儿童肾小球性血尿321例临床与病理分析

血尿为儿童时期一常见症状,其发病率位居小儿泌尿系统疾病的第四位,绝大多数儿童血尿的病因是肾小球疾病(肾小球性血尿)。本院自1985年1月～2002年12月收治以血尿为首发及主要症状的患儿428例,381例临床拟诊为肾小球性血尿,其中321例接受了。肾活检病理检查。现对此321例肾小     

孤立性血尿临床与病理

血尿是儿科泌尿系统疾病的常见症状，而非临床诊断。其病因较多，既可为肾脏本身病变的症状，也可继发于全身性疾患，临床诊断较困难。现将孤立性血尿（isolated hematuria,IH）的临床与病理中几个问题进行讨论，并参考有关文献介绍如下。     

儿童孤立性血尿23例临床病理分析

目的探讨小儿孤立性血尿的病理类型。方法对符合孤立性血尿诊断标准的23例患儿,行B超定位引导,局麻或全麻后,采用负压吸引行小儿经皮肾活检;肾穿标本用特制邮寄盒远程送检,肾组织进行光镜、电镜及免疫组织化学检查。结果膜性增生性肾小球肾炎(MsPGN)8例(34.9%),微小病变性肾病(MCN)5例(21.7%),IgA肾病(IgAN)4例(17.4%),薄基底膜肾病(TMN)3例(13%),Alport′s综合征(AS)、局灶性节段性硬化(FSGS)I、gM肾病(IgMN)各1例(各4.3%)。结论孤立性血尿患儿以MsPGN、MGA及IgAN为主,TMN、FSGS占一定比例,极少数患儿可出现严重肾小球硬化改变。     

血尿306例临床与病理分析

目的 研究血尿患儿的临床特征及肾脏病理特点。方法 对以血尿为首发及主要表现并具备肾活检病理诊断的306例血尿患儿的临床与病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果 IgA肾病占42％，系膜增殖性肾小球肾炎占38％，薄基底膜肾病占6％，Alport综合征占3％，其他占11％。结论 血尿严重程度与病理类型无明显关系，伴大量蛋白尿或高血压者病理损害相对较严重。     

红细胞0～2/HPF孤立性微量肾小球血尿的临床意义

目的 探讨尿检红细胞0-2／HPF的孤立性微量肾小球血尿的临床意义。方法 57例肾穿刺血尿患儿按其尿检红细胞数目分为3组，红细胞0～2／HPF的孤立性微小肾小球血尿患儿15例，尿检红细胞≥3个／HPF的孤立性肾小球镜下血尿17例，肉眼血尿患儿25例；肾组织进行光镜、电镜、免疫荧光检查及病理损害积分；对其临床、病理及病理损害积分对比分析。结果 3组病理改变涉及系膜增生性肾炎(MsPGN)、轻微病变(minimal lesion disease，MLD)、局灶节段增生性肾炎(FSPGN)、毛细血管内增生性肾炎(EnCPGN)，其中以MsPGN最为常见43／57例(75.4％)；不同临床表现类型的血尿病理改变类型差异无显著性，病理损害程度不完全与临床血尿轻重成正比。结论 尿检红细胞0～2／HPF的孤立性微量肾小球血尿可能为某些肾脏疾病的早期改变，其病理改变具多样性，随访及掌握肾穿刺活检的适应证进行病理检查，对明确诊断，指导治疗，改善预后有重要意义。     

小儿孤立性血尿的病理分析

血尿是小儿肾小球疾病最常见临床表现之一 ,且可以是唯一的临床表现 ,而其病理类型可以多种多样。究竟小儿孤立性血尿见于哪些病理类型？本文通过对４５例孤立性血尿的病理分析对此问题作一初步分析如下。对象及方法一、对象我院１９９９年３月～２００１年３月对４５例孤立性血尿的患儿施行肾活检术。男２５例 ,女２０例 ;年龄２～１４岁。孤立性血尿的诊断标准 :①离心尿 ,红细胞≥３个／ＨＰ ,３次以上 ;②红细胞形态为肾小球性 ;③２４小时尿蛋白定量＜０．５ｇ;④无浮肿、高血压 ,肾功能正常二、方法所有患儿均在Ｂ超引导下实施肾活检…     

