Surgical management of acute hemorrhagic postbulbar duodenal ulcer after a previous major surgical procedure

The choice of operation for acute hemorrhagic postbulbar duodenal ulcer after an operation is discussed. Distal partial gastrectomy was performed in six patients. The ulcer was treated by resection, suture, or removal by mucoclasis. Hemostasis was attained in five patients. In another, multiple ulcers were observed in the descending portion of the duodenum and gastrectomy failed to control hemorrhage, resulting in death. Rebleeding was observed in two, one from a newly formed ulcer in the upper part of the papilla of Vater after gastrectomy with truncal vagotomy and which was halted by suture of the ulcer and another was from a newly formed ulcer in the remnant stomach after gastrectomy and which was halted by selective vagotomy and ligation of the left gastric artery. It is recommendable to perform a subtotal gastrectomy and vagotomy combined with removal of the ulcer by mucoclasis or ulcer suture. In some cases, pancreatoduodenectomy may have to be done.     

Treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers perforated into the free peritoneum. Apropos of 122 cases

The treatment used in 122 patients suffering from perforation of gastroduodenal ulcer in free peritoneum is presented. 77 were subjected to straightforward suture of the perforation. Hemigastrectomy was carried out in 43 and in 2 superselective vagotomy associated with removal of the duodenal ulcer and duodenoplasty. Mortality in the series was 11.04% after suture but allowance must be made here for the serious condition of the patients who underwent this form of operation. Of the patients treated with straightforward perforation suture, 36.5% were reoperated for the reappearance of ulcerous symptomatology, while the remaining 63.7% were cured. On the basis of this experience, it is considered that superselective vagotomy associated or otherwise with pyloroplasty, and subtotal gastrectomy are indicated in patients in good general condition and in whom ulcer perforation symptomatology goes back less than 12 hours.     

Modified segmental gastrectomy combined with vagotomy for a gastric ulcer near the gastro-esophageal junction

To avoid proximal gastrectomy which destroys the gastroesophageal closing mechanism, modified segmental gastrectomy with vagotomy was performed on 3 patients with gastric ulcers located in the stomach near the gastro-esophageal junction. These were all patients in whom a proximal gastrectomy would usually have been performed. The proximal line of resection did not encroach upon the mucosal rosette being within 1 cm of it following the margin of the ulcer. In each patient, the modified segmental resection of the upper stomach consisted of the surgical removal of a continuous strip of tissue including the ulcer and ulcer-bearing area along the wall followed by an end to end gastro-gastrostomy. In the 10 years following surgery, there have been no signs of reflux esophagitis, stricture, or recurrent ulcers in any of the 3 patients. This modified segmental gastrectomy with vagotomy is therefore recommended for gastric ulcers located near the gastro-esophageal junction.     

Bile reflux and degree of gastritis in patients with gastric ulcer: before and after operation

The incidence and degree of bile reflux and gastritis has been measured in normal subjects and in patients with gastric ulcer before operation and after treatment by highly selective vagotomy with ulcer excision, Billroth 1 partial gastrectomy, and truncal vagotomy and drainage. Before operation patients had significantly higher (P less than 0.001) bile acid concentrations in the stomach than normal subjects. Treatment by highly selective vagotomy resulted in significantly lower bile acid concentrations than those before operation and those found after Billroth 1 partial gastrectomy. Antral and body gastritis was significantly less in normal subjects than in the preoperative and all postoperative groups. There was no significant difference in antral or body gastritis between the preoperative gastric ulcer patients and the patients after any of the surgical procedures despite the significant differences in bile acids. Though highly selective vagotomy in the treatment of gastric ulcer results in a reduction in duodenogastric reflux of bile there is no improvement in the gastritis that is present.     

Truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty for duodenal ulcer.

