重组人转化生长因子β_1对正畸牙模型大鼠牙齿移动和体重的影响

目的观察局部注射不同剂量重组人转化生长因子β_1(rhTGF-β_1)对正畸牙模型大鼠牙齿移动和体重的影响。方法建立正畸牙移动模型,30只模型大鼠按rhTGF-β_1的剂量随机分0(对照组)、1、5、10、50、100ng组,每组5只。将不同剂量rhTGF-β_1每3d注射于模型大鼠左上颌第一磨牙颊侧牙龈黏膜下,10d后处死动物。测量牙齿移动距离,称量动物体重。结果实验组移动距离均大于对照组,1ng组牙齿移动距离较多,与对照组相比有显著差异;5ng组达峰值,与对照组相比有非常显著差异(P<0.01),10、50、100ng组牙齿移动距离明显减少,与5ng组相比均有显著差异(P<0.05),与对照组间均无显著差异,3组间相比亦无显著差异(P>0.05)。各组动物处死时体重均轻于实验前,但各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论低剂量rhTGF-β_1可加快正畸牙移动速度,高剂量对正畸牙移动速度无明显影响,且正畸牙移动过程中外源性TGF-β_1局部应用对大鼠体重无明显影响。     

基因重组鼠碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对大鼠正畸牙齿移动的影响

目的:探讨外源性碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对正畸牙移动的影响,以及在正畸牙齿移动的机制中所具有重要的意义,为正畸临床工作提供理论依据。方法:48只雄性Wistar大鼠,适应性饲养一周后随机分为空白组(8只)、生理盐水对照组(20只)、rmbFGF注射组(20只)。在生理盐水对照组和rmbFGF注射组大鼠双侧上颌第一磨牙与上颌切牙之间安装正畸螺旋弹簧,使大鼠磨牙近中移动。实验组在大鼠右侧第一磨牙区注射rmbFGF溶液1.0mL,计量为5μL/mL,每隔两天一次,一共三次。各组大鼠分别于牙齿移动0,1,7,14,21d后取材分别进行HE染色。游标卡尺测定牙移动距离。结果:rmbFGF注射组牙齿移动速度高于对照组。HE染色,在大鼠正畸牙牙周组织中rmbFGF注射组压力侧:单核—巨噬细胞、破骨细胞和张力区牙槽骨边缘的成骨细胞数量比对照组明显增加;张力侧成骨反应明显强于对照组。结论:外源性bFGF可以促进牙周组织的改建,可能在加速正畸牙齿移动、缩短疗程方面具有重要意义。     

联合应用bFGF和IGF-1对大鼠正畸牙移动过程中牙周组织改建的影响

目的：通过局部单独及联合应用bFGF和IGF-1．探讨两种生长因子对大鼠正畸牙移动过程中牙周组织改建的影响。方法：将大鼠随机分成二组,对照组岫FGF＋IGF-1组．每组20只。于大鼠上颌左侧第一磨牙与上切牙之间安装一闭隙镍钛拉簧,力值50g。二组分别隔日在正畸牙颊侧牙龈黏膜下注射生理盐水0．1mL;bFGF＋IGF—1,200ng／m＋1mg／mL备0．1mL。并在正畸加力后的第1、3、7、14、21d每组各处死四只。制备牙体-牙周组织标本,HE染色和免疫组化染色,统计学分析。结果．bFGF＋IGF-1组与对照组比较（压力侧和张力侧）在7d、14d、21d有差异（P〈0．05）。结论出FGF和IGF-1的联合应用对大鼠正畸牙移动中牙周组织的改建有促进作用。     

