝疫苗后抗体应答状况及影响因素。[方法]对3374名儿童进行调查和免疫学检测,并进行非条件logistic回归分析。[结果]人群乙肝疫苗无应答率26.3%（887/3374）。年龄、农村儿童、母亲表面抗原阳性及首针不及时对儿童乙肝疫苗免疫应答可能有一定影响。[结论]应提出针对性措施,以提高免疫应答率。     

接种乙肝疫苗后无/弱应答及其影响因素分析

目的分析临沂市一般人群接种乙型肝炎疫苗后无或弱应答及其影响因素。方法对莒南、沂水、郯城三县2667人进行问卷调查和免疫学检测,并用非条件Logistic回归分析对结果进行分析。结果临沂市一般人群乙型肝炎疫苗无或弱应答率为25.38%。单因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,接种乙肝疫苗后是否产生抗-HBs与接种者的年龄、接种次数、接种部位、是否输过血制品、餐具是否经常消毒、父亲是否接种过疫苗、父母接种乙肝疫苗后有无抗体等9个因素有关。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄大、不喜欢吃鱼和父亲未接种乙肝疫苗是无应答的影响因素。结论接种乙肝疫苗后是否产生抗体与疫苗、饮食、机体发育和遗传都有密切联系。     

吸毒人群队列研究参加者联系信息真实性研究

目的 在静脉吸毒人群队列研究现场，通过6个月随访核实参加者个人联系信息的真实情况初步探讨其影响因素。方法 自2003年5～6月在四川省西昌市以社区为基础的HIV阴性的静脉吸毒人群队列研究6个月随访中，使用设计好的调查表通过现场工作人员和种子调查333名队列参加者个人联系信息真实情况。结果 本次随访研究对象按约定期限完成回访的占73．3％。28．5％的参加者在队列招募时提供虚假个人联系信息，在单因素和多因素Logistic回归模型分析中具有统计学意义的变量是年龄、文化程度和居住情况。影响联系信息真实性的多因素Logistic回归模型分析中具有统计学意义的变量是年龄、文化程度、居住情况。提供虚假个人联系信息的参加者回访率(44．2％)明显低于提供真实联系信息的参加者回访率(84．9％)，在调整了人口学和高危行为因素等变量后，发现联系信息真实性与随访保持率有关。结论 需进一步调查队列研究中的静脉吸毒人群提供虚假个人关系信息的情况及其影响因素。     

北京市西城区在职人群健康相关行为危险因素调查分析

目的 探讨北京市西城区在职人群健康相关行为及影响因素,为在职人群健康管理提供科学依据.方法 2008年11月至2009年3月,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,对西城区15岁以上33 936名常住居民进行抽样调查.利用自行设计的调查表收集被调查人群个人基本情况,测量身高、体重、血压.本文对其中12 980名18～60岁在职人员进行分析,采用多元逐步Logistic回归分析方法探讨在职人群健康相关行为危险因素的影响因素.结果 共发放调查问卷36 761份,回收有效问卷33 936份,有效应答率92.3％.在职人群缺乏体育锻炼率、超重率、吸烟率、饮酒率、嗜盐率、肥胖率分别为62.2％（8 074/12 980）、31.6％（4 104/12 980）、25.0％（3 249/12 980）、23.5％（3 047/12 980）、17.9％（2 324/12 980）和8.7％（1125/12980）.多因素Logistic回归分析表明,缺乏体育锻炼的影响因素分别为：吸烟和嗜盐,男性、年龄和高学历是保护因素（P＜0.05）;超重和肥胖的影响因素分别为：男性、年龄、饮酒和嗜盐,高学历是保护因素（P＜0.05）;吸烟的影响因素分别为：男性、年龄、饮酒、缺乏体育锻炼和嗜盐,高学历是保护因素（P＜0.05）;饮酒的影响因素分别为：男性、年龄、超重和肥胖、吸烟和嗜盐（P＜0.05）;嗜盐的影响因素分别为：超重和肥胖、吸烟、饮酒和缺乏体育锻炼,高学历是保护因素（P＜0.05）.结论 应针对不同在职人群特点开展相应的健康教育和行为干预,积极探索在职人群健康管理的模式.     