Two hundred sixty-five patients who underwent vagotomy and pyloroplasty for duodenal ulcer disease were observed postoperatively, 220 for two to ten years, with an average follow-up of five years. Vagotomy and pyloroplasty carried a higher overall recurrence rate (3.6%) than did subtotal gastrectomy and vagotomy (1%), largely because of the high ulcer recurrence rate more than two years after operation for massive bleeding (9.2%) rather than that following elective operation (1.8%). Thirty-five percent of these patients with recurrent ulcers did well with medical management and did not require a second operation. The mortality of vagotomy and pyloroplasty for a massively bleeding ulcer (11%) was less than that following subtotal gastrectomy (21%). The mortality of elective vagotomy and pyloroplasty was 1%.     

Duodenostomy revisited

Four patients were admitted to the Surgical Ward because of massive bleeding from a duodenal ulcer. In three the ulcer was induced by non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. On operation, following pylorotomy and suture of the bleeding artery, neither drainage nor stump closure could be affected safely. Partial gastrectomy with vagotomy, or high subtotal gastrectomy with gastroenterostomy were performed. The duodenum was dealt with by means of a tube duodenostomy. There was no mortality among these patients. Morbidity was related mainly to the extent of preoperative bleeding and associated pathology (e.g. perforation). Patient data is presented in Table I.     

非手术与手术治疗穿孔性十二指肠溃疡的比较

目的　比较非手术与手术治疗穿孔性十二指肠溃疡的疗效。方法　对我院 1995年 1月至 1999年 12月期间 ,所收治的 2 5 4例穿孔性十二指肠溃疡病人的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果　非手术治疗 6 8例 ,1例出现腹腔脓肿 ,无一例再穿孔和死亡 ,3个月后溃疡愈合率为 92 .5 % ;手术治疗 186例 ,其中 10 2例行穿孔修补术 ,无一例出现腹腔脓肿 ,1例出现幽门梗阻需再行胃大部切除术 ,3个月后溃疡愈合 94 .1% ,与非手术治疗无明显差异 ,另外 84例行胃大部切除术 ,出现残端漏 2例 ,腹腔脓肿 1例。结论　急性十二指肠溃疡穿孔能自行闭合 ,以非手术治疗更合理和安全 ,通过使用抗生素、质子泵抑制剂或H2 受体阻止剂联合药物治疗 ,溃疡是可治愈的。不能自行闭合的急性穿孔 ,选择单纯修补可降低手术并发症 ,术后配合内科治疗也可达到溃疡治愈目的。慢性十二指肠溃疡穿孔 ,往往伴有溃疡周围疤痕多、胼胝状溃疡、幽门梗阻、病史长、症状严重反复发作等因素 ,即使穿孔超过 12h ,仍可以选择“溃疡确定性外科”治疗。     

Reoperation for postsurgical peptic ulcer recurrence: appraisal of ten years' experience.

Between January 1, 1965 and December 31, 1974, 47 patients were treated at the University of Florida Affiliated Hospitals for peptic ulcer after a generally acceptable ulcer operation. Twenty-seven patients had had vagotomy and drainage, four patients had had vagotomy and antrectomy and 16 patients had had partial gastric resection. Forty-nine definitive operations were performed with a 4% operative mortality. Three patients (7%) had another ulcer recurrence following surgery. Left transthoracic vagotomy is the treatment of choice when recurrent ulceration follows subtotal gastrectomy or vagotomy and antrectomy. For ulceration following vagotomy and drainage, antrectomy, antrectomy is preferred. Synergism between hormonal and neural gastric stimulants causes a decreased parietal cell responsiveness to vagal stimulation after antrectomy. Exploration of the hiatus at the time of antrectomy increases the morbidity of the procedure. Should ulcers recur after antrectomy, vagotomy may be performed with a low morbidity through the transthoracic approach.     

