富马酸丙酚替诺福韦片健康人体生物等效性评价

目的评价富马酸丙酚替诺福韦片受试制剂及参比制剂在健康人体的生物等效性与安全性。方法选取符合纳入标准的参与空腹试验受试者43例与餐后试验受试者49例。依照单中心、随机、开放、单剂量空腹/餐后给药、双周期/三周期交叉试验方案,口服富马酸丙酚替诺福韦片受试制剂及参比制剂。采用液相色谱—串联质谱法测定服药后48 h内22个不同时间点的血药浓度,计算主要药动学参数。采用方差分析,双单侧t检验和90%置信区间分析进行生物等效性评价并统计不良事件发生率以进行安全性评价。结果受试制剂与参比制剂的药动学评价指标(AUC和Cmax)具有生物等效性,且安全性均较好。结论富马酸丙酚替诺福韦片受试制剂与参比制剂吸收的速度与程度基本一致,在空腹和餐后给药条件下生物等效性和安全性均良好。     

Bioequivalence evaluation of two oral formulations of quetiapine fumarate in healthy volunteers

One bioequivalence study was carried out in healthy volunteers in order to compare the rate and extent of absorption of two oral formulations of quetiapine fumarate (CAS 111974-72-2) 25 mg film-coated tablet. Thirty subjects were administered quetiapine fumarate film-coated tablet of test and reference formulation in an open-label, randomised, fasting, two-period, two-sequence, crossover study. Blood samples were taken before and within 48 h after drug administration. Plasma concentrations were determined by LC/MS/MS. Log-transformed AUC and Cmax values were tested for bioequivalence based on the ratios of the geometric means (test/reference). Tmax was analysed nonparametrically. The 90% confidence intervals of the geometric mean values for the test/reference ratios for AUCo-t, and Cmax were within the bioequivalence acceptance range of 80-125%. It may be therefore concluded that the test formulation of quetiapine fumarate 25 mg film-coated tablet is bioequivalent to the reference product and can be prescribed interchangeably.     

Formulation and comparative bioavailability of 2 ciprofloxacin sustained release tablets

BACKGROUND AND THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study is to formulate and evaluate the quality of ciprofloxacin (CAS number: 85721-33-1) sustained release tablet (Ciprocare?XR) 1 000 mg ciprofloxacin (test formulation) by comparing its pharmacokinetic parameters with Cipro?XR sustained release tablet (reference formulation). For this purpose ciprofloxacin SR tablets were developed using the 2-layer method. To assess the quality of the produced sustained release tablets a randomized, 2-way, crossover, bioequivalence study was performed in 24 healthy, male volunteers. The selected Middle Eastern volunteers were divided into 2 groups of 12 subjects. One group was treated with the reference formulation and the other one with the test formulation, with a cross-over after a drug washout period of 7 days. Blood samples were collected at fixed time intervals and Ciprofloxacin concentrations were determined by a validated HPLC assay method. The pharmacokinetic parameters AUC0-48, AUC0-∞, Cmax, Tmax, Ke and T1/2 were determined for both sustained release tablets and were compared statistically to evaluate the bioequivalence between the 2 formulations of ciprofloxacin, using the statistical model recommended by the FDA. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) did not show any significant difference between the 2 formulations and 90% confidence intervals (CI) fell within the acceptable range for bioequivalence. According to the obtained results it was concluded that the test and reference formulations are bioequivalent, since they exhibit comparable pharmacokinetic parameters.     

酚麻氯汀胶囊中氯马斯汀的LC-MS-MS测定方法及在健康人体中的相对生物利用度研究

目的:建立人血浆中氯马斯汀的LC-MS-MS测定法,评价酚麻氯汀胶囊中氯马斯汀在健康人体的相对生物利用度。方法:采用开放、随机、双周期、两制剂、双序列单次给药的交叉试验设计。19例健康志愿者分别口服相当于富马酸氯马斯汀0.67 mg剂量的受试制剂和参比制剂。以硝苯地平为内标,采用甲基叔丁基醚为提取溶剂,用LC-MS-MS法测定血浆中氯马斯汀的质量浓度,经WinNonlin 6.0软件处理血药质量浓度数据后得药动学数据。结果:氯马斯汀的线性范围为5.09~407.20 ng·L-1,定量下限为5.09ng·L-1,绝对回收率为79.7%~80.6%,绝对基质效应为101.0%~103.6%,批内和批间精密度与准确度均符合要求。受试制剂中氯马斯汀的t1/2为(20.67±3.56)h,Cmax为(142.07±65.69)ng·L-1,Tmax为(4.21±1.23)h,AUC0-t为(2 829±1 681)ng·h·L-1;参比制剂中氯马斯汀的的t1/2为(20.83±4.94)h,Cmax为(1 46.55±60.16)ng·L-1,Tmax为(4.13±1.27)h,AUC0-t为(2 839±1 560...     

