西北贫困县儿童群体营养状况分析

目的　了解西北农村 3岁以下儿童的群体营养和生长发育状况及其关系 ,比较几年来的变化 ,对整体干预的效果进行评价。方法　从 1999～ 2 0 0 1年对西部 16个贫困县进行多阶段随机抽样的横断面调查 ,以身高和体重作为衡量儿童营养状况的指标。结果　 1999年西部地区 3岁以下儿童生长迟缓 (HAZ <-2 )、低体重 (WAZ <-2 )和消瘦 (WHZ <-2 )的总患病率分别为 19 4% ,18 2 %和 5 8% ,2 0 0 1年分别为 18 2 % ,15 1%和 4 2 % ,地区间有显著性差异 ,与美国国家卫生统计中心 (NCHS) /WHO标准分布比较 ,西部儿童HAZ和WAZ的分布显著左移 ,提示西部16个县 3岁以下儿童整体的营养状况仍然较差 ,但逐年改善。结论　应更加深入全面地开展营养健康教育 ,提高家长的喂养保健知识 ,加强儿童常见病的防治 ;在儿童的营养状况整体监护的同时 ,重点监护问题儿童是改善儿童群体营养状况的有效途径     

中国101个较贫困县农村学龄前儿童营养状况

总结分析了中国政府与联合国儿童基金会的合作项目：儿童营养监测与改善基线调查结果。该基线调查于１９９０年及１９９１年在全国２７个省１０１个较贫困县开展，共调查０～５岁儿童８６３９７名，调查内容包括儿童健康调查，膳食调查，家庭调查。结果表明：中国较贫困地区农村学龄前儿童生长发育较差，体重身高发育均明显低于ＷＨＯ标准。中重度发育迟缓，低体重及消瘦儿童患病率（低于ＷＨＯ标准－２ｓ）分别为３６．１７％，２３．６９％和３．６３％。营养不良患病率随儿童年龄增加而上升，但６～２４个月年龄段增幅最大，说明该年龄段为关键时期。儿童营养不良患病率与儿童在家庭中的排行有正相关关系。一些少数民族儿童的营养不良患病率较高。婴儿４个月内母乳喂养的儿童，其营养不良患病率明显低于混合喂养及人工喂养。儿童贫血率平均为３８．１％，６月～１岁年龄段最高达５０％。儿童膳食品种单一，蛋白质、热能、钙、ＶＢ１、ＶＢ２、ＶＣ等营养素摄入均不足。文章最终提出项目改善儿童营养状况的重点地区、年龄段及主要措施。     

The validity of simple methods to detect poor nutritional status in paediatric oncology patients

Poor nutritional status is a major concern for children being treated for an oncology condition. It is vital for optimal prognosis that nutritional concerns are recognised and treated promptly. The majority of oncology treatment centres only use simple methods to screen for poor nutritional status; however, it is unknown whether these simple methods accurately recognise poor nutritional status. We aimed to determine whether commonly used simple nutritional assessment variables could accurately identify poor nutritional status in children being treated for oncological conditions. This cross-sectional study measured height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference, triceps skinfold, albumin levels and body cell mass in forty children being treated for an oncological condition. To determine whether commonly used nutritional variables were suitable determinants, the variables were compared against the reference measure of body cell mass index (BCMI) Z-scores. Using the BCMI Z-score cut-off of - 1.65, 48 % of the study population were considered poorly nourished. Correlational analysis showed that there was no significant biological relationship between the BCMI Z-score and the simple parameters. When divided into two groups based on the nutritional status indicated by the BCMI Z-score, the independent t tests between the well-nourished and malnourished groups demonstrated that there was a significant difference in the BMI Z-score (P = 0.01) between the groups. No simple nutritional measures were found to accurately identify poor nutritional status in children being treated for oncological conditions.     

Ecological and geographic characteristics predict nutritional status of communities: rapid assessment for poor villages.

The quality of poverty alleviation programmes relies heavily on appropriate targeting and priority setting. Major problems in assessing poverty include identification of the indicators of poverty and the methods used for its assessment. Nutritional status, expressed by anthropometric indices, has been proposed as a poverty indicator because of its validity, objectivity, reliability and feasibility. This study was conducted to explore the application of remote sensing to poverty mapping based on nutritional status at the community level. Relationships between the nutritional status within a community and the ecological characteristics of the community were investigated. Multiple linear regression tests were executed, and the resultant equations were tested for their validity in predicting communities with poor nutritional status. Among geographical and ecological indicators used, distance to the nearest market, main soil type, rice field area, and perennial cultivation area were found to be most useful predictors for the ranking of the communities by nutritional status. Among non-ecological determinants, food consumption, health service status and living conditions were also found as predictors. The highest correlation was found if total population was also taken into account in the regression model (R2 = 0.69; p < 0.0001). In the assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of the eight models studied, 'undernutrition' was defined as a condition where a community belongs in the first quartile for nutritional status (highest prevalence of undernutrition), and the baseline nutritional survey was considered as a standard method for final diagnosis. Most models which included only ecological factors in the equations had lower sensitivity and specificity than models which included all determinant factors in the equations. All models which took into account the total population had higher sensitivity and specificity than those that did not take total population into account. The best model of those that took into account only the geographical and ecological characteristics of the community's living environment had similar sensitivity and specificity (80% and 94.1%, respectively) as the models that considered non-geographical and non-ecological variables in addition to geographical and ecological variables. In the case of West Sumatra, only four ecological and geographic characteristics were sufficient to predict poverty in village. Since these characteristics could be surveyed by remote sensing, it may well be possible to use remote sensing for a rapid method for poverty mapping.     