全程游离胃小弯半胃切除治疗十二指肠溃疡159例疗效观察

依据胃大部切除及迷走神经切断治疗十二指肠溃疡病的生理、解剖机理、采取全程游离胃小弯，替代选择性迷切术。从而简化了迷切手术的复杂性，避免了因迷切所致的并发症；半胃切除弥补了迷切可能切除不全致溃疡复发的因素，同时切除了溃疡所致的病灶，又避免了胃大部切除术后的并发症。经159例疗效观察，84%的疗效良好。故认为本术式是治疗十二指肠溃疡合并出血、穿孔、梗阻的最佳术式，值得推广应用。     

Surgical treatment of 100 patients with perforated pyloric ulcer. Immediate and follow-up results

The aim of this study was to assess the results of different surgical treatments in 100 patients admitted from 1972 to 1984 with perforated pyloric ulcer. Forty-six patients were treated with simple suture, thirty-two patients underwent high selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty, 13 patients were submitted to truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty and 9 to gastrectomy. This study has shown that high selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty for perforated pyloric ulcer can be performed as safely as simple closure. The overall clinical results according to the Visick classification were recorded as excellent or very good in 85 per cent of patients treated with high selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty versus 38 per cent with similar results in simple closure patients. We conclude that high selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty is not less effective for treatment of pyloric perforated ulcer than for duodenal ulcer; simple closure should be reserved for patients treated long time after perforation and with advanced age or in patients with serious associated pathology.     

Surgical treatment of recurrent peptic ulcer disease.

One hundred twenty patients in whom recurrent peptic ulcer developed after various surgical procedures for primary duodenal ulcer were operated on at the Mayo Clinic between 1970 and 1975. The postoperative mortality rate was 3.3% for all cases, 0.9% for elective cases, and 23% for the 13 patients who required emergency surgical care. The mean hospital stay was 13 days, and postoperative complications developed in 25 patients (20%). Approximately 70% of the patients had excellent or good results, whereas the rest had significant postoperative sequelae, including 8.4% (9 patients) in whom rerecurrent ulceration developed. When remedial surgery for recurrent ulcer consisted of vagotomy and distal subtotal gastrectomy (35 patients) after previous vagotomy and drainage procedure (21 patients), subtotal gastrectomy (three patients), vagotomy and hemigastrectomy (eight patients), or gastroenterostomy alone (three patients), there were no operative deaths, 74% of 27 patients available for at least a 5-year follow-up had excellent or good results, and rerecurrent ulceration developed in only one patient. These results indicate that vagotomy and resection is a satisfactory operation for recurrent peptic ulcer and that the long-term results after this operation compare favorably with those reported for cimetidine therapy.     

Postoperative results of distal partial gastrectomy,selective vagotomy plus antrectomy,and selective proximal vagotomy for duodenal ulcers

We investigated the postperative results of distal partial gastrectomy, selective vagotomy plus antrectomy, and selective proximal vagotomy, to evaluate their effectiveness in the treatment of duodenal ulcers. The operative mortality of selective vagotomy plus antrectomy and selective proximal vagotomy seemed to be lower when compared to distal partial gastrectomy, although each procedure showed a sufficiently low mortality. The acid reduction rate was significantly lower after selective proximal vagotomy than after the other procedures (p<0.01). However, the rate of ulcer recurrence following selective proximal vagotomy tended to be higher compared with the other procedures. All three procedures showed good results according to Visick’s grading and postoperative symptoms occurred in about 50 per cent of all patients, no matter what the procedure. The regaining of physical ability was significantly greater following selective proximal vagotomy than following distal partial gastrectomy (p<0.05) and the capacity to work was also better after vagotomy, particularly selective vagotomy plus antrectomy (p<0.05). Thus, although distal partial gastrectomy and selective vagotomy plus antrectomy proved superior regarding the low ulcer recurrence rate and acid reduction, while selective proximal vagotomy proved superior for improving the quality of life, on the whole the three operations promise almost equivalent results.     

