代谢综合征患者脉压与心脑血管疾病的相关性

目的：探讨脉压（PP）、脉压指数（PPI）与代谢综合征（MS）患者心脑血管疾病的相关性。方法：选择近5年我院门诊和住院MS患者204例（男138例．女66例）,按PPI≤0．40、0．41～0．50、0．51～0．60、〉0．60分为4组,按PP≤40mmHg、41～60mmHg、61～80mmHg、〉80mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）分为4组．分析各组间PP、PPI与心脑血管疾病发生率的相关性。结果：①不同组的PP、PPI在吸烟、饮酒、体重指数（BMI）、血糖、腹围、舒张压（DBP）、甘油三脂（TG）、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（HDL-C）、及低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（LDL—C）方面无显著差别（P〉0．05）,在年龄、收缩压（SBP）方面差异有显著性（P〈0．05～〈0．01）;不同组的PP及PPI的左室肥厚、冠心病、心功能不全、脑卒中发生率有显著性差异（P均〈0．05）;左室肥厚、冠心病、心功能不全、脑卒中的发生率与患者年龄、收缩压、脉压、脉压指数有显著相关性[EXP（B）=1．614～3．340,P均〈0．05]。结论：MS患者心脑血管疾病与年龄、SBP、PP、PPI等因素有关,与PPI的关系更为密切。     

脉压指数与超敏C反应蛋白相关性探讨

目的：探讨脉压指数（PPI,=平均PP／平均SBP）与炎症因子超敏C反应蛋白（hs—CRP）的关系。方法：选择原发性高血压（EH）患者96例,按PPI水平分为4组．即PPI≤0．40组、PPI0．41～0．50组、PPI0．51～0．60组及PPI〉0．60组,各组分别有23,29,31及13例患者。应用全自动免疫散射比浊法检测血清hs—CRP。比较各组患者的hs—CRP水平,分析其与各血压指标之间的相关性。结果：①PPI0．41～0．50组、PPI0．51～0．60组及PPI〉0．60组患者的血清hs～CRP水平[（5．65±0．78）,（6．26±0．85）,（6．62±0．78）]均显著高于PPI≤0．40组[（5．21±0．83）mg／L,t=2．47～6．68,P〈0．05～0．01]。②hs—CRP与收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、脉压（PP）、PPI呈正相关（r=0．325～0．566,P〈0．05～0．01）,其中以与PPI的相关系数（r=0．566）最大。结论：高血压患者的血清hs—CRP水平与PPI的关系密切,两者共同参与了动脉硬化的发生、发展过程。     

脉压水平与冠心病的相关性研究

目的 探讨体检人员脉压水平与冠心病之间的关系。方法 根据计划方案对1071例参检人员按年龄分为两组，并进行询问病史和测量血压。结果 高血压患者，年龄≤50岁，患病率为2．95％；年龄〉51岁，患病率为12．36％。脉压≤40mmHg，冠心病患病率为0．24％；脉压41～80mmHg，冠心病患病率为3．26％；脉压≥81mmHg，冠心病患病率为9．73％。结论 当收缩压（SBP）相同脉压不同时，随着脉压的增加，冠心病发病率增加（P〈0．05）。当SBP逐渐增高，舒张压（DBP）逐渐下降，冠心病发病率也增加（P〈0．01）。在50岁以上人群中，无论SBP正常还是增高，只要脉压增宽，冠心病的患病率就增加。     

动态脉压和脉压指数与老年高血压患者早期肾损伤的相关性研究

目的探讨动态脉压和脉压指数在反映老年高血压患者早期肾损伤的价值。方法动态血压监测仪测量253例研究对象的脉压和脉压指数,按脉压≤40mmHg(59例)、41~60mmHg(82例)、61~80mmHg(76例)和>80mmHg(36例)分为4组;按脉压指数≤0.40(62例)、0.41~0.50(86例)、0.51~0.60(72例)和>0.60(33例)分为4组。免疫比浊法测定尿微量白蛋白(ALB)和尿β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG),并进行各组间的比较。结果随着收缩压、舒张压、脉压和脉压指数的增加,尿ALB和β2-MG水平明显增高(P<0.05);脉压和脉压指数与尿ALB和β2-MG水平的相关系数r值大于收缩压和舒张压。结论脉压和脉压指数与尿ALB和β2-MG水平有密切的关系,其在反映老年高血压患者早期肾损伤的价值优于收缩压和舒张压。     