苏州市某区社区居民健康知识知晓及健康行为形成情况调查

目的了解苏州某区社区居民健康知识掌握程度、健康行为形成情况及其影响因素。方法采用多阶段整群抽样方法,对苏州市某区社区居民进行入户问卷调查。采用SAS6.12对数据进行统计分析。频数分析对变量进行频数和百分比描述;采用非条件logistic回归方法,以调查人群的基本特征等为自变量,分别以人群健康知识掌握情况和健康行为为应变量,分析人群健康知识知晓和健康行为形成的影响因素。结果调查人群的健康知识知晓率和健康行为形成率分别为77.5%和69.02%;文化程度和职业是健康知识知晓的主要影响因素;年龄、性别是居民健康行为形成的主要影响因素,此外,慢性病患病、收入和健康知识掌握情况也是重要的影响因素。结论该区居民的健康知识知晓率和健康行为形成率总体较高,要通过电视、报刊等多种渠道,以男性、文化程度较低者、<60岁者和工人等人群为重点,加强健康教育。     

职业紧张对职业人群心血管功能的影响

目的 探讨职业紧张对职业人群血压和心电图的影响。方法 用一般工作紧张问卷对某市4种职业人群共839例进行了职业紧张调查、心血管疾病危险因素调查，同时进行了血压、血糖、血脂、心电图检查。结果 血压随年龄、工龄的增高，4种职业中，教师血压水平最高，人群血压异常率为21．69％；心电图异常无年龄、工龄和工种差别，异常率为19.07％。影响收缩压、舒张压的主要紧张因素为工作控制、工作需求、工作责任、工作角色、倒班。工作冲突多、参与机会少、工作负荷重是职业人群原发性高血压的危险因素。工作责任事故、工作责任、工作角色是异常心电图产生的危险因素。自尊感和工作之外的其他活动是心脏功能良好的调节因素。结论 职业紧张对心血管功能有一定程度的影响。     

综合医院急诊病人满意度影响因素分析

目的探讨综合医院急诊病人满意度的影响因素。方法以4所综合医院的503位急诊病人为调查对象,采用现场调查的方式。结果有效问卷487份,有效回收率为96.8%,应答率为96.2%。结论经CHAID方法分析急诊病人满意度的影响因素,发现低年龄、过低收入或过高收入、给医护人员额外报酬的人群满意度低。同时,发现满意度高的病人会多次来该院就诊。     

决策树与回归技术在居民就诊影响因素中的应用研究

目的了解影响重庆地区居民就诊的主要影响因素,满足更多居民卫生服务需求,提高卫生服务利用率。方法针对重庆地区不同人群的特征,不同的卫生政策,构建影响居民就诊率的决策树和logistic回归模型。结果调查的11570名居民中,合计就诊人次为2447次,两周就诊率为21.15%(城市为12.58%、农村为29.19%)。决策树与回归分析的错误分类率分别为0.147与0.267,决策树共有6层、13个节点,树的根节点为年龄,说明此变量对就诊率的影响最大,且模型中所选出的影响因素对不同人群的影响不同;logistic回归模型共筛选出10个变量,年龄依然是就诊最重要的影响因素,两者比较,最终选择决策树模型作为居民就诊影响因素分析依据。结论重庆地区居民就诊影响因素较多,且不同人群的影响因素不同,因此,在制订卫生服务规划时,要从各因素考虑,根据不同人群提出针对性的卫生政策。     

乙肝疫苗接种后无(弱)应答状况及影响因素

目的探讨广东省一般人群接种乙型肝炎疫苗后无应答的状况和影响因素.方法对佛山、深圳市等地2 667人进行问卷调查和免疫学检测,并用非条件Logistic回归分析对结果进行分析.结果广东省一般人群乙型肝炎疫苗无（弱）应答率为25.38%.单因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,接种乙肝疫苗后是否产生抗-HBs与接种者的年龄、接种次数、接种部位、是否输过血制品、餐具是否经常消毒、父亲是否接种过疫苗、父母接种乙肝疫苗后有无抗体等9个因素有关.多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄大、不喜欢吃鱼和父亲未接种乙肝疫苗是无应答的影响因素.结论接种乙肝疫苗后是否产生抗体与疫苗因素、饮食因素、机体发育和遗传因素都有密切关系.     

Increasing response rates to postal questionnaires: a randomised trial of variations in design

OBJECTIVES: Low response rates to postal questionnaires can threaten the validity of studies by reducing the effective sample size and introducing bias. The identification of methods with which to optimise response rates could, therefore, improve the quality of studies. In an attempt to identify such methods, we undertook a randomised trial of two simple variations in questionnaire design. METHODS: Using a 2 x 2 factorial design, we conducted a randomised trial to test two variations in questionnaire design; the questionnaires were printed on either single-sided or double-sided paper and had either a single- or multiple-booklet layout. Using equal random allocation, 3836 women were randomised to receive one of these questionnaires as part of a study investigating risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. RESULTS: One thousand eight hundred and seventy questionnaires were returned, giving an overall response rate of 48.7%. There were no significant differences in the overall response to each of the four questionnaire designs. When the number of responders who completed at least 50% of each of the three sections was identified, it was found that single-booklet questionnaires had a better response than the multiple-booklet questionnaires and that single-sided questionnaires had a better response than double-sided questionnaires. However, these results were not significant at the 5% level. There were no significant differences in the response to questions on the odd (left-hand side) pages for the single- compared with the double-sided questionnaires. CONCLUSION: As the most cost-effective use of resources, we would advocate the use of double- rather than single-sided questionnaires, and use of a single- rather than multiple-booklet design.     