肾小球疾病60例临床病理分析

通过60例肾小球疾病患儿起病形式与病理分型对照、临床诊断与病理类型关系分析，观察27例原发性肾病综合征病理与临床分型对激素初治的效应，表明临床与病理必须相辅相承，方能正确指导治疗。     

原发性局灶节段性肾小球硬化48例临床病理分析

目的 探讨原发性局灶节段性肾小球硬化（FSGS）的临床表现、肾脏病理和治疗反应的特点及关系。方法 对肾活检确诊的原发性FSGS患儿48例。男34例，女14例；年龄1．75～16．0岁。回顾性分析其临床表现、实验室指标和肾组织形态学特点，比较不同病理分型与临床的关系。结果 原发性FSGS临床诊断以肾病综合征（Ns）最多[32例（66．7％）]，肾组织病理学分型以非特殊性（NOS）FSGS最多[29例（60．42％）]，无塌陷型。各型节段硬化肾小球比例相似，球形硬化肾小球比例门部型（18．08±26．40）明显高于非特殊性FSGs（2．51±6．68）和其他2型[合计（1．81±4．06）]，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；各型均有小管间质损害，血管病变均少见。结论 FSGS中高血压和肾功能不全少见，临床表现为单纯性血尿者也可发生FSGS；不同病理类型均有肾小管间质损害，但血管病变少见；激素初治大多敏感，但后期多表现为频繁复发，加用免疫抑制剂有助于提高缓解率。     

血尿的临床与病理、草酸盐肾病

血尿为儿科泌尿系统常见症状之一。大致可分为肾小球性血尿与非肾小球性血尿两大类。其病因诊断已见上述。目前国内儿科尚未制定有关血尿的诊断、检查常规,临床上对血尿患儿缺乏有关针对性检查,甚至作了不必要的检查,不仅对诊断无帮助,     

表现为孤立性血尿的儿童IgA肾病临床与病理分析

目的 探讨表现为孤立性血尿的儿童IgA肾病（IgAN）的临床、病理特点及肾穿的必要性。方法回顾性分析52例表现为孤立性血尿的儿童IgAN的临床与病理特点。其中男36例，女16例；平均年龄10、2岁。结果发作性肉眼血尿占78．8％，Lee病理分级Ⅲ级占78．8％，有肾脏不良病理表现占48％。发作性肉眼血尿与镜下血尿Lee病理分级、肾脏不良病理表现百分率、肾脏免疫球蛋白沉积类型、IgA沉积强度比较差异均无显著性（P=0．227，0．845，0．276，0．957）。肾脏免疫荧光Fg、C1q阳性者肾脏不良病理表现百分率分别高于Fg、C1q阴性者（P=0．013，0．048）。结论 表现为孤立性血尿儿童IgAN以发作性肉眼血尿多见，Lee病理分级以Ⅲ级多见，常有肾脏不良病理表现，血尿与肾脏病理严重程度不成正比，即使是表现为镜下血尿者也应及早行肾活检。肾脏Fg、C1q沉积可能与肾脏不良病理表现有关。     

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目的分析无症状尿检异常患儿的肾脏病理,了解无症状尿检异常患儿的病理改变和临床表现的关系。方法回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院儿内肾脏科2004年1月至2010年12月172例无症状尿检异常患儿临床资料,根据尿检结果分为单纯性血尿组(149例,86.6%)、单纯性蛋白尿组(7例,4.1%)和血尿合并蛋白尿组(16例,9.3%),所有患儿排除感染、结石、肿瘤及继发性肾炎并进行肾活检作光镜、免疫病理和电镜检查。结果 172例患儿的病理分型显示:肾小球轻微病变115例(66.9%)、局灶节段性肾小球硬化22例(12.8%)、IgA肾病13例(7.6%)、局灶球性肾小球硬化11例(6.4%)、薄基膜病4例(2.3%)、其他7例(4.1%)。血尿合并蛋白尿组中肾小球轻微病变占31.3%,IgA肾病占50%。单纯性血尿组中肉眼血尿患儿的肾脏病理中肾小球轻微病变和局灶节段性肾小球硬化分别占56.3%和25.0%。结论幼儿园入园尿检和入学尿检有利于早期发现慢性肾脏疾病。尿检异常中单纯性血尿需要密切随访,血尿合并蛋白尿和肉眼血尿患儿的应尽早进行肾组织穿刺活检。     

