甲壳胺胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的探讨甲壳胺胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法免疫实验采用0.045、0.45、1.35g/kg剂量的甲壳胺胶囊,小鼠经口灌胃30d,分别测定免疫器官脏器/体质量比值、半数溶血值、抗体生成细胞数、ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化实验、迟发型变态反应和碳廓清实验、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验、NK细胞活性。结果与阴性对照组比较,1.35g/kg剂量能提高小鼠的半数溶血值(HC50)、小鼠抗体生成细胞数,1.35、0.45g/kg剂量能增强小鼠的迟发型变态反应能力。3个剂量对小鼠体质量增长、胸腺体质量比值、脾脏体质量比值、小鼠单核-巨噬细胞碳廓清能力、Co-nA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化能力、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的能力、NK细胞活性均无影响。结论甲壳胺胶囊有增强免疫力的作用。     

合益胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 研究合益胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法 180只雌性昆明种小鼠随机分成5组。即低、中、高荆量组、阴性对照组和中剂量配料对照组,前3组分别给予333mg／（kg·bw）,667mg／（kg·bw）、1000mg／（kg·bw）的合益胶囊,阴性对照组和中剂量配料对照组给予蒸馏水,连续灌胃30天后分为3个亚组。分别进行以下试验：脏器／体重比值、迟发型变态反应试验（DTH）、抗体生成细胞检测、半数溶血值（HC50）测定、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞试验、NK细胞活性测定、小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化试验和小鼠碳廓清试验。结果 合益胶囊中剂量组能使SRBC所致的小鼠足跖肿胀度增加,高剂量组能明显增强小鼠淋巴细胞的增殖能力,低、高剂量组能使小鼠溶血空斑数目明显增加（P目〈0．05）;各剂量组对其它各组试验结果均无明显影响（P均〉O．05）。结论 合益胶囊对小鼠免疫功能有调节作用。     

蜂王浆软胶囊增强免疫力功能试验研究

目的观察蜂王浆软胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法以小鼠连续灌胃30d为实验对象,检测蜂王浆软胶囊对小鼠碳廓清能力、迟发型变态反应、抗体生成细胞数、血清溶血素水平、巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力、NK细胞活性及刀豆蛋白A(Concanavalin,ConA)诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化能力等免疫指标。结果蜂王浆软胶囊对胸腺指数、碳廓清能力、迟发型变态反应、抗体生成细胞数、HC50、巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力、NK细胞活性及ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化均有显著作用。结论蜂王浆软胶囊能增强小鼠免疫力。     

全蝎酶解物增强小鼠免疫功能的研究

目的基于半仿生技术,探究全蝎酶解物是否能增强小鼠免疫力。方法通过小鼠迟发型反应、抗体生成细胞、血清溶血素、碳廓清实验、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验、NK细胞活性实验,考察其对小鼠免疫力的影响。结果与对照组相比,全蝎酶解物高、中、低剂量组均能显著增加小鼠迟发型变态反应(P<0.05),单核-巨噬细胞碳廓清中剂量组,腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验高、低剂量组,NK细胞活性高剂量组,均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);3个剂量组对小鼠体质量、脾脏与胸腺系数、小鼠抗体生成细胞以及小鼠血清溶血素能力影响差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论全蝎酶解物具有一定的增强小鼠免疫功能的作用。     

雷公藤红素对小鼠的免疫抑制作用及其对IL-6mRNA表达影响的研究

目的：研究雷公藤红素对小鼠的免疫抑制作用及对细胞因子IL-6mRNA表达的影响。方法：采用碳粒廓清、迟发型变态反应、血清溶血素测定和T淋巴细胞转化实验，观察雷公藤红素对小鼠免疫功能的影响；运用RT—PCR半定量法研究雷公藤红素对小鼠肝脏IL-6mRNA表达影响。结果：雷公藤红素能抑制小鼠血清溶血素水平（400μg／kg），且与剂量呈依赖关系；小鼠耳廓肿胀度研究表明，雷公藤红素能使迟发型变态反应程度减轻（400μg／kg）；雷公藤红素剂量在0．25μg／mL时，可以明显抑制植物血凝素（PHA）诱导的细胞增殖；雷公藤红素800μg／kg能对抗CCl4引起的急性肝损伤小鼠肝脏IL-6mRNA含量的升高。结论：雷公藤红素在一定程度上能抑制小鼠的免疫功能，能抑制炎症细胞因子IL-6基因的过度表达．     

