肾小管间质纤维化中成纤维细胞的转化生长因子β1及其Ⅰ型受体蛋白及基因表达检测

目的 :研究腺嘌呤致大鼠肾小管间质纤维化模型的肾组织成纤维细胞中转化生长因子 β1(TGF β1)及其Ⅰ型受体的表达。方法 :腺嘌呤灌胃法建立大鼠肾小管间质纤维化模型 ,由模型肾组织培养肾间质成纤维细胞 ,应用免疫组化、逆转录PCR分别检测TGF β1及其Ⅰ型受体蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果 :成纤维细胞TGF β1、TGF β1I型受体免疫组化阳性 ;逆转录PCR可见 2 94bp的TGF β1及 34 5bp的TGF β1的Ⅰ型受体mRNA特异扩增带。结论 :在肾小管间质纤维化进程中 ,肾间质成纤维细胞是TGF β1的一个来源 ,而且也是其效应细胞 ,从而在TGF β1的作用下出现增生和合成细胞外基质的效应。     

HSP47在单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠模型肾脏组织的表达及作用

目的:观察HSP47在单侧输尿管梗阻(unilateral ureteral obstruction,UUO)大鼠模型肾脏组织的表达情况,探讨HSP47在肾小管间质纤维化中的作用.方法:将SD大鼠随机分为模型组(UUO组)和假手术组(Sham组),每组8只.采用单侧(左)输尿管结扎方法,建立梗阻性肾小管间质纤维化大鼠模型.术后第14天处死动物.观察两组间蛋白尿和血肌酐水平, 运用HE和Masson染色观察肾脏组织形态学改变,采用免疫组织化学方法检测HSP47、胶原Ⅳ(Collagen Ⅳ)的表达.结果:与Sham组比较,UUO组大鼠血肌酐水平升高,蛋白尿差异无统计学意义.光镜下UUO组大鼠肾组织出现不同程度的肾小管扩张、间质炎症细胞浸润,间质面积增宽、部分肾小管萎缩、肾小管上皮细胞空泡样变性.Masson染色结果显示UUO组大鼠肾组织胶原在肾小管周围、间质区显著增多.免疫组织化学结果显示UUO组大鼠肾组织HSP47表达显著增加,在肾小管周围、间质区表达增加最明显;Collagen Ⅳ表达显著增加,在肾小管基底膜、间质区表达增加最明显.结论:HSP47在UUO大鼠模型肾脏组织中表达上调,且与胶原表达部位一致,提示HSP47促进肾间质纤维化,且该作用与其促进胶原蛋白的合成有关.     

EMMPRIN在大鼠肾间质纤维化过程中的表达变化

目的 检测细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子(EMMPRIN)在大鼠肾间质纤维化模型中的表达变化.方法 64只Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham组)和模型组(UUO组),每组16只.假手术组,仅游离输尿管不结扎,模型组,行单侧输尿管结扎术,分别于术后3、7、14 d处死大鼠并留取肾脏组织.肾脏标本行HE、Masson染色方法检测间质纤维化损伤的程度.应用免疫组织化学方法检测肾组织中EMMPRIN,α-SMA,E-cadherin的表达.结果 HE染色显示:UUO术后肾间质肾小管萎缩、扩张,胞外基质沉积,炎细胞浸润增加.Masson染色显示:UUO术后大鼠肾组织胶原纤维组织增生,出现明显的间质纤维化改变.免疫组织化学结果显示:与假手术组相比,UUO模型3d组的EMMPRIN表达显著增高,同时有α-SMA表达升高和E-cadherin表达显著下降(P＜0.05);随着梗阻时间的延长,模型7d组EMMPRIN的表达逐渐减弱(P＜0.05).结论 EMMPRIN可能参与了UUO大鼠肾间质纤维化的早期上皮间质转分化过程,而随着纤维化程度加重,后期表达逐渐减少.     