补中益气丸对膀胱出口梗阻大鼠膀胱逼尿肌的影响

目的观察补中益气丸对膀胱出口梗阻大鼠离体膀胱逼尿肌收缩功能的影响。方法建立膀胱出口梗阻大鼠模型。给予高中低剂量的补中益气丸4周;制备离体膀胱逼尿肌标本,采用离体膀胱条张力实验观察药物对逼尿肌收缩功能的影响。结果模型组和小剂量组大鼠膀胱湿重明显大于假手术组（P＜0．05）,其他各组膀胱湿重与假手术组差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。与假手术组相比,模型组、小剂量组标本收缩反应明显减弱（P＜0．05或＜0．01）,Emax值增小,EC50值变大;与模型组相比,补中益气丸大、中剂量组逼尿肌收缩反应Emax值增大,EC50值变小（P＜0．05或＜0．01）,与假手术组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论补中益气丸大中剂量组能明显改善膀胱出口梗阻大鼠膀胱逼尿肌收缩功能。     

不同咀嚼压力对大鼠正畸移动牙压力侧牙槽骨改建的影响

目的 研究不同咀嚼压力对大鼠正畸移动牙压力侧牙槽骨改建的影响。方法 选取8周龄雄性SD大鼠45只,按随机数字表法分为基线组5只、软食组20只和硬食组20只。基线组大鼠在实验初始处死、取材。软食组和硬食组建立上颌右侧第一磨牙近中移动模型,左侧不加力作为对照。各组喂以相应饮食,分别于加力后第3、5、7、14天各处死5只大鼠,取双侧上颌骨。Micro CT测量加力磨牙近中移动距离及压力侧牙槽骨骨体积/组织体积（BV/TV）、骨小梁分离度（Tb.Sp）和骨小梁厚度（Tb.Th）。抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（TRAP）染色计数破骨细胞数量;原位杂交染色观察细胞核因子-κB受体活化因子配体（RANKL）和骨保护素（OPG）mRNA表达随时间变化情况。结果 第14天时软食加力组牙齿移动距离小于硬食加力组（P<0.05）。软食加力组与硬食加力组压力侧牙槽骨BV/TV、Tb.Sp、Tb.Th差异无统计学意义。细胞计数和原位杂交结果显示,在第5、7天,软食加力组的破骨细胞数量和RANKL/OPG比值均低于硬食加力组（P<0.05）。结论 较小的咀嚼压力会减低大鼠正畸牙压力侧牙槽骨中的破骨活动,减小牙齿...     

正畸牙移动对炎性大鼠牙周组织改建的实验研究

目的：对比分析牙周炎牙移动和正常牙移动对牙周组织改建的影响。方法：72只Wistar大鼠随机平分为牙周炎牙移动及正常牙移动0d、1d、3d、7d、14d、21d组,共12组。近中移动各组大鼠上颌第一磨牙,分别测量各组大鼠牙齿移动距离并进行HE染色分析。结果：在既定时间内,牙周炎组大鼠牙移动距离大于正常组;与正常组比较牙周炎牙移动组压力侧破骨现象明显,张力侧成骨延缓。结论：进行正畸治疗一定要注意并维护牙周组织健康,对牙周炎正畸患者要进行彻底的牙周治疗和维护。     

血小板衍生生长因子-BB和转化生长因子-β_1联合应用对大鼠正畸牙移动的影响

目的观察局部应用血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)-BB、转化生长因子(TGF)-β1及两者联合作用对大鼠正畸牙移动的影响。方法选用6～8周龄Wistar雄性大鼠40只,随机分为A组、B组、C组和D组,每组10只。在大鼠上颌左侧第一磨牙与上切牙之间安装一力值50g的正畸装置拉磨牙向近中移动,每隔3d在第一磨牙颊侧牙龈黏膜下注射生长因子0.1ml。A组:联合注射5ngTGF-β1及10ngPDGF-BB,B组:注射10ngPDGF-BB,C组:注射5ngTGF-β1,D组:即对照组注射0.9%氯化钠注射液。每组分别于加力第1,3,7,14天,制作标准模型,测量左上颌第一磨牙的移动距离,加力14d后,处死大鼠,取第一磨牙及其牙周组织,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察牙周组织的形态改变、计数压力侧破骨细胞数量。结果实验组大鼠压力侧破骨细胞数在实验过程中明显多于对照组,且实验组大鼠牙齿在加力的7d和14d移动距离大于对照组,PDGF-BB与TGF-β1联合应用有协同效应,其压力侧破骨细胞计数及牙齿移动距离与单一因子组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应用外源性的PDGF-BB与TGF-β1能增加破骨细胞的产生,同时能显著加快牙齿移动距离,两者联合应用时,具有协同效应,效果更明显。     