Some experiments with factors that might affect the response of mothers to a postal questionnaire

The effects of a number of controllable factors on the response rate of mothers to a postal questionnaire were assessed by a series of experiments. In one a factorial design was used to look at seven factors with a random sample of 1600 mothers. The main findings were that the responses to questionnaires of 8, 16 or 24 pages were similar, but that rather more mothers replied when the questionnaires contained only factual questions than when they covered both facts and attitudes. Another experiment, based on a similar sample, compared the response rates when the questionnaires were sent out by a government organization or by the Institute for Social Studies in Medical Care, and found no difference. The final experiment looked at the effect of precoding the answers or asking respondents to tick boxes beside their replies and again found no difference in response rates. The overall response rate was 79 per cent, but this varied between 66 and 87 per cent in the ten randomly selected study areas--a much greater variation than that found with any of the experimental factors.     

Feasibility of Using Web-based Questionnaires in Large Population-based Epidemiological Studies

To date, few large web-based epidemiological studies have been performed in a population-based setting. Sweden has optimal prerequisites for web-based studies with more than 80% of the general population having access to the Internet. Our aim was to investigate (I) response rates in an epidemiological study using primarily the web as a tool for data collection and (II) whether socio-demographic patterns vary between responders to a web and a paper questionnaire. In 2003, we invited 47,859 women to complete a web questionnaire. Two reminders were sent to non-responders; in the first a random sample received a paper questionnaire and in the second the majority received a paper questionnaire. All other non-responders received web questionnaires. Differences in response rates between responders to web and paper questionnaires with regard to socio-demographic and other variables were analyzed, and estimates of the bias introduced by these differences were estimated. In total, 41% of the women responded to the web questionnaire and 31% to the paper questionnaire (overall response rate 72%). The web-, paper- and non-responders respectively did not differ significantly in age, physical activity levels, and body mass index. Women answering web or paper questionnaires had a higher level of education and income and a lower level of smoking than non-responders. The bias associated with collecting information using web questionnaires was not greater than that caused by paper questionnaires. We conclude that web-based questionnaires are a feasible tool for data collection in large population based epidemiological studies in Sweden.     

Does anonymity increase response rate in postal questionnaire surveys about sensitive subjects? A randomised trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim of the study was to determine whether complete anonymity improves the response rates to a postal questionnaire. DESIGN--The study derived from a series of postal surveys on AIDS knowledge conducted on six different dates in 1986 and 1987. The sample was randomly divided into two, each group being sent the same questionnaire. One group was informed that the replies were anonymous, the other that they were not. The latter were sent reminders. SETTING--Recipients of the questionnaires were drawn from the Southampton electoral rolls. PARTICIPANTS--300 people in each survey (total 1800) were sent questionnaires, representing on each occasion a different 1:500 systematic sample. RESULTS--Response rate was 49% for the anonymous questionnaires and 51% for the numbered questionnaires. Reminders boosted the response in the numbered group to 72%. CONCLUSIONS--There is no evidence that anonymity improves response to postal questionnaires, but the use of reminders may do so.     

Evaluation of the response of a questionnaire study by using the GIS and standard statistical methods

This study is a part of a larger project Nr. NJ 6139-3 funded by the Grant Agency of the Czech Ministry of Health. The aim of the paper was to analyse the response rate using standard statistical methods and the Geographical Information System (GIS); to indicate differences in the response by sex, age, education, and employment; to determine the breakpoint for the collection of questionnaires according to which we can estimate the total response rate; to indicate whether the study sample was representative enough to generalize the project results. The additional aim of the paper was to collect those background literary sources dealing with the response rate as a methodological paradigm. The statistical and GIS analysis were based on comparison of the total population data (Census 2001), the study sample and the sample of the completed questionnaires data in the 23 districts of the city of Ostrava. The information from the data collection was derived from the date of receipt for each questionnaire. The literature sources were obtained from the Internet--in total 228 papers from the period since 1986 to the present have been checked. The main results of this study are: the GIS analysis was confirmed in all stages by standard statistical methods--it can therefore be used as a valid tool for quick orientation in data and for the comparison of a study sample with the general population; we did not find significant differences in the course of the collection of the questionnaires between sex, age, education, and the employment of respondents; it can be seen that the breakpoint according to which we can estimate the total response rate, is the 10th day after the questionnaires are distributed by post (75% of the questionnaires collected); our sample is representative enough from the geographical point of view. More detailed information about the whole project and results already published or presented are available on the following web site: www.zuova.cz/projekty/ses/php.     