雷公藤多苷对单侧输尿管结扎小鼠肾小管间质纤维化和炎性损伤的影响

目的通过雷公藤多苷对UUO小鼠肾组织α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA）、细胞间黏附分子（Intercellular adhesion molecule1,ICAM-1）、单核细胞趋化因子（Monocyte chem oattractant protein1,MCP-1）表达的影响,探讨其防治肾间质纤维化作用及其机理。方法采用小鼠单侧输尿管结扎（UUO）模型,用雷公藤多苷进行干预,用血管紧张素受体抑制剂蒙诺作为对照。肾脏病理用HE和MASSON染色;肾组织α-SMA表达采用免疫组化;ICAM-1蛋白质表达采用Western blot方法检测;MCP-1基因表达采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）方法。结果UUO模型组小鼠肾间质纤维化程度以及肾组织α-SMA的表达较假手术组显著增高,肾小管间质中炎细胞浸润亦较假手术组明显增加;雷公藤多苷各治疗组肾间质纤维化程度、α-SMA和ICAM-1蛋白、MCP-1基因表达均显著低于模型组;蒙诺治疗亦可显著降低肾间质纤维化程度和肾组织α-SMA的表达,但对于炎细胞浸润和炎症因子的抑制作用不如雷公藤多苷显著,而且未见其抑制ICAM-1表达的作用。结论雷公藤多苷可显著抑制肾间质纤维化和肌成纤维细胞的积聚,其机制可能与其抑制肾组织炎症因子的表达及炎细胞浸润有关。     

银杏叶对单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾小管上皮细胞转分化的影响

肾间质纤维化是所有肾病进行性发展的最终通路,是导致终末期肾病的主要病理基础。目前研究发现,肾小管上皮转分化在肾间质纤维化的发生、发展过程中发挥重要作用。肾小管上皮在转分化过程中逐步失去其原有特征而获得肌成纤维细胞的特征,如表达α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA),并合成细胞外基质,转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)被认为参与了这一过程并在其中起着十分关键的作用[1]。探索有效抑制和逆转转分化的发生,从而抑制肾间质纤维化的进展具有重要意义。本实验采用大鼠单侧输尿管结扎术(UUO)建立肾间质纤维化动物模型,用银杏叶进行治疗,选用公…     

p38 MAPK在大鼠梗阻性肾病肾组织中的表达及可能作用

目的：探讨p38 MAPK在大鼠梗阻性肾病模型肾组织中的表达及其在肾脏纤维化发病机制中的作用。方法：采用单侧输尿管结扎制造梗阻性肾病模型，分别于造模后1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d取肾组织，应用免疫沉淀结合特异性底物磷酸化法测定肾组织p38 MAPK活性，用免疫组织化学法检测磷酸化p38 MAPK在肾组织中的表达；用免疫组织化学及原位杂交方法检测肾组织TGFβ₁ mRNA和蛋白水平的表达。结果：正常对照组大鼠肾组织有一定的p38 MAPK基础活性（吸光度A值）(0.22±0.06)。UUO术后1 h，p38 MAPK即被激活（0.45±0.14 vs 对照组，P<0.05），12 h时达第一个高峰（0.91±0.07 vs 对照组，P<0.01），此后活性逐渐下降，3 d后又进行性升高，7 d达到第二个高峰（0.93±0.06 vs 对照组，P<0.01），此后又缓慢下降，28 d降至最低水平(0.12±0.02)。而TGFβ₁的表达在UUO术后1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h及24 h无明显增加，第3 d有明显增加（13.55%±6.33% vs 对照组，P＜0.05），第7 d达高峰（26.78%±8.77% vs 对照组，P<0.01），第28 d表达最少。梗阻肾肾组织p38 MAPK的激活明显早于TGFβ₁表达且p38 MAPK早期活性水平与TGFβ₁的表达水平呈正相关；梗阻肾高表达的TGFβ₁与肾组织p38MAPK的后期活性的高低显著相关（r=0.84, P<0.01）。结论：p38 MAPK在大鼠梗阻性肾病肾组织中的活性明显增高，可能介导梗阻肾肾组织TGFβ₁的表达，并可能参与TGFβ₁诱导的肾间质纤维化的过程。     

PAX2-siRNA在梗阻性肾病大鼠体内的作用研究

目的 通过RNA干扰和基因转染技术,研究沉默PAX2基因对UUO大鼠肾间质纤维化的影响.方法 将PAX2-siRNA转染至UUO大鼠肾脏被膜下,将64只幼年雄性大鼠随机分为:阴性对照组(NC)32只;沉默组(RNAi) 32只,于转染后3、5、7、14天分为4组,每组8只,留取肾组织标本,应用Real-Time PCR及Western blot检测肾皮质PAX2 mRNA及其蛋白的沉默情况,HE染色和Masson染色方法在光镜下观察肾小管损伤情况和肾间质纤维化程度.结果 ①沉默组与对照组比较PAX2 mRNA和PAX2蛋白表达量降低,有统计学意义(P＜0.05),②HE和Masson染色观察到对照组随梗阻时间延长,肾小管损伤逐渐明显,肾间质中可见胶原蛋白逐渐增加.沉默组与对照组比较在7d以前无明显变化(P＞0.05);在梗阻14d沉默组与对照组比较肾小管损伤减轻、肾间质病变减低、胶原纤维沉积减少(P＜0.05).结论 在UUO大鼠模型中,梗阻早期沉默PAX2基因对肾间质纤维化进程无明显影响,梗阻晚期可减轻肾小管损伤及肾间质纤维化病变,对肾间质纤维化有明显治疗作用.     