健脾益气方对化疗性胃肠功能紊乱大鼠血清GAS、EGF水平的影响

目的探讨健脾益气方（JPYQ）防治大鼠化疗性胃肠功能紊乱的效果及作用机制。方法将48只大鼠按随机原则分为6组：空白对照组、化疗模型组、枸橼酸莫沙必利组（阳性药对照组）、化疗＋JPYQ高剂量组（高剂量组）、化疗＋JPYQ中剂量组（中剂量组）、化疗＋JPYQ低剂量组（低剂量组）,每组8只。采用环磷酰胺制备大鼠化疗模型,在实验的第1、3、5天,空白对照组给予生理盐水腹腔注射,其余5组给予环磷酰胺注射液腹腔注射,造模后每组给予相应的药物灌胃。检测各组大鼠血清胃泌素（GAS）与表皮生长因子（EGF）的水平。结果与空白对照组比较,化疗模型组大鼠血清EGF水平明显降低,GAS含量则明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;与模型组比较,JPYQ高剂量组和阳性药对照组大鼠血清EGF含量显著升高（P〈0．05）,而中、低剂量组大鼠血清EGF含量差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;各给药组大鼠血清GAS水平与模型组及与空白对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论JPYQ防治化疗性胃肠功能紊乱的效果明显,其作用机制主要与影响血清EGF水平相关。     

局部注射IGF对大鼠正畸牙齿移动的影响

目的：观察局部注射重组鼠的胰岛素样生长因子-1（rrIGF-1）对大鼠正畸牙齿移动的影响,探讨IGF在正畸牙齿移动中的作用机制。方法：建立大鼠牙齿移动模型．实验中分别将rrIGF及生理盐水注射入实验组及对照组大鼠右侧上颌第一磨牙腭侧的骨黏膜下,分别在加力1、3、7、14、21d后记录上颌第一磨牙移动距离。用HE染色观察牙周组织变化情况并采用免疫组织化学方法对组织中表达的IGF进行分析。结果：实验组大鼠压力侧破骨细胞数和成骨细胞数在实验全过程中均多于对照组,实验组大鼠牙齿移动距离明显大于对照组。结论：证实IGF参与了牙齿移动过程中的牙周组织改建,内源性IGF和注射IGF都使牙齿移动量显著增加。     

2,3,6,7-二苯并蒽对大鼠生殖内分泌影响的研究

目的：探讨2，3，6，7－二苯并蒽对切除卵巢大鼠生殖内分泌和子宫雌激素受体的影响。方法：应用放射免疫法（RIA）和放射配体受体法。结果：2，3，6，7－二苯并蒽在皮下注射5d后，低及高剂量均可导致切除卵巢的大鼠子宫湿重明显增加（P＜0．01），低及高剂量组大鼠子宫雌激素受体数量与对照组比，差异无显著性（P＞0．05），但高剂量组大鼠子宫雌激素受体亲和力明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）。低及高剂量组血清中卵泡刺激素（FSH）含量与对照组比，差异无显著性（P＞0．05），低及,高剂量组血清中黄体生成素（LH）含量明显降低（P＜0．01，P＜0．05），高剂量组血清中催乳素（PRL）含量明显增加（P＜0．05）。结论：2，3，6，7－二苯并蒽雌激素活性的作用机制可能是干扰下丘脑－垂体－卵巢轴对生殖内分泌的调控。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.