Bioavailability study of two different verapamil formulations.

Relative bioavailability and bioequivalence of two oral verapamil preparations were investigated (dosage 80 mg, film-coated tablets as reference, dragées as test formulation). The clinical study was performed in a 2-period-cross-over design with 16 male healthy volunteers (mean age 28.8 +/- 3 years). The active metabolite norverapamil was included in the investigation. To assess bioequivalence several pharmacokinetic characteristics (i.e. AUC(o-oo), Cmax, tmax) were taken into account. Shortest 90% confidence intervals were calculated based on parametric (ANOVA, ANOVAlog) and non-parametric (Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney) statistical tests. A positive decision for bioequivalence was accepted if the confidence intervals did not exceed the limits of 80-120% for AUC and 70-130% for Cmax. A mean relative bioavailability of 127% for the test preparation was found. Thus, bioavailability of the dragées is marked higher than bioavailability of the film-coated tablets.     

磷酸奥司他韦胶囊在健康中国受试者的生物等效性研究

目的:评价磷酸奥司他韦胶囊受试制剂与参比制剂(达菲?)在健康受试者空腹和餐后状态下的生物等效性和安全性.方法:采用单中心、随机、开放、两周期、自身交叉、单次给药试验设计,健康受试者分别空腹(36例)和餐后(36例)服用75 mg磷酸奥司他韦胶囊受试制剂或参比制剂,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测奥...     

Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence analysis of amlodipine tablets in Chinese female and male volunteers by HPLC-MS/MS

In the present study, we determined the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two amlodipine tablets in Chinese male and female volunteers using HPLC-MS/MS method. A randomized, two-period and crossover design was conducted in 20 healthy volunteers (14 male subjects and six female subjects). A single dose of either the reference or test formulation was given at the start of each period. Blood samples were collected before drug administration and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h after drug administration. Plasma amlodipine was detected by HPLC-MS/MS method, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using DAS 3.2.8. The developed HPLC-MS/MS method was suitable for the analysis of amlodipine in biological matrix samples. The main pharmacokinetic parameters between the trial preparation and the reference preparation met the regulatory criteria for bioequivalence, and the two preparations were both well tolerated.     

Bioequivalence study of two capsule formulations of omeprazole in healthy volunteers

The study was conducted in order to assess the bioequivalence of two capsule formulations (test and reference) containing 20 mg of omeprazole (5-methoxy-2-[[4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl) methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-benzimidazole, CAS 73590-58-6). Fifty healthy male and female volunteers were treated in a single-centre, randomised, repeated-dose (once daily for six consecutive days), open-label, two-way crossover study, with a washout period of at least 9 days between treatments. Plasma samples were collected up to 12 h post-dosing for the determination of omeprazole by HPLC with photodiode array detector (DAD). The evaluation of bioequivalence was based on the following pharmacokinetic parameters that were calculated by standard non-compartmental methods: area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to the time of the last quantifiable concentration (AUCt) and that extrapolated to infinity (AUC) and the maximumobserved concentration (Cmax). The 90% confidence interval around the ratios (test/reference) (obtained by analysis of variance, ANOVA) were 0.92-1.04 forCmax, 0.88-1.05 for AUCt, and 0.88-1.05 for AUC, i.e., within the predefined acceptable range for the conclusion of bioequivalence. The study indicated that the test and reference formulations containing 20 mg of omeprazole are bioequivalent in terms of both the rate and extent of bioavailability.     

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability study of L-ornithine-L-aspartate in healthy volunteers--a comparative study of two oral formulations

The aim of the evaluation was to establish bioequivalence between two oral 3.0 g sachet forms of L-ornithine-L-aspartate (LOLA). It was designed as randomised, two-way crossover study with a 1-week washout interval. Blood samples were collected throughout a 12 h period after administration of reference and test product to 12 fasting healthy male volunteers. Plasma were analyzed by sensitive, reproducible, accurate and rapid capillary electrophoresis (CE) method with UV detection. Many pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC0-t, AUC0-infinity, Cmax, Tmax, T1/2 and Kel were determined from plasma concentration. First three of them after log-transformation of data were examined for bioequivalence. Based on ANOVA with 90% confidence level no significant difference was found. All of tested parameters were found to be within the bioequivalence acceptance range of 80-125%. Based on these and other statistical tests it was concluded that Hepatil is bioequivalent to Hepa-Merz granulate.     