高血压患者动态脉压指数与冠状动脉病变的相关性分析

目的探讨高血压患者动态脉压指数（pluse pressure index,PPI）与冠状动脉病变的相关性。方法纳入2010年4月～2013年4月实施冠状动脉造影（CAG）的高血压患者355例。根据CAG结果将患者分为冠心病组（n=237）及非冠心病组（n=118）。对所有研究对象均进行24 h动态血压监测,记录收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）和脉压（PP）,计算脉压指数（PPI,PPI=PP/SBP）。分析上述因素与冠状动脉病变的相关性。结果与非冠心病组相比,冠心病组患者PP及PPI水平更高,分别为（77.8±8.7）mmHg vs.（64.7±7.6）mmHg,（0.52±0.08） vs.（0.45±0.10）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。在冠心病患者中,PPI值越高,患者冠脉病变数值越高（P＜0.01）。Logistic分析结果显示, PPI（OR=1.39）、PP（OR=1.23）、SBP（OR=1.27）均为冠状动脉病变发生的危险因素（P均＜0.01）。结论 PPI值有助于预测高血压患者冠状动脉病变的严重程度。     

高血压患者血压水平和脉压及脉压指数与蛋白尿的关系

目的　高血压患者收缩压 (SBP)、舒张压 (DBP)、脉压 (PP)及脉压指数 (PPI)与蛋白尿的关系 ,并进一步评价各自在反映蛋白尿严重程度上的优劣和 (或 )一致性。方法　将所有研究对象按SBP≥ 180mmHg(6 8例 )、16 0～ 179mmHg(81例 )、14 0～ 15 9mmHg(5 7例 )分为 3组 ;按DBP≥110mmHg(5 9例 )、10 0～ 10 9mmHg(79例 )、90～ 99mmHg(6 7例 )分为 3组 ;按PP≤ 4 0mmHg(39例 )、4 1～ 6 0mmHg(6 1例 )、6 1～ 80mmHg(5 6例 )和大于 80mmHg(4 3例 )分为 4组 ;按PPI≤ 0 4 0 0(5 0例 )、0 4 0 1～ 0 5 0 0 (70例 )、0 5 0 1～ 0 6 0 0 (6 2例 )和大于 0 6 0 0 (17例 )分为 4组。采用全自动散射比浊仪及全自动生化分析仪测定所有研究对象的尿蛋白和血脂水平 ,比较各组蛋白尿的发生率。结果　各组间性别、年龄、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平均无显著性差异。随收缩压、舒张压、脉压及脉压指数的增加 ,蛋白尿的发生率明显增高 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　收缩压、舒张压、脉压水平和脉压指数与蛋白尿的发生密切相关 ,且 4者在反映蛋白尿的发生上具有较好的一致性。     

主动脉脉压及脉压指数与冠状动脉病变严重程度的相关性

目的：探讨主动脉脉压（PP）、脉压指数（PPI）与冠心病严重程度的相关性。方法：选择我院行冠状动脉造影（CAG）患者198例，根据结果分为冠心病及非冠心病组。按年龄分为老年组和非老年组。冠状动脉病变的严重程度用冠状动脉病变Gensini评分系统表示。造影前测定主动脉根部收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（DBP），计算出PP及PPI，两组比较应用t检验；以Pearson相关分析主动脉PP、PPI与冠脉病变程度的相关性；并以冠脉病变程度评分为因变量，其它参数为自变量进行多元逐步回归分析。结果：冠心病组主动脉SBP、DBP、PP及PPI与非冠心病患者相比差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）。老年组主动脉SBP、DBP、PP及PPI与非老年组相比差异具有显著性（P〈0．01）。主动脉PP、PPI与冠脉病变的严重程度密切相关（rPP=0．592、rPPI=0．658，P〈0．01）；回归分析发现，主动脉PPI和年龄进入回归方程，提示主动脉PPI及年龄是冠脉病变的危险因素。结论：主动脉PP及PPI与冠状动脉病变的严重程度密切相关，可预测冠状动脉病变严重程度。     