Evaluation of nutritional status

The assessment of nutritional status may involve estimates of food intake, and anthropometric, biochemical and immune tests. Errors are frequently observed both in the methodology, and the way the methodology is utilized. An attempt will be made at a general constructive criticism of the current methodologies.     

中国较贫困地区学龄前儿童营养状况的变化趋势

目的 分析中国较贫困地区学龄前儿童营养状况的变化趋势。方法 对中国政府与联合国儿童基金会合作的“1990－1995年学龄前儿童营养监测与改善项目”进行总结分析，有关调查的设计，抽样方法，资料的收集等参见文献（1）。结果 1990，1993，1995年21个省共64个县的0－5岁儿童调查数分别为46950，46060和463730。调查结果显示：儿童低体重发生率和生长迟缓发生率均有不同程度的下降，低体重发生率在5年间下降幅度为25．68％，降低了5．94个百分点；生长迟缓发生率下降幅度为19．25％，降低了6．27个百分点。但较贫困地区学龄前儿童生长迟缓发生率仍高达28．02％，改善速度相对缓慢。1995年和童膳食调查表明，热能，蛋白质，动物来源蛋白质，维生素A，核黄素，钙的摄入均明显高于1990年。但维生素A，核黄素，钙的摄入量还远达不到RDA的标准。结论 较贫困地区学龄前儿童营养状况有较大改善。但营养不良发生率随儿童年龄的增加而上升，以1－2岁年龄段增幅最大，说明该年龄段为关键时期。     

临夏县贫困农村5岁以下儿童营养状况分析

目的:评价临夏县贫困农村5岁以下儿童的营养状况,为改善该地区儿童营养状况提供依据。方法:采用整群抽样方法于2010年对临夏县贫困农村5个乡镇10个行政村所有5岁以下儿童的家庭进行问卷调查,以儿童身高和体重作为儿童营养状况的评价指标。结果:该地区5岁以下儿童消瘦、生长迟缓和低体重的患病率分别为2.3%、21.4%和8.1%,男童生长迟缓率(24.0%)高于女童(18.1%)(P<0.05);2岁以下儿童初乳喂养率63.1%。结论:临夏县贫困农村5岁以下儿童营养状况低于世界卫生组织儿童生长标准。应改进喂养方法,促进初乳喂养,建议纯母乳喂养至6个月,继续母乳喂养至2岁或更长时间,同时合理添加辅食。     

Anosmia and nutritional status

The present study quantified the food perception, food behavior and possible nutritional risk of anosmic patients. Anosmics were divided into three groups according to the duration of their olfactory symptoms: a) lifelong anosmics (n=9), b) mid-term anosmics (anosmics for five years or more but not lifelong) (n=22), and c) recent-onset anosmics (anosmics for less than five years) (n=22). Patients were compared to controls with no smell problem (n=33). We measured standard anthropometric, biochemical and nutritional parameters (24-hour recall and 3-day food record).Anosmics and controls did not differ in a number of anthropometric measures including body weight and body mass index. Mid-term anosmics showed significantly lower serum albumin levels but not serum total protein. Both recent onset and mid-term anosmics had significantly lower hemoglobin values than the controls but not the lifelong anosmics. A similar pattern was noted with measures of food enjoyment. Nevertheless, the anosmics did not differ in nutrient intake or eat less frequently.     

