儿童大叶性肺炎344例临床分析

目的分析儿童大叶性肺炎的临床特点及病原学变迁。方法对344例大叶性肺炎病例的临床及病原学特点进行回顾性分析。结果发病年龄平均6.1岁,〈1岁24例,1～3岁56例,〉3～6岁104例,〉6～18岁160例。344例患儿中咳嗽342例（99.4%）,多为刺激性干咳,发热267例（77.6%）,胸痛57例（16.7%）,气促45例;肺炎支原体抗体188例,80例病毒感染,14例痰培养阳性,混合感染46例。细菌感染多发生于≤3岁儿童,〉3岁儿童支原体感染发生率高。累及部位右肺多于左肺,均以下叶为主;经系统治疗后,大部分好转,2例放弃治疗后死亡。结论大叶性肺炎多好发于3岁以上儿童,由肺炎链球菌感染引起的大叶性肺炎逐渐减少,而由支原体、病毒及其他细菌感染引起的大叶性肺炎逐渐增多,大部分经治疗后预后良好。     

危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒肺炎的多层螺旋CT表现

目的：探讨危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒肺炎患者的多层螺旋CT的影像学特点。方法：回顾性分析21例确诊的危重症甲型H1N1流感患者的64层螺旋CT影像资料。结果：21例患者中,①所有病变均表现为双侧分布,且主要为弥漫性分布,多灶性病变以中下肺叶为主。其中累及右肺上叶9例,右肺中叶14例,右肺下叶19例,左肺上叶9例,左肺下叶19例。②病变形态表现为：支气管血管束增粗（21/21,100%）,小叶中心结节（12/21,57.1%）,小叶间隔增厚（9/21,42.9%）,网状结节（3/21,14.3%）,磨玻璃样密度影（14/21,66.7%）,斑片融合影（7/21,33.3%）,大片实变密度影（9/21,42.9%）,支气管气象（5/21,23.8%）。③胸膜腔积液（8/21,38.1%,其中5例单侧,3例双侧）;淋巴结肿大（9/21,42.9%,其中5例腋窝淋巴结肿大,3例纵隔淋巴结肿大,2例腋窝、纵隔均淋巴结肿大）;胸膜肥厚（12/21,57.1%）;心包积液（1/21,4.76%）。④9例复查危重症甲型H1N1流感患者中3例死亡者首诊MSCT见双肺中下叶斑片及实变密度影、磨玻璃密度影。复查见病变进展迅速,双肺实变明显,死于呼吸衰竭。6例好转者肺内病变明显吸收,仅遗留少许索条或小斑片状影。结论：危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒肺炎64层螺旋CT主要表现为双肺内弥漫分布的磨玻璃密度影及多灶性实变影,多同时累及肺实质及肺间质,可伴有胸膜腔积液、淋巴结肿大、胸膜肥厚等。病程进展以磨玻璃密度影及实变影范围扩大为主要标志。     

老年社区获得性肺炎118例临床诊疗分析

对2008年1月～2010年1月118例住院治疗的老年社区获得性肺炎患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果118例CAP患者中有96例（81.36%）检测到病原体。检出肺炎支原体19例,肺炎衣原体4例,嗜肺军团菌3例。分离出流感嗜血杆菌26例,肺炎链球菌34例,卡他莫拉菌2例,肺炎克雷伯杆菌3例,金黄色葡萄球菌5例。混合感染26例。其中治愈91例（77.12%）,好转24例（20.34%）,死亡3例（2.54%）,总有效率为97.46%。流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎链球菌是CAP的主要致病菌。对老年社区获得性肺炎要掌握其规律,做到早期诊断,联合用药,疗程足够,以提高治愈率。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎CT征象再讨论

目的寻找新型冠状病毒肺炎（NCP）的特征性CT征象,并从影像病理学角度探讨其临床意义。方法收集整理2020年1月26日至2月12日河北省确诊为NCP的40例病人的CT图像,对其72侧肺部,234个肺段,共459个病灶进行分析;同时与随机抽取的20例本院诊治的其他性质肺炎（非NCP）病人的28侧肺部,79个肺段,共258个病灶的CT图像进行比较研究。结果NCP组病灶多位于两肺下叶（分别为30个,23.44%）,多累及双侧（32例,80.00%）,且累及5个肺叶的比例较大,其在左、右侧肺分布上差异不大,伴有胸腔积液的仅为1例（2.50%）。NCP组与非NCP组在病灶累及肺叶数量、扇形分布、肺血增多或肺水肿、伴有血管增粗和支气管壁增厚上差异有统计学意义。18例有复查资料的患者中有进展的为13例（占72.22%）,其中8例有肺血增多或肺水肿（占62%）,11例累及双侧（约占85%）。结论NCP的CT表现有其特征性,而且其可能更容易侵犯血管引起血管炎,进而会导致肺水肿和心肺循环紊乱的发生,这对于预测患者病情发展可能具有提示作用。     

老年人社区获得性肺炎临床分析

目的：分析老年人社区获得性肺炎的临床特点及流行病学特征。方法：对上海市宝山区25家医院3502例老年人社区获得性肺炎患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：年龄60～105（75.03±8.42）岁,男性1831例（52.3%）,女性1671例（47.7%）。冬春季节发病2406例（68.7%）,夏秋季发病1096例（31.3%）。发热1578例（45.1%）,咳嗽或咳痰1986例（56.7%）,乏力伴纳差2001例（57.1%）。血白细胞数升高（≥10×109/L）708例（20.2%）,白细胞数正常而中性粒细胞升高1209例（34.5%）,白细胞数减少（≤4×109/L）88例（2.5%）,两者均正常1497例（42.7%）。双肺肺炎996例（28.4%）,左肺肺炎913例（26.1%）,右肺肺炎1593例（45.5%）。合并基础疾病1935例（55.3%）,出现并发症518例（14.8%）。患者住院天数8～47（18.3±2.4）d。住院费用为人民币1865～9892（4823.36±251.24）元。死亡291例（9.3%）。结论：老年人社区获得性肺炎临床表现不典型,双肺病变多见,合并基础疾病及并发症多,住院时间长,医疗费用较高。     

肺炎支原体感染致小儿大叶肺炎21例临床分析

摘要：目的 探讨肺炎支原体感染致小儿大叶性肺炎（肺炎支原体肺炎）的临床特点、诊疗方法。方法 总结21例肺炎支原体感染致小儿大叶性肺炎的临床资料及治疗与转归。结果 本组病例以年长儿多见，3~5岁3例，5~10岁18例，临床表现为发热、咳嗽，肺部体征少，可伴有肺外并发症；21例胸部X线均呈单侧大叶性肺炎，1例以腹痛、腹泻为首发症状，1例并少量胸腔积液；肺炎支原体特异性抗体IgM（MP-IgM）测定均阳性；所有病例阿齐霉素治疗有效。结论：肺炎支原体感染致小儿大叶性肺炎在临床和X线表现上与细菌性肺炎不易区分，尤其与肺炎链球菌感染的大叶性肺炎难以区分，血清学检测MP—IgM为诊断的主要手段；大环内酯类抗生素是治疗的有效药物。     