良性胃十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔不同手术方法的疗效比较

目的探讨良性胃十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔不同手术方式治疗的临床价值。方法对我院1993年1月～2007年6月收治的128例胃十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔分为单纯穿孔修补术加抑酸、根除幽门螺杆菌（第一组）、穿孔修补加扩大壁细胞迷走神经切断术（第二组）、胃大部切除（第三组）进行疗效比较。结果所有病例治愈出院，随访6～120个月。三组的疗效按改良Visick分级评分标准Ⅰ、Ⅱ级分别为84．4％、88．1％、74％，溃疡复发率分别为6．7％、4．8％、7．4％，术后再次穿孔率均为零。χ^2均〈χ^2 0.05（1）），P〉0．05，三组差异无显著性。结论消化性溃疡穿孔修补加抑酸、根除幽门螺杆菌治疗，操作简单、创伤小、并发症少、远期疗效好，可以作为胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔治疗的首选方式。     

Surgical treatment of perforated gastroduodenal ulcers

Experience in surgically treating 820 patients aged 15 to 83 years who had perforated gastroduodenal ulcers is summarized. In 576 (70.2%) patients the perforated hole was sutured. Thirty-four (4.2%) patients underwent gastrectomy and 210 (25.6%) had vagotomy with drainage operation on the stomach. After surgery 39 (5.6%) patients died. Mortality rates after ulcer suturing, gastrectomy, and vagotomy with gastric drainage were 6.2, 2.7, and 0.9%, respectively. Recurrent ulcer occurred in 57.3% after ulcer suturing, in 2.9% after gastrectomy, and in 9% after gastric drainage vagotomy. By taking into consideration the high rate of recurrent ulcers following palliative interventions, the author proposes to expand indications for radical surgery in patients with serous and serofibrinous forms of general peritonitis in the reactive phase.     

Gallstone disease following antrectomy and gastroduodenostomy with or without vagotomy.

The incidence and prevalence of gallstones has been documented in 289 consecutive patients with peptic ulcer disease, at the time of antrectomy and gastroduodenostomy (with or without truncal or selective vagotomy) and again during a 5-year follow-up period. By comparing the preoperative prevalence of gallstone disease in one age group with the prevalence 5 years after the gastric operation in another group of patients who were 5 years younger at the operation, the incidence of gallstone production due to the gastric operation could be calculated independent of the age factor. Within 5 years of the gastric operation, 18% of the patients who were normal at the time of operation produced gallstones. The incidence of new gallstones during the 5-year postgastrectomy follow-up was the same in men and women, and was increased by 7 to 15% in each age group of men. The incidence of new gallstones was 30% after truncal and 12% after selective vagotomy (p less than 0.05). Gallstone formation seems to be a sequel of Billroth I gastric resection. Truncal vagotomy in addition to the gastrectomy increases the risk of gallstone disease; patients with selective vagotomy and antrectomy had an incidence of postoperative gallstones which was the same as patients with antrectomy alone.     

Prospective, randomized trial of selective proximal vagotomy with ulcer excision and partial gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy in the treatment of corporeal gastric ulcer

In a prospective, randomized trial, selective proximal vagotomy with complete ulcer excision was compared with partial gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy for the treatment of primary corporeal gastric ulcer in 30 patients. The results were evaluated by clinical follow-up examinations at regular intervals, endoscopy, and blood tests. The mean follow-up period was 3 years for both operations. There was no mortality. Postoperative complications, ulcer recurrence rates, the overall clinical results (Visick classification), and blood test results were similar in the two groups. Three of 15 selective proximal vagotomy patients were classified grade IV due to recurrent ulcer (two patients) or dumping (1 patient), and 2 of 14 partial gastrectomy patients as were classified grades III (epigastric pain) and IV (recurrent ulcer). Considering the risk for late symptoms of impaired resorption and gastric cancer after partial gastrectomy, the similar results with selective proximal vagotomy and partial gastrectomy justify further trials of selective proximal vagotomy with ulcer excision for treatment of corporeal gastric ulcer.     