青海省贫困县农村3岁以下儿童营养状况分析

【目的】　了解青海省贫困农村 3岁以下儿童的营养状况 ,发现其存在的问题 ,以寻找适当的干预措施及解决方案 ,从而增进当地儿童的身体健康。　【方法】　对青海省六个项目县进行了横断面调查设计及分层多阶段随机抽样 ,获取样本 ,以身高和体重作为衡量儿童营养状况的指标。　【结果】　该地区 3岁以下儿童生长迟缓 (HAZ< 2 )、低体重 (WAZ < 2 )和消瘦 (WHZ < 2 )的总患病率分别为 :2 4.3 %、2 3 .1%和 9.1%。与NCHS/WHO标准分布比较 ,青海地区儿童的HAZ和WAZ的分布显著左移。　【结论】　青海农村 3岁以下儿童中 ,存在着较严重的营养问题。应积极开展营养健康教育 ,加强儿童常见病的防治 ,在重点干预的同时 ,还应注意改善整体儿童的营养状况     

中国西部地区农村3岁以下婴幼儿营养状况民族差异的调查

目的 <\b>比较中国西部农村不同民族＜3岁婴幼儿的营养状况,探讨其差异的原因.方法 <\b>采用人口比例抽样法,调查西部10省区45个县14 072户有＜3岁婴幼儿的家庭,以身长和体重作为衡量婴幼儿营养状况的指标.结果 <\b>汉族、维吾尔(维)族、藏族、壮族婴幼儿的身长和体重均低于2006年WHO标准,4个民族间婴幼儿身长和体重及营养不良状况的差异有统计学意义,婴幼儿生长迟缓率分别为14.7％、20.3％、26.9％、26.5％,低体重率分别为6.1％、10.7％、6.8％、15.5％,消瘦率分另为4.2％、5.3％、2.9％、8.9％,营养不良率分别为19.2％、25.5％、30.3％、36.5％.logistic回归分析中调整了家庭人口数、父母教育年限、家庭育儿数、儿童性别、月龄、母亲身高、母亲体重、喂养合理与否和家庭经济收入来源,维、藏、壮和其他少数民族婴幼儿仍然比汉族婴幼儿易患营养不良.结论 <\b>中国西部农村地区婴幼儿营养状况存在民族差异,在相同的生活条件下汉族婴幼儿营养状况好于少数民族.     

Consensus of the Nutrition Screening Initiative: risk factors and indicators of poor nutritional status in older Americans

Dietetics professionals must become even more proactive in taking the lead in the nutritional screening and assessment of older Americans. They can do so by encouraging all health care providers to become familiar with each older American's circumstances and needs. In addition, as individuals and as a professional health care association, we should urge our colleagues and institutions to establish regular longitudinal surveillance and continuity of care in nutrition services delivery. The timely, appropriate, and cost-effective delivery of nutritional screening, assessment, and care will improve the health and well-being of this valued segment of the US population. Dietetics professionals are a vital part of this process.     

Ethnic differences in growth and nutritional status: a study of poor schoolchildren in southern New Jersey.

The growth and nutritional status of 2,056 schoolchildren from a poor community in southern New Jersey were assessed. Age-adjusted differences in growth among black, white, and Hispanic children were examined. Black youths were 2.5 centimeters (cm) taller (P less than .001) and 0.9 kilograms (kg) heavier than white youths (P less than .05). Black girls were 4.1 cm taller (P less than .001) and 2.8 kg heavier than white girls (P less than .01). Hispanic girls were 1 kg heavier (P less than .05) and 0.9 cm taller (not significant) than white girls. There was little difference in growth between Hispanic and white youths. Children were assessed with the use of the Centers for Disease Control''s nutritional surveillance cutpoints; less than 5 percent of each ethnic group fell below the fifth percentile, according to the National Center for Health Statistics'' weight-for-height standards. White and Hispanic youths were twice as likely as blacks to fall below the 5th percentile for stature or to be overweight (above the 95th percentile for weight-for-height). Compared with black girls, white and Hispanic girls were three to four times more likely to fall below the fifth percentile for stature. The prevalence of short stature was also higher among white girls (15.9 percent) compared with Hispanics (10.3 percent). There was little difference in the prevalence of overweight by ethnic group for girls. These data show that white children from poor communities have decreased growth and suggest that they may be at increased risk of nutritional problems.     

广西及云南贫困地区小学生的营养现状及学校膳食情况

目的了解我国贫困地区小学生的营养现状,为制定营养相关的援助工作提供基线资料。方法选取广西和云南国家级贫困县共9所学校2046名小学生作为研究对象,内容包括医学体检、血红蛋白的测定和膳食调查,并采用WHO 2007年制定的儿童生长发育标准评价学生的营养状况。结果广西和云南贫困地区6～14岁小学生的生长迟缓检出率为34.3%,消瘦检出率为6.5%,贫血患病率为20.5%。当地学校食堂提供的膳食以植物性食物为主,动物性食物偏低,烹调用油主要是猪油,每日学校膳食人均提供的能量为6233.59kJ,蛋白质为36.36g,维生素A为179.15μg,维生素B1为0.57mg,维生素B2为0.37mg,维生素C为53.67mg,钙为163.14mg,均未达到推荐摄入量或适宜摄入量。结论广西及云南贫困地区小学生慢性营养不良现象依然严重,当地学校食堂提供的膳食种类较单一,不能满足小学生对能量、蛋白质和微量营养素的需求。