老年原发性高血压患者颈动脉病变与动态脉压指数

目的 探讨老年原发性高血压（EH）患者颈动脉病变与动态脉压指数（PPI）的相关性。方法 对103例老年EH患者行颈动脉超声和动态血压测定，PPI=24h脉压（PP）均值／24h收缩压（SBP）均值，按PPI值分为A组（PPI〈0．40，n=15）、B组（PPI：0．40～0．49，n=48）、C组（PPI≥0．50，n=40）3组，观察各组颈动脉内膜中膜厚度（IMT）的水平。结果 B组IMT[（0．15&#177;0．07）mm]水平高于A组[（0．12&#177;0．04）mm，P〈0．05]，C组IMT[（0．16&#177;0．05）mm]水平高于B组（P〈0．05），并显著高于A组（P〈0．01），随着PPI逐渐增大，IMT明显增加（P〈0．05）；老年EH患者颈动脉内膜增厚的发生与PP及PPI相关（P〈0．05）；Logistic回归分析显示，在矫正总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血尿酸、SBP、DBP与PP后，PPI仍然是颈动脉内膜中膜厚度增厚主要决定因素（P=0．009）。结论 老年EH患者PPI和PP与颈动脉病变呈正相关，PPI是老年EH患者颈动脉病变发生发展的一个重要的独立危险因素。     

老年高血压患者脉压与血浆脑钠素的关系

目的观察老年高血压患者脉压（PP）与血浆脑钠素（BNP）水平的关系，探讨脉压和血浆BNP水平可否作为判断左室功能不全的临床指标。方法用24小时动态血压仪监测74例老年高血压病患者全天平均脉压（ABPP），据ABPP值分两组：（1）PP／〉60mmHg，41例；（2）PP〈60mmHg，33例。采用超声心动图测定反映左室功能不全指标E／A比值和左室射血分数（LVEF）；采用美国Triage及其试剂盒快速测定血浆BNP水平，对BNP、PP与LYEF、E／A比值作直线相关分析。结果老年高血压病患者中PP≥60mmHg组的血浆BNP水平显著高于PP〈60mmHg组（P〈0．01），PP与血浆BNP呈显著正相关（r=0．42，P〈0．01）；PP与E／A比值呈显著负相关（r=-067．P〈0．01）。结论老年高血压患者PP与血浆BNP水平密切相关，PP和血浆BNP可作为判断左室功能不全的临床指标。     

老年高血压患者脉压及脉压指数与肾脏功能变化的关系

目的 探讨老年原发性高血压患者脉压(PP)及脉压指数( PPI)与肾脏功能变化的关系.方法 测定621例老年原发性高血压患者的血压、体重、血肌酐等指标,同时根据患者收缩压和舒张压计算PP和PPI,根据Cockcroft-Gault公式计算肌酐清除率(Ccr).分别按着PP(≤60 mmHg与＞60 mmHg)和PPI(≤0.4与＞0.4)进行分组,观察不同PP组和PPI组Ccr的变化,以及Ccr与PP和PPI的相关性.分析不同PP和PPI分组时肾功能不全的患病率以及PP ＞60 mmHg和PPI＞ 0.4在肾功能不全中的相对危险度.结果 PP＞ 60 mmHg组和PPI＞ 0.4组Ccr值均明显低于PP≤60 mmHg组和PPI≤0.4组(P＜0.01),相关分析结果显示,Ccr与PP(r=-0.175,P＜0.01)和PPI(r=-0.260,P＜0.01)均呈负相关.PP＞60 mmHg组和PPI＞0.4组肾功能不全的患病率分别为78.4％,80.4％,均较其相应对照组显著升高(P＜0.01),OR值分别为1.65(95％CI1.15～2.37),2.15(95％ CI 1.50 ～ 3.09).结论 老年原发性高血压患者,随着PP和PPI的增加肌酐清除率Ccr呈显著下降趋势,而肾功能不全患病率则明显上升.提示PP＞ 60 mmHg和PPI＞ 0.4可能是老年原发性高血压患者罹患肾功能不全的危险因素.     

脉压、脉压指数与老年退行性主动脉瓣钙化的关系

目的：探讨脉压、脉压指数在老年退行性主动脉瓣钙化中的作用和影响。方法：选择2008年1月至2009年8月在我院住院,年龄≥60岁的老年患者160例为研究对象,根据超声心动图有、无退行性主动脉瓣钙化分为钙化组（78例）和无钙化对照组（82例）;所有入选对象均排除对脉压和瓣膜钙化有影响的疾病。观察两组收缩压、舒张压、脉压及脉压指数情况。结果：与无钙化对照组比较,钙化组患者的收缩压[（138.5±7.852）mmHg∶（155.2±8.678）mmHg,P〈0.05]、脉压[（48.96±5.468）mmHg∶（76.03±6.561）mmHg,P〈0.01]和脉压指数[（0.34±0.043）∶（0.49±0.051）,P〈0.01]明显升高,而舒张压在两组之间无显著差异。结论：脉压和脉压指数增大与老年退行性心脏瓣膜病有关。     

