手法整复结合颈部肌肉锻炼治疗寰枢关节紊乱的临床效果分析

目的：分析手法整复结合颈部肌肉锻炼治疗寰枢关节紊乱的临床疗效。方法选取本院2009年1月~2013年12月收治的208例寰枢关节紊乱综合征患者为研究对象,入院后按照抽签随机取样法将其分为对照组（n=104）和观察组（n=104）。对照组给予手法整复治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予颈部肌肉锻炼。比较两组患者治疗前后寰齿前隙,颈椎曲度深度、指数、角度,临床症状评分变化。比较两组患者总有效率。结果治疗前,两组患者各临床指标比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,治疗后,两组患者各临床指标均明显改善,观察组寰齿前隙、临床症状评分显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,其余指标均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组（96.15%v s 79.81%,χ2=13.139,P=0.000）。结论手法整复结合颈部肌肉锻炼治疗寰枢关节紊乱综合征患者,能显著改善其临床症状,疗效确切,值得临床推广应用。     

后路经关节螺钉内固定术治疗15例寰枢椎不稳定的效果分析

目的 探讨后路经关节螺钉内固定术治疗寰枢椎不稳定的效果。方法 回顾性分析15例应用后路经关节螺钉内固定术治疗寰枢椎不稳定患者的临床资料。通过JOA颈椎功能评分量表及VAS视觉模拟疼痛量表评定15例患者治疗前及治疗6个月后的治疗效果。结果 15例患者术后6个月VAS评分明显低于术前,JOA评分高于术前(P<0.05)。结论 针对寰枢椎不稳定采取后路经关节螺钉内固定术治疗,疗效确切,可以有效改善患者的临床症状及颈椎功能,安全可靠,适于广泛应用。     

螺旋CT诊断寰枢关节旋转半脱位的价值分析

目的探讨螺旋CT诊断寰枢关节旋转半脱位的价值。方法 2013年2月至2015年8月选择在我院诊治的寰枢关节旋转半脱位患者30例作为观察组,同期选择健康志愿者30名作为对照组,两组都进行螺旋CT检测、测量与判定。结果经过CT检测与测量,观察组的寰齿前间隙和动力位寰齿前间隙值都明显高于对照组(P<0.05),而两组的寰齿后间隙和寰齿侧间隙差值对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组30例患者经过螺旋CT判断为阳性28例,阴性2例,螺旋CT诊断寰枢关节旋转半脱位的敏感性与特异性为93.3%和100.0%。结论螺旋CT诊断寰枢关节旋转半脱位能够准确确评估寰枢关节半脱位状况,诊断敏感性与特异性高,值得推广应用。     

中药熏蒸加牵引治疗寰枢关节半脱位的康复护理

寰枢关节半脱位是颈椎病中较常见的一种。临床上以头晕、头疼、恶心等症状较为常见,给患者的工作、生活带来诸多不便。寰枢关节半脱位是指在头部外伤、手法过重,突然转头,齿状突发育不全及感染等因素影响下导致环枢关节面的轻度旋转错动移位,且不能自行复位,好发于青壮年和儿童。1临床资料1.1一般资料2009年6月至2011年7月共收治寰枢关节     

寰枢椎脱位经口咽入路减压手术感染的预防

目的探讨寰枢椎脱位经口咽入路减压手术感染的预防方法与效果。方法寰枢椎脱位患者40例根据患者意愿分为治疗组与对照组各20例,两组都采用寰枢椎脱位经口咽人路减压手术,治疗组患者在手术治疗的同时积极预防感染。结果两组治疗后JOA评分都有明显提高（P〈0．05）,两组治疗前后对比,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。对照组术后感染发生率为20．0％,治疗组未发生感染,两组感染率比较,差异有统计学意义（X^2=12．3692,P〈0．05）,治疗组明显少于对照组。结论寰枢椎脱位经口咽入路减压手术能取得很好的预后效果,但是要积极预防感染,保证患者平稳度过围术期。     