灵芝多糖/硒化卡拉胶口服液对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:研究灵芝多糖/硒化卡拉胶口服液对环磷酰胺诱导免疫抑制小鼠的非特异性免疫功能、体液免疫功能、细胞免疫功能的影响。方法:小鼠腹腔注射80mg/kg环磷酰胺诱导免疫抑制小鼠模型,灵芝多糖/硒化卡拉胶口服液连续供应30d,每天1次。测定小鼠单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞功能、外周血白细胞数目、NK细胞活性、白介素-1(IL-1)活性、白介素-2(IL-2)活性、TNF-α活性、半数血清溶血素、抗体生成细胞、T、B淋巴细胞增殖能力、迟发型变态反应。结果:灵芝多糖/硒化卡拉胶口服液各剂量组(低剂量组:灵芝多糖2.5mg/kg+硒5μg/kg;中剂量组:灵芝多糖5mg/kg+硒10μg/kg;高剂量组:灵芝多糖15mg/kg+硒30μg/kg)均可提高外周血白细胞数目、提高半数溶血素值,低剂量组增强IL-1活性,中剂量组增强IL-2活性,高剂量组和中剂量组增强T、B淋巴细胞的增殖能力、NK细胞活性、TNF-α活性,高剂量组增强腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能、碳粒廓清值、提高抗体生成细胞、增强迟发型变态反应。结论:灵芝多糖/硒化卡拉胶口服液对免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能具有改善作用。     

调理冲剂免疫调节作用研究

目的　 观察某调理冲剂的免疫调节作用。 方法　体重、脏器 /体重比值 (脾脏 /体重、胸腺 /体重 )、小鼠淋巴细胞转化实验、迟发型变态反应 (足跖增厚法 )、血清凝血素实验、抗体生成细胞数、碳廓清实验、巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验、NK细胞活性测定。 结果　经口连续给予小鼠不同剂量的调理冲剂 30d ,对小鼠的体重、脏器 /体重比值、碳廓清能力、ConA诱导的小鼠淋巴细胞转化无明显作用 (P >0 0 5 ) ;对小鼠的半数凝血值、迟发型变态反应、抗体生成细胞数、巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力、NK细胞活性有明显作用 (P <0 0 5 )。 结论　提示该调理冲剂具有免疫调节作用     

富硒罗布麻茶对小鼠免疫调节作用的研究

目的 探讨富硒罗布麻茶对小鼠的免疫调节作用.方法 将ICR小鼠随机分为对照组和富硒罗布麻茶3个剂量组(0.5、1.0、3.0g/(kg·BW),连续灌胃30d后,测定胸腺、脾的脏器/体重比值、迟发性变态反应水平、小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖转化能力、脾脏抗体生成细胞数和血清溶血素水平、碳廓清功能、小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力、NK细胞活性.结果 3.0g/(kg·BW)剂量组富硒罗布麻茶可增强ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖转化能力(P<0.05)和DNFB诱导的小鼠迟发型变态反应(P<0.05),可提高小鼠抗体生成能力(P<0.05),明显增强小鼠NK细胞活性(P<0.05).结论 富硒罗布麻茶对小鼠的免疫功能具有增强作用.     

花生蛋白多肽对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的探讨花生蛋白多肽对正常小鼠免疫调节作用。方法BALB／c小鼠按随机原则分为4个批次,第一批进行动物进行抗体生成细胞检测、绵羊红细胞诱导小鼠足趾增厚（DTH）和血清凝血素测定（HC50）;第二批动物进行小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验;第三批脏器／体质量比值和小鼠碳廓清实验四批动物进行ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化实验和乳酸脱氢酶法（LDH）测定NK细胞活性。每批动物分为低、中、高三个剂量组和一个溶剂对照组。结果中剂量组和高剂量组花生蛋白多肽可增强小鼠碳廓清和绵羊红细胞诱导小鼠DTH能力（P〈0．05）;高剂量组花生蛋白多肽能提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力（吞噬百分率P〈0．O5;吞噬指数P〈0．05）、促进促进ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化能力（P〈0．05）、抗体生成细胞数的生成（P〈0．05）、血清凝血素的生成∽〈O．05）和NK细胞活性（P〈0．05）;但对免疫器官／体质量比值和无明显影响。结论花生蛋白多肽对正常小鼠的细胞免疫、体液免疫和单核一巨噬细胞功能和NK功能有促进作用,即具有增强免疫力功能。     

八宝颗粒剂对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的研究康姜牌八宝颗粒剂对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法将小鼠随机分为两组比较疗效。治疗组口服给予不同剂量的八宝颗粒剂（分别为2000mg／（kg·bw）、4000mg／（kg·bw）和12000mg／（kg·bw）），对照组采用生理盐水灌服。观察八宝颗粒剂对小鼠刀豆球蛋白（ConA）诱导的脾淋巴细胞转化、抗体生成细胞（溶血空斑数）、NK细胞的作用。结果康美牌八宝颗粒剂可促进ConA诱导小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖．促进小鼠抗体生成细胞的形成，提高NK细胞的活性。结论康美牌八宝颗粒剂可明显增强小鼠免疫能力。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.