Metabolic syndrome and pulse pressure

AIM: Pulse pressure (PP) has been reported to be increased in patients with abdominal adiposity and insulin resistance. Aim of the present study is to verify the association of high PP with metabolic syndrome (MS) and with its individual components. METHODS: The relationship between PP and MS was studied in a sample of 1724 subjects aged (mean +/- s.d.) 52.8 +/- 1.3 years, enrolled in a screening programme for diabetes FIrenze-Bango A Ripoli (FIBAR) study, and in a consecutive series of 1775 patients with type 2 diabetes aged 64.3 +/- 9.1 years; only subjects not treated with antihypertensive medication were included in the analysis. RESULTS: In the FIBAR sample, PP was significantly higher in subjects with MS. A significant correlation of PP was found in women with waist circumference, fasting glucose and triglyceride (r = 0.14, 0.15, and 0.09 respectively), and in men with fasting glucose only (r = 0.09); the correlation was no longer significant after adjustment for age and mean blood pressure. Similar results were obtained in the series of patients with type 2 diabetes. DISCUSSION: High PP is associated with MS and its components, but this association seems to disappear after adjustment for age and mean blood pressure. On the basis of the present data, high PP cannot be considered as one of the alterations associated with MS.     

Systolic versus diastolic blood pressure versus pulse pressure

Elevation of systolic blood pressure (BP) has been recognized as an independent risk factor that far exceeds the risk associated with an elevated diastolic BP in older patients with hypertension. Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) is a disorder typically defined when the systolic BP is greater than 140 mm Hg but with diastolic BP below 90 mm Hg. Pulse pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure) has recently become an active area of discussion in the literature as an independent factor of cardiovascular risk. An increased pulse pressure nearly always indicates reduced vascular compliance of large arteries and, by definition, is always increased in patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Although the evidence that a widened pulse pressure is an independent marker of cardiovascular risk is quite well established, therapeutic morbidity and mortality studies in ISH have focused on reductions in systolic pressure. At the present time, outcomes data have not been well established for reductions in pulse pressure in older patients with hypertension.     

Comparison of central pulse pressure estimated from pulse wave propagation velocity and carotid pulse pressure measured by applantation tonometry

BACKGROUND: Pulse pressure (PP) corresponds to the difference between arterial systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Central PP seems to be a stronger coronary risk marker than brachial PP. Central PP can be estimated by aortic PP measured non invasively by aplanation tonometry of the carotid artery. The aim of this study was to compare 2 methods of estimation of aortic PP: estimation from Pulse Wave Velocities (PWV) and by aplanation tonometry of the carotid artery. Estimation from PWV is based on the non uniform transmission of the PP i.e. the amplification of PP from the aorta to brachial artery, through arteries of increasing impedance. METHODS: One hundred and fifty one subjects were included, 111 hemodialysis patients and 40 subjects free of cardiovascular treatment or cardiovascular organ damage, recruited in a preventive medicine setting. Central PP was measured by aplanation tonometry of the carotid artery. The following formula was used for the relationship between PP and PWV in the two arterial segments considered for pulse wave travel (waterhammer formula): [formula: see text] Where measurement of brachial PP (PPBr) and PWV at aortic (PWVAo) and brachial (PWVBr) gives an estimation of aortic PP (PPAo estimated). Carotid-femoral PWV was used for PWVAo and carotid-radial PWV was used for PWVBr. The two methods were compared by t-test and according to Bland and Altman's method. RESULTS: In the hemodialysis group (73 males, 44 +/- 12 years old), brachial PP was 56 +/- 15 mm Hg and central PP as measured at the carotid level was 47 +/- 15 mmHg. In the healthy group (29 males, 46 +/- 11 years old), these values were 46 +/- 10 mmHg and 35 +/- 10 mmHg respectively. Compared to carotid artery aplanation tonometry, PPAo estimated was larger than central PP by 2.9 +/- 6.3 mmHg in hemodialysis patients and by 5.4 +/- 6.6 mmHg in the healthy group. The difference was significantly larger in healthy subjects than in hemodialysis patients (p = 0.031). CONCLUSION: The PWV estimated PP is larger than the central PP measured at the carotid level by aplanation tonometry. The difference is larger in cardiovascular event free subjects than in patients on hemodialysis.     