输入性2019-nCoV肺炎的临床和CT特征初步观察

目的：初步探讨输入性2019-nCoV肺炎的临床和CT表现特点。方法：回顾性分析12例输入性2019-nCoV肺炎患者的临床及CT资料，初步分析该病的CT特征。结果：12例患者（100%）均有流行病学史，最常见的症状是发热（12/12,100%）和咳嗽（8/12,66.7%）,9例（75%）患者白细胞计数正常，7例（58.3%）淋巴细胞计数减少，C反应蛋白升高5例（41.7%）。CT影像所见病变发生一侧肺者2例（左肺），双侧肺者10例。病变局限于1个肺叶2例，两个肺叶3例，3个以上肺叶7例。病灶主要在两肺外周胸膜下分布10例，单纯毛玻璃结节（GGO）2例，GGO伴有实性成分6例，GGO伴有实性结节4例，病灶形态斑片影10例，类圆形病灶2例，6例可见空气支气管征，4例可见小叶间隔增粗，3例可见纤维灶。12例患者均未见胸腔积液和淋巴结肿大。结论：患者有发热和或咳嗽症状，实验室检查白细胞计数正常，粒细胞计数减低，CT影像所见两下肺外周多发GGO病变，同时有流行病学史时高度提示输入性2019-nCoV肺炎可能。     

变应性支气管肺曲霉菌病的影像学表现

目的分析变应性支气管肺曲霉菌病(ABPA)的影像学表现。方法回顾性分析6例ABPA病例的直接数字化X线摄影(DR)胸片和胸部高分辨率CT(HRCT)的影像特点。结果 6例病人DR胸片和HRCT均可见支气管扩张和肺内实变病灶,其中1例为单发实变病灶,5例为多发实变;5例可见中心性支气管扩张,1例中心性支气管和外周支气管均可见扩张。HRCT示实变共累及上叶10个肺叶,中叶(或舌叶)8个肺叶,下叶5个肺叶;6例HRCT均可见磨玻璃密度影,2例可见树芽征;6例病人HRCT均见上叶支气管扩张,其中2例为一侧上叶支气管扩张,4例为多叶、多段支气管扩张。上叶支气管扩张共累及10个肺叶,中叶(或舌叶)支气管扩张共累及8个肺叶,下叶支气管扩张共累及6个肺叶;静脉曲张样扩张为主4例,囊状扩张和柱状扩张为主各1例。扩张支气管内见黏液崁塞2例,形成"指套"征,增强扫描无强化。扩张支气管内见钙化和软组织密度影者各1例。内见气液平面者2例。肺门淋巴结肿大1例。结论对于有长期哮喘病史,HRCT显示有肺内实变病灶和中央支气管扩张,特别是扩张支气管内有黏液崁塞、钙化或软组织密度影且病变主要分布在中上肺者应考虑ABPA的诊断。     

儿童坏死性肺炎支原体肺炎的影像学表现

目的探讨儿童坏死性肺炎支原体肺炎的影像学特点。方法回顾性分析经临床确诊的17例坏死性肺炎支原体肺炎患儿的临床资料和影像学表现。结果 17例坏死性肺炎支原体肺炎影像学均表现为肺内实质浸润及液性坏死,9例为单一肺叶受累,8例2个及以上肺叶受累;9例肺内有空腔形成;15例合并胸膜改变。随访中17例肺内实质浸润及液化坏死区范围缩小或者明显吸收,2例局部残留支气管扩张。结论儿童坏死性肺炎支原体肺炎表现为肺内实质浸润及液性坏死,可有空腔形成及胸腔积液、胸膜增厚。     

枣庄地区小儿大叶性肺炎流行病学调查及病原学研究

目的：探讨大叶性肺炎病原学特点及流行规律。方法：山东枣庄地区2006年1月—2008年11月住院患儿296例,于入院当日给予吸痰做痰培养,查结核杆菌,查肺炎支原体、衣原体DNA以及呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒、流感病毒、副流感病毒和柯萨奇病毒。结果：296例患儿中病原阳性数共179例（60.5%）,其中支原体DNA阳性76例（占病原阳性数的42.5%）。流行季节支原体以11月至次年4月为主;病毒及细菌以6～8月为主。发病年龄1～7岁为主,占59.7%。结论：枣庄地区小儿大叶性肺炎病原种类多,以支原体为主,在临床诊治中应加强实验室检查;流行季节集中于寒冷及高温季节。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.