体位改变对胡桃夹现象患儿血尿的影响

目的观察胡桃夹现象（NCP）患儿不同体位时血尿的变化。方法经彩色多普勒超声检查确诊的伴NCP的无症状血尿患儿25例,采取胸膝卧位和直立挺腰位后留尿,分别用位相显微镜检测尿红细胞形态和数量。以28例无NCP的无症状血尿患儿作对照。结果NCP组患儿胸膝卧位时尿正形红细胞数量（中位数500个／ml）显著低于直立挺腰位（中位数4500个／ml,P=0．00）;而尿畸形红细胞计数差异无统计学意义（中位数分别为8000个／ml和2500个／ml,P=0．233）。对照组患儿胸膝卧位时尿正形红细胞（中位数2000个／ml）与直立挺腰位（中位数1000个／ml）差异无统计学意义（P=0．537）;畸形红细胞数量（中位数分别为10500个／ml和12500个／ml）差异也无统计学意义（P=0．134）。结论NCP患儿在胸膝卧位时尿中排出正形红细胞数量显著低于直立挺腰位,提示不同体位可影响NCP患儿血尿定量;体位试验有可能作为胡桃夹现象的辅助诊断。     

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??Abstract?? Hematuria is a common problem in children?? and a high prevalence of asymptomatic haematuria was found in early screening for chronic kidney disease ??CKD??. The causes of disease are complex?? so long-term follow-up and management are very important. Meanwhile?? renal biopsy indication of asymptomatic microscopic haematuria is ancontroversial issue. Epidemiological studies will provide scientific information with guiding roles and application values for asymptomatic haematuria?? especially CKD.     

Detection of respiratory viruses in asymptomatic children undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation

Detection of respiratory viruses by molecular methods, in children without respiratory symptoms undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), has not been well described. A prospective study of 33 asymptomatic children detected respiratory viruses in 8 of 33 (24%) patients before HCT. Human rhinovirus (HRV) was detected in five patients, and human adenovirus (hADV) in three patients. Two additional patients shed HRV, and one shed human coronavirus (hCoV), post‐HCT. Two patients had co‐infections. Of the 11 asymptomatic patients where respiratory virus was detected, 3 (27%) later developed an upper respiratory tract infection, from the same virus. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 149–151. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

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??Abstract?? Isolated hematuria is a common disease which nephrologists encounter in clinical work.The causes of isolated hematuria predominantly include IgA nephropathy?? Alport syndrome and thin basement membrane nephropathy.Renal biopsy is not recommended for all patients unless specific indications are present. However?? we value the long term follow-up assessment in order to improve prognosis.     

Urinary cytokine response to asymptomatic bacteriuria in type 1 diabetic children and young adults