脑卒中患者急性期动态脉压和脉压指数与近期预后的关系

目的　探讨脑卒中患者急性期动态脉压 (PP)和脉压指数 (PPI)的变化及与近期预后的关系。方法　利用动态血压监测 (ABPM )手段 ,测定 76例脑卒中患者急性期 2 4hABPM变化 ,与 45例健康人ABPM值做对比 ,并在患者入院第 1 5天做神经功能缺损程度评分。结果　脑卒中患者急性期 2 4h平均PP(2 4hPP)、2 4h平均PPI(2 4hPPI)均高于对照组 (P <0 0 5)。其中 ,重度神经功能缺损者 2 4hPP、2 4hPPI均高于轻度和中度患者 (P <0 0 5)。中度患者 2 4hPPI高于轻度患者 (P <0 0 5) ,2 4hPP差异无显著 (P >0 0 5)。 2 4hPP与神经功能缺损评分间呈弱的正相关(P <0 0 5) ,2 4hPPI与评分间呈强的正相关 (P <0 0 1 )。结论　脑卒中患者急性期PP和PPI发生异常 ,并对预后的判断有一定的指导意义。     

白大衣高血压患者动态脉压及脉压指数的特征分析

目的 分析白大衣高血压(WCH)患者动态脉压(APP)及动态脉压指数(APPI)的特征,探讨WCH对血管硬化的影响.方法 WCH患者60例、高血压I级患者60例(高血压组)和血压正常者50名(对照组)入选本研究,测量其诊室血压和动态血压,对各组APP及APPI进行组间比较.结果 WCH组和高血压组患者的诊室脉压及脉压指数高于对照组(P＜0.01),且WCH组高于高血压组(P＜0.01);高血压组患者24 h APP大于WCH组和对照组(P＜0.01),WCH组患者的白天动态脉压(dAPP)大于对照组(P＜0.01),高血压组患者24 h APPI、白天APPI(dAPPI)和夜间APPI(nAPPI)均大于WCH组和对照组(P＜0.01),WCH组24 h APPI、dAPPI和nAPPI亦均大于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 WCH不同于正常人群,会对血管造成一定程度的损伤,引起血管硬化,但其危害程度小于高血压,造成的损伤作用白天更明显.     

脉压及脉压指数与冠状动脉病变严重程度的相关性研究

目的:探讨脉压、脉压指数与冠心病严重程度的相关性,并比较脉压与脉压指数用以评价冠脉病变严重程度的相对优越性。方法:经冠脉造影（CAG）确诊的冠心病患者154例,其中ACS患者104例,包括急性心肌梗死（AMI）44例,不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）60例;稳定型心绞痛（SAP）50例;另设冠脉造影排除冠心病患者43例作为正常对照组。冠心病病变的严重程度分别用冠状动脉病变的血管支数、冠状动脉病变评分和冠状动脉狭窄程度表示。结果:脉压及脉压指数与冠心病患者冠脉病变的严重程度密切相关,而与血脂、血糖、体重指数等无明显关系。结论:脉压及脉压指数是较为方便的反映大动脉弹性的参数,与冠状动脉病变的严重程度密切相关,可作为全身心血管病的一个危险信号,指导早期干预,且脉压指数在一定程度上较之脉压有更大的优势。     

A clinical interpretation of pulse pressure

In summary I will say that the minute volume of the heart, being the product of heart rate and stroke volume, may be varied by altering either one or both of these factors; augmented blood flow results from an increase in one or both, and diminished flow follows a decrease in one or both. Proportionate changes in both but in opposite directions tend to maintain a constant minute volume. I have shown that in certain conditions alterations in pulse pressure occur which are in the same direction as one would expect stroke volume to vary in these conditions. While pulse pressure is not a measure of systolic output, its direction and magnitude of variation seem to parallel the changes in output.This is illustrated by the known circulatory changes in elevated metabolism, whether in exercise or diseased states. Augmentation of minute volume here is usually effected by increasing heart rate and stroke volume. The blood pressure findings which characterize this state are normal diastolic and wide pulse pressure, resulting in elevated systolic pressure.When an adequate minute volume is maintained in the presence of a very slow pulse resulting from heart-block, the systolic output per beat is increased. The blood pressure alterations in this instance are marked elevation of systolic with normal or lowered diastolic pressure.These clinical observations suggest that the physiological significance of elevated pulse pressure, with normal diastolic pressure, is increased stroke volume.