Possible factors affecting response to postal questionnaires: findings from a study of general practitioner services

Poor response rates affect the validity of results from postal questionnaires. The effect of three controllable factors upon response rates was examined in a recent study of patients' experiences and views of general practitioner services. The factors studied were the institution from which questionnaires were dispatched, the length of the questionnaire and the inclusion of a potentially sensitive question about ethnic origin. Questionnaires sent out by local Family Practitioner Committees were more likely to be returned than those sent out by a London-based independent research unit, but there were no differences in the nature of replies obtained. Neither the length of the questionnaire nor the inclusion of the potentially sensitive question affected response rates. The results of the study indicate that Family Practitioner Committees wishing to carry out postal surveys of users of general practitioner services can obtain satisfactory response rates.     

Reliability of questionnaire responses as compared with interview in the elderly: views of the outcome of transurethral resection of the prostate.

Three hundred and eighty-eight men undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hypertrophy completed a presurgical questionnaire and three follow-up questionnaires 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. The questionnaires covered details of prostatic symptoms, general health, and expectations and results of surgery. At each follow-up point 40 randomly selected patients were interviewed by two female research assistants. The response rate to the questionnaires was over 90% at each follow-up point while that for the interviews was lower at around 80%. We examine the reliability of the postal questionnaires in assessing health status by comparing questionnaire and interview responses, with a view to the wider employment of such a method in the follow-up of surgical patients. In general, and as reported elsewhere, responses to questions on easily defined topics are highly comparable between questionnaire and interview. Responses to more subjective questions are moderately reliable, but with a tendency for postal questionnaires to underestimate a patient's health problems. It is difficult to assess the reliability of the questionnaires with regard to questions of an intimate nature since such questions caused embarrassment during interview with consequent incomplete responses.     

Does follow-up loss reflect poor outcome?

Loss of follow-up information regarding the adjustment of people who have received mental health services has been a troublesome problem when comparing the effectiveness of different treatment programs. The primary concern has been that a low response rate may indicate that patients are adjusting poorly. If this were true, then the treatment effectiveness of programs having low follow-up response rates would be overestimated. The present study compares the follow-up adjustment of patients on whom information was obtained by mail with the adjustment of mail nonresponders who were later interviewed by phone. The findings indicate that the posthospital adjustment of patients was not a significant factor in determining whether or not mailed follow-up questionnaires were returned. Rather, low response rates were primarily a function of data collector style and motivation level of those receiving mailed questionnaires.     

Reported response rates to mailed physician questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: To examine response rate information from mailed physician questionnaires reported in published articles. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Citations for articles published between 1985 and 1995 were obtained using a key word search of the Medline, PsychLit, and Sociofile databases. STUDY DESIGN: A 5 percent random sample of relevant citations was selected from each year. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Citations found to be other than physician surveys were discarded and replaced with the next randomly assigned article. Selected articles were abstracted using a standardized variable list. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The average response rate for mailed physician questionnaires was 61 percent. The average response rate for large sample surveys (> 1,000 observations) was 52 percent. In addition, only 44 percent of the abstracted articles reported a discussion of response bias, and only 54 percent reported any type of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Response rates have remained somewhat constant over time, and (2) researchers need to document the efforts used to increase response rates to mailed physician questionnaires.     

Improving response rates to primary and supplementary questionnaires by changing response and instruction burden: cluster randomised trial

OBJECTIVE: Supplementary questionnaires provide additional information from subgroups, but may have an attritional effect on response rates. We examined the effects of different instruction methods on response rates to a two-part questionnaire. METHODS: The ACT Kindergarten Health Survey comprises a health questionnaire for all school-entry children. A supplementary questionnaire targets children with respiratory symptoms. We cluster-randomised 109 schools in the ACT (4,494 children) to two instruction groups. Group 1 (instruction burden) had instructions to complete the supplementary questionnaire if certain questions in the primary questionnaire were answered. Group 2 (response burden) had instructions to complete both questionnaires irrespective of answers to the primary questionnaire. RESULTS: Instructing all respondents to complete both questionnaires regardless of eligibility resulted in a statistically significantly lower primary questionnaire response rate (82% vs. 87%), but a statistically significantly higher response rate to the supplementary questionnaire (99% vs. 91%). The net effect was a small overall gain (82% vs. 79%) for the response burden group. CONCLUSION: Increasing the response burden had a minor impact on response rate to the primary questionnaire, but increased the response rate for most items to the supplementary questionnaire. Implications: Large surveys may be broken into primary and supplementary questionnaires, if strategies to maximise response rates are used. Questionnaires may need to be modified to take into account the likely attrition on response to either questionnaire resulting from instruction and response burdens.