吗替麦考酚酯软胶囊及普通胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 评价男性健康志愿者单剂量口服吗替麦考酚酯(免疫抑制剂)软胶囊与普通胶囊在健康人体内的生物等效性.方法 用2制剂2周期随机交叉设计,20名男性健康志愿者单剂量口服受试软胶囊和参比胶囊,采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法测定血浆中霉酚酸浓度变化并进行统计学分析,对2种制剂做出生物等效性评价.结果 吗替麦考酚酯受试软胶囊与参比胶囊的AUC_(0→t)分别为(69.95±14.13)和(66.95±19.05)μg·h·mL~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为(85.18±20.51)和(77.39±23.78)μg·h·mL~(-1);C_(max)分别为(31.26±13.09)和(31.90±14.45)μg·mL~(-1);t_(max)分别为(0.88±0.36)和(0.78±0.29)h;t_(1/2)分别为(20.34±12.55)和(18.84±11.58)h.吗替麦考酚酯软胶囊相对生物利用度为(109.6±26.9)%.结论 受试软胶囊与参比胶囊具有生物等效性.     

国产与进口地塞米松棕榈酸酯注射液的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究国产与进口地塞米松棕榈酸酯注射液在健康志愿者体内的药动学特征及其生物等效性。方法:采用标准二阶段交叉设计自身对照试验方法,将20例受试者随机分为2组,交叉单剂量静脉注射1mL(4mg)地塞米松棕榈酸酯注射液国产制剂(受试制剂)与进口制剂(参比制剂)后取血样,以液-质联用(LC-MS)法测定给药后0～24h间血浆中地塞米松棕榈酸酯及其代谢物地塞米松的浓度,并计算其药动学参数。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂血浆中地塞米松棕榈酸酯主要药动学参数分别为:tmax(0.12±0.04)、(0.14±0.06)h,cmax(528.59±80.50)、(577.13±96.11)ng·mL-1,t1/2(1.20±0.17)、(1.29±0.25)h,AUC0～8h(845.09±141.99)、(868.86±160.99)ng·h·mL-1;地塞米松的主要药动学参数:tmax(1.65±0.40)、(1.55±0.43)h,cmax(36.87±7.74)、(35.70±6.27)ng·mL-1,t1/2(4.97±1.34)、(5.22±1.28)h,AUC0～24h(247.40±59.78)、(228.62±59.59n)ng·h·mL-1。结论:国产与进口2种地塞米松棕榈酸酯注射液具有人体生物等效性。     

Comparative bioavailability of two formulations containing atenolol and chlortalidone associated in a 4:1 fixed combination

Atenolol (CAS 29122-68-7) and chlortalidone (CAS 77-36-1) are marketed associated in a 4:1 strength ratio (100/25 and 50/12.5 mg) for the treatment of hypertension. According to EU guidelines, the bioequivalence of one dosage strength can also cover additional strengths when the pharmacokinetics of a given drug is linearly related with the dose. The kinetics of atenolol is linearly correlated with the dose and chlortalidone has linear kinetics with doses < or = 100 mg. Thus this trial carried out on the 100/25 mg strength also covers the 50/12.5 mg strength. The trial was carried out on 18 healthy volunteers (9 males and 9 females) according to a single dose, two-period, two-treatment, two-sequence study design with washout. Timed atenolol plasma concentrations and chlortalidone blood concentrations were used to assess primary pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, tmax and AUC extrapolated to infinity by a non-compartmental model. The bioavailability of the two formulations was compared through the 90% confidence intervals (C.I.) of Cmax and AUC in accordance with operating guidelines. C.I. of chlortalidone were fully comprised in the 0.80-1.25 range. In the case of atenolol, which displayed a higher data dispersion, C.I. were comprised in the enlarged 0.70-1.43 range. Time to peak, tmax, did not show any statistically significant difference between the test and reference product with respect to both analytes. Pharmacodynamic measurements of the decrease in systolic blood pressure led to fully overlapping results with test and reference. The authors conclude that the test formulation should be considered bioequivalent with the reference with chlortalidone and in the borderline of bioequivalence with atenolol. As no safety problems were involved and pharmacodynamics led to overlapping results as between test and reference, the bioequivalence conclusion could be extended also to atenolol.     