青少年十二指肠溃疡穿孔的处理

目的：探讨青少年十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析45例青少年十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔的治疗，其中行单纯修补术24例，胃大部切除术13例，迷走神经切除加胃部分切除3例，修补加高选择性迷走神经切除5例。单纯修补组术后国洛赛克治疗3个月。结果：随讠年，全组无死亡。单纯修补组并发症发生率（8％）与手术切除组（38％）相比差异有显著意义（P＜0．05）；修补组治愈率明显高于手术切除组（P＜0．05）；2组溃疡复发率相比差异无意义（P＞0．05）；修补组体重增加较手术切除组差异有显著意义（P＜0．05）。结论：应用单纯修补加洛赛克治疗青少年十二指肠溃疡穿孔是一种既符合青少年生理特征又有效和可靠的方法。     

WOUND INFECTION RATES AFTER GASTRIC SURGERY IN A MELBOURNE HOSPITAL

In four groups of 25 patients in whom perioperative prophylactic antibiotics were not used, the wound infection rates after partial gastrectomy were 40% in gastric cancer, 44% in chronic gastric ulcer, 24% in chronic duodenal ulcer and after trunkal vagotomy and pyloroplasty, the wound infection rate was 12%. In gastric cancer and chronic gastric ulcer, most wound infections were caused by enterobacteria, while in chronic duodenal ulcer almost all infections were caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Appropriate short-term perioperative prophylactic antibiotic use is likely to decrease wound sepsis rate in patients who have a gastric resection in the presence of gastric cancer or gastric ulcer.     

选择性迷走神经切断术加胃窦切除术治疗十二指肠溃疡远期疗效观察

目的：研究选择性迷走神经切断加胃窦切除术（SV＋A）治疗十二指肠溃疡远期疗效。方法：1977年11月－2001年11月采用SV＋A治疗193例十二指肠溃疡患者,其中顽固性溃疡28例,溃疡伴出血112例,溃疡伴幽门梗阻41例,胃十二指肠复合性溃疡12例。结果：SV＋A术后及术后随访基础胃酸分泌（BAO）、胰岛素刺激后胃酸分泌（IMAO）、五肽胃泌素刺激后胃酸分泌（PMAO）和血清胃泌素显著下降,壁细胞呈现分泌抑制的特征;术后1－10年和11－24年的随访,患者属于Visick I、Ⅱ级分别占95．60％和96．61％,Ⅲ级分别占（4．40％）和（3．39％）,无溃疡复发。结论：SV＋A降酸显著而持久,无溃疡复发。该术式是手术治疗十二指肠溃疡特别是溃疡并发症的有效方法。     

Operative management of stress ulcers in children.

The operative management of stress ulcer in children is controversial. Between the years 1969 and 1981, ten children were operated on at the Babies Hospital for stress ulcer. Their illnesses included connective tissue disorders (3), sepsis (2), Reye's syndrome (1), hemolytic uremic syndrome (1), leukemia (1), closed head injury (1), and renal failure (1). In those with bleeding (8), aggressive conventional medical management was attempted prior to operation. Four children also received intravenous cimetidine. Four patients underwent embolization of a feeding artery and/or selective vasopressin infusion. In those patients who perforated (2), operation was performed after a brief period of resuscitation. Ten patients underwent 11 operations. In those who bled, multiple ulcerations were the most common finding. Operative procedures consisted of partial gastrectomy and vagotomy (4), partial gastrectomy alone (2), and vagotomy and pyloroplasty (2). One child who underwent vagotomy and pyloroplasty required partial gastrectomy for recurrent bleeding. Of the two children who perforated, one was managed by plication and the other by partial gastrectomy. There were two deaths (20%), both occurring in patients who had undergone gastrectomy. One survivor has mild dumping. This experience suggests that in children (1) stress ulcers are commonly multiple when associated with major medical illnesses; (2) partial gastrectomy with or without vagotomy affords maximum protection against recurrent bleeding; (3) lesser procedures are effective for solitary bleeding duodenal ulcers or perforation; and (4) selective arterial embolization or vasopressin infusion are unreliable methods for controlling bleeding.