寰枢椎断层摄影对儿童寰枢椎半脱位的诊断价值

目的探讨寰枢椎体层摄影在儿童寰枢椎半脱位诊断小的作用及其替代寰枢椎普通摄影（张口位）的可行性。克服儿童寰枢椎普通摄影（张口位）中存在的患儿不合作及体位不适宜的问题。探讨儿童寰枢椎断层摄影的最佳检查方法以减少患者辐射量,提高影像质量。总结儿童寰枢椎正常与脱位的影像学诊断标准。马临床诊断提供依据。方法对比17例寰枢椎张门位与断层摄影的影像特点。结果17例寰枢椎断层摄影照片中有7例可显示普通张口位无法显示的寰枢关节形态。结论标准的摆位、精确地选定屑面以及合适的摄影条件是显示寰枢关节形态的关键。掌握正确的投照方法能够提高影像质量、减少辐射量、减少漏诊的发生。寰枢椎体层摄影能够显示张口位不能显示的寰枢关节形态。     

经寰枢椎椎弓根复位固定治疗寰枢关节不稳及脱位

目的探讨经寰枢椎椎弓根复位固定治疗寰枢关节不稳及脱位的临床疗效。方法 2006年9月～2011年11月,共收治寰枢关节不稳及脱位31例,男19例,女12例,年龄27～71岁,平均(41.50±6.35)岁;神经功能根据JOA脊髓功能评分法评定,9～17分,平均(12.50±2.07)分。所有寰枢关节脱位患者在麻醉状态下颅骨牵引均已复位,所有患均采用后路经寰枢椎椎弓根固定融合。结果所有患者平稳渡过围手术期,并获得7～67个月随访,平均(35.80±7.80)个月。所有患者均获得解剖复位和植骨融合,末次随访时神经功能JOA评分14～17分,平均(15.70±1.15)分。结论经寰枢椎椎弓根复位固定治疗寰枢关节不稳及脱位,具有操作简单、复位充分、固定坚强、融合率高等优点,是治疗寰枢关节不稳及脱位的安全有效方法。     

手法复位及按摩治疗环、枢关节紊乱50例疗效观察

环、枢关节紊乱是一种常见病,其临床表现主要为头晕、头痛、颈痛、感觉异常、植物神经功能紊乱及失眠、耳鸣、胸闷、恶心、呕吐等。我科利用手法复位配合按摩治疗环、枢关节紊乱50例取得了满意的效果,现报告如下: 1 诊断与治疗     

64例自身免疫性肝病抗体谱检测阳性患者实验室指标及其临床诊断分析

目的：分析自身免疫性肝病抗体谱检测阳性人群的实验室指标特点及诊断情况。方法对铜陵市人民医院2012年6月至2013年12月经自身免疫性肝病抗体谱检测阳性的64例患者进行实验室指标及诊断结果的回顾性分析,自身抗体用免疫印迹法检测,肝功能指标用全自动生化分析仪检测。结果64例抗体谱检测阳性患者中,自身免疫性肝炎4例,原发性胆汁性肝硬化43例,非自身免疫性肝病患者9例,未确诊8例。自身免疫性肝炎患者抗体阳性率较高的是抗 LKM-1和 LC-1抗体（P ＜0．05）,原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者抗体阳性率较高的是抗（AMA）-M2、抗 M2-3E（BPO）抗体（P ＜0．05）,并且碱性磷酸酶有明显升高（P ＜0．05）。结论对自身免疫性肝病抗体谱检测阳性人群自身抗体及生化指标的综合分析有利于疾病的鉴别诊断。     

中医治疗寰枢关节半脱位临床体会

<正>寰枢关节半脱位是颈椎病中较常见的一种。临床上以头晕、头疼、恶心等症状较为常见,给患者的工作、生活带来诸多不便。寰枢关节半脱位是指在头部外伤、手法过重,突然转头,齿状突发育不全及感染等因素影响下导致环枢关节面的轻度旋转错动移位,且不能自行复位,好发于青壮年和儿童。目前西医最常用的     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.