It has been reported that urinary interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 levels are decreased in adult diabetic women with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) when compared with non-diabetic women with ASB. Such impaired cytokine excretion might play a role in the higher prevalence of ASB among diabetic subjects. The aim of this study was to examine the urinary IL profile in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with and without ASB. Midstream clean voiding urine samples were collected and cultured from 133 patients with T1DM (age: 15.6 +/- 5.7 yr) and 178 controls (14.1 +/- 4.7 yr) for two consecutive days. ASB was diagnosed in the case of >or=10(5) bacteria/mL. The urinary IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations were determined, and the presence of leukocyturia was also recorded. The prevalence of ASB was 16.5% in diabetic subjects and 2.8% in controls (p = 0.001). There was no difference between the diabetic and the control groups in the prevalence of 'IL-6-uria' (21.9 vs. 18.0%; p = 0.41), but IL-8 was more frequently detectable in the diabetic group (47.4 vs. 27.5%; p = 0.001). In individuals with ASB, the IL-8 level was similar in the diabetic (median: 70.0 pg/mg creatinine) and control group (42.3 pg/mg creatinine; p = 0.8). Indeed, the IL-8 levels were higher in diabetic subjects with ASB as compared with those without it (70.0 vs. <3.1 pg/mg creatinine; p = 0.001), and there was a significant association between the urinary IL-8 concentration and the bacterial count (p = 0.001). Diabetic patients with leukocyturia had higher IL-8 concentration than those without it (20.9 vs. <3.1 pg/mg creatinine; p = 0.003). Weak significant correlation was found between urinary IL-8 and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (r = 0.4; p = 0.002). The sensitivity and specificity of leukocyturia were 50 and 89.9% in the whole population and those of IL-8 were 74.1 and 67.5%, respectively. In diabetic patients, 36.4% of the bacteriuria were gram-negative and 63.6% gram-positive. Our results suggest that diabetic children with ASB mount an IL-8 response to pathogens, which is comparable to non-diabetic children with bacteriuria. Thus, early in the natural history of diabetes, there are no significant changes in the IL response of children with ASB, as previously reported in adults.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征43例尸检病理及临床分析

目的探讨小儿呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的致病因素及进展过程。方法 对符合ARDS病理改变的43例尸检肺脏进行回顾性评分和临床分析。结果导致ARDS的基础疾病复杂,各器官、系统的危重疾病均可导致。若全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)不及时阻断,可致急性肺损伤(ALI)、ARDS,最终演变为多器官功能不全综合征(MODS)。胃肠功能不全可加重其他器官损伤。结论危重患儿SIRS、ALI、ARDS、MODS是迅速发展的过程。应重视胃肠功能不全,及早防治。     

1000例肾活检儿童临床与病理分析

目的探讨肾活检儿童的临床、病理特点及两者之间的关系。方法回顾性分析1 000例肾脏病患儿临床与肾脏病理资料。结果 1 000例患儿肾活检取材成功962例,成功率96.2%。患儿术后出现轻度并发症170例,并发症发生率为17%。临床表现与病理大部分符合,但有20例临床与病理诊断不符。结论儿童肾脏病的临床表现轻重与病理改变轻重并不平行,仅凭临床表现进行诊治,有误诊、过度治疗、延误治疗的可能,病理诊断对临床治疗及预后评价具有重要的指导意义。     

儿童胰母细胞瘤的临床病理分析

目的通过分析儿童胰母细胞瘤（PB ）的临床表现、病理特点及预后等因素,提高对PB的认识。方法回顾性分析近5年我院PB患儿的临床资料。结果 PB患儿共9例,男5例,女4例,平均年龄5岁（2个月～12岁）;8例因偶然发现腹部包块就诊,1例产前（32周）超声检查提示胰腺占位就诊;腹部超声（n＝6）及CT（n＝7）检查均提示胰腺占位;2例外周血白细胞升高,3例血清甲胎蛋白（AFP）升高;8例行肿瘤切除,1例取瘤组织活检;1例术后第2年和第3年分别发生肝转移;肿瘤累及胰头部6例,体尾部2例,整个胰腺1例;肿瘤最大直径3～18 cm,平均10 cm,结节状,切面灰白色,实性,细腻,部分区域呈囊性,可见明显的出血及坏死;镜下：肿瘤富含细胞,由形态一致的上皮细胞构成,瘤细胞呈实性片巢状排列,混有分化好的腺泡样结构,可见特征性“鳞状上皮小体”;免疫组织化学染色显示有腺泡、内分泌和导管分化的证据,表现为胰酶、内分泌标记和癌胚抗原（CEA）的阳性表达。结论胰母细胞瘤是儿童胰腺最常见的恶性肿瘤,镜下显示有腺泡、内分泌和导管的分化及特征性鳞状小体结构,确诊主要依据病理检查结果,应注意与胰腺其它肿瘤鉴别。首选的治疗方案是肿瘤的完整切除。预后较成人好。