p27和TGF-β在大鼠肾间质纤维化中的表达及关系

目的:研究单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)大鼠肾组织p27的表达, 同时观察TGF-βmRNA在各组的变化, 探讨UUO模型中 TGF-β与p27的关系.方法:60只SD大鼠随机分成假手术组(SOR)、 UUO模型组.于术后第7、 14、 21天分别处死各组大鼠10只.用HE染色动态观察肾脏病理变化, 免疫组织化学法测定p27的蛋白表达及动态变化, RT-PCR法测定p27mRNA和TGF-βmRNA的水平.结果:SOR组肾小管上皮细胞p27蛋白及肾皮质p27mRNA的表达均强, UUO组随着间质纤维化程度的加重, p27的表达逐渐减弱, 而TGF-βmRNA随着肾间质纤维化程度的加重, 其表达呈上升趋势;UUO组TGF-βmRNA与p27mRNA成负相关.结论:p27参与了UUO大鼠肾间质纤维化的发病过程;UUO大鼠肾间质纤维化模型中TGF-β促纤维化机制可能与p27的下调相关.     

扶肾降浊方含药血清对肾小管间质损害大鼠成纤维细胞抗纤维化因子HGF和BMP-7的影响

目的:探讨扶肾降浊方对系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(Ms PGN)大鼠肾小管间质损害的疗效及机制。方法:采用扶肾降浊方水溶液灌胃Wistar大鼠常规制备含药血清,在Ms PGN动物模型的基础上,延长造模时间至20周,使其自然发展为肾小管间质损害模型,体外培养造模12、16和20周末大鼠间质成纤维细胞,采用real-time PCR和Western blotting法检测扶肾降浊方含药血清对病理状态间质成纤维细胞中抗纤维化因子肝细胞生长因子(HGF)、骨形态发生蛋白-7(BMP-7)mRNA及蛋白表达的影响。结果:病理状态间质成纤维细胞中抗纤维化因子HGF、BMP-7 mRNA和蛋白表达下调,扶肾降浊方含药血清随着给药周期的延长可部分逆转间质损害造成的上述mRNA和蛋白表达异常。结论:扶肾降浊方含药血清对Ms PGN大鼠间质成纤维细胞的保护作用可能与调节抗纤维化因子HGF、BMP-7 mRNA和蛋白表达有关。     

结缔组织生长因子在单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾脏中的表达及其意义

目的： 观察结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）在单侧输尿管梗阻（UUO）大鼠模型中的动态表达，探讨CTGF在肾小管间质纤维化中的作用机制。方法： 将48 只Wistar大鼠随机分为UUO组和假手术（SO）组，采用左输尿管结扎术复制UUO模型，于术后1、3、7、14 d分别处死2组大鼠取左肾。采用Masson染色评定肾小管间质损伤程度；逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR) 方法检测肾组织转化生长因子-β₁（TGF-β₁）、CTGF、Ⅰ型胶原（ColⅠ）和纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1（PAI-1）mRNA表达；免疫组织化学方法测定TGF-β₁、CTGF、ColⅠ、PAI-1表达；Western blotting方法检测CTGF蛋白表达量的变化。结果: UUO术后1d，梗阻肾TGF-β₁ mRNA表达开始升高，第3-14d时升高更显著（P<0.01），CTGF、ColⅠ、PAI-1 mRNA水平随之逐渐升高。免疫组织化学染色发现，UUO大鼠肾小管和间质区域CTGF表达随病程进展逐渐增强；相关分析显示，UUO术后第7d，CTGF表达量与肾小管间质损伤指数、肾小管间质TGF-β₁、ColⅠ、PAI-1表达强度均呈正相关，相关系数（r）分别为0.62、0.85、0.78和0.76（均P<0.01）。Western blotting结果显示，CTGF蛋白水平在术后第3d开始上升，随病程进展更显著。结论: CTGF可通过促进细胞外基质产生和抑制细胞外基质降解双重途径诱导肾小管间质纤维化的发生和进展。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.