富马酸喹硫平缓释片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究

目的研究富马酸喹硫平缓释片仿制药与原研药在中国健康受试者中单剂量空腹和餐后条件下给药的生物等效性。方法用单中心、开放、随机、单次给药、两制剂、两周期交叉设计,共纳入68例(空腹试验36例,餐后试验32例)成年男性和女性受试者随机交叉给药。分别单次口服受试制剂和参比制剂200 mg,用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定血浆中喹硫平的浓度。用SAS V9.4软件计算主要药代动力学参数。结果空腹组的富马酸喹硫平缓释片受试制剂和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数如下:AUC_0-t分别为(2432.45±859.54)和(2368.00±792.38)ng·mL^-1·h,AUC_0-∞分别为(2516.56±864.19)和(2461.20±803.72)ng·mL^-1·h,C_max分别为(206.88±92.00)和(207.16±109.88)ng·mL^-1,t_max分别为5.25和4.50 h,t1/2分别为(6.97±2.43)和(7.26±2.13)h。餐后组的富马酸喹硫平缓释片受试制剂和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数如下:AUC_0-t分别为(2774.99±1077.62)和(2856.20±1180.25)ng·mL^-1·h,AUC_0-∞分别为(2840.63±1076.46)和(2916.44±1174.10)ng·mL^-1·h,C_max分别为(398.78±142.90)和(373.15±142.99)ng·mL^-1,t_max分别为5.50和5.00 h,t1/2分别为(4.41±0.63)和(4.68±0.96)h。在空腹及餐后条件下,受试制剂与参比制剂主要药代动力学参数的90%置信区间均在80.00%~125.00%。结论在空腹及餐后条件下,中国健康成年受试者单次口服富马酸喹硫平缓释片仿制药与原研药具有生物等效性。     

伐昔洛韦片人体生物等效性评价

目的:评价伐昔洛韦受试片剂与参比片剂的生物等效性。方法:采用随机交叉试验设计,22名健康男性志愿者分别单剂量口服伐昔洛韦受试片剂和参比片剂300 mg。采用高效液相色谱法测定血清中伐昔洛韦的浓度。结果:伐昔洛韦受试片剂和参比片剂的AUC_(0～t)分别为(8.2±s 1.8)和(7.9±2.2)mg·h·L~(-1);AUC_(0～∞)分别为(8.6±1.9)和(8.3±2.2)mg·h·L~(-1);c_(max)分别为(2.6±0.6)和(2.7±0.8)mg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(1.1±0.5)和(1.0±0.4)h;t_(1/2)分别为(3.1±0.6)和(2.9±0.5)h。结论:伐昔洛韦受试片剂与参比片剂具有生物等效性。     

比卡鲁胺片人体生物等效性研究

目的研究国产比卡鲁胺片在健康人体的药代动力学特征,比较其与同规格进口片剂的生物等效性。方法20名健康男性志愿者单剂量交叉口服两种比卡鲁胺片,在每次服药前,服药后1、3、4、6、9、12、16、20、24、28、32、36、40、48h,3、7、14、21、28d分别采集血样,用HPLC法测定血浆中药物浓度,用3P97软件拟合药代动力学参数,并用SAS软件进行等效性检验。结果试验组口服国产比卡鲁胺片50mg后,平均Cmax为691.50μg/L,平均Tmax为20.65h,平均AUC0～∞为148124μg.h/L,平均消除半衰期为127.46h;对照组口服进口比卡鲁胺片Casodex50mg后,平均Cmax为697.30μg.L-1,平均Tmax为24.10h,平均AUC0～∞为153782μg.h/L,平均消除半衰期为131.06h。统计分析表明两种制剂生物等效,受试制剂与参比制剂的相对生物利用度为99.43%。结论两种比卡鲁胺片剂具有生物等效性。     

Bioequivalence between two furosemide-spironolactone formulations: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approach.

Two formulations of the drug combination furosemide (20 mg)-spironolactone (100 mg) were tested for bioequivalence in a randomized crossover trial in 12 healthy volunteers. By comparing the AUC values derived from drug serum concentrations, bioequivalence was only achieved for canrenone, the main metabolite of spironolactone, but not for furosemide. A significant difference in the tmax values indicates sustained release of furosemide from one of the formulations. By contrast, bioequivalence was achieved if pharmacodynamic criteria, such as urine volume and Na+ and Cl- excretion over a period of 12 hours, were used. Fractional measurements of urinary volume and electrolyte excretion (0 to 3 h, 3 to 6 h, 6 to 12 h) correlated with the different tmax values for both formulations. These data indicate that bioequivalence is more conclusively verified on the basis of pharmacodynamic parameters than on the basis of pharmacokinetic parameters. These considerations are applicable in particular to drugs displaying large inter-individual variations in serum levels and/or a poor correlation between serum levels and effect.     

盐酸氟桂利嗪胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较两种盐酸氟桂利嗪胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服盐酸氟桂利嗪胶囊（受试制剂）与盐酸氟桂利嗪胶囊（参比制剂）20 mg,采用LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中氟桂利嗪浓度,用BAPP 2.2软件和DAS 2.1软件计算药动学参数和生物利用度。结果:口服盐酸氟桂利嗪受试制剂与参比制剂后的人体药动学参数分别为C_max（73.34±10.87）和（70.54±10.27）ng·ml^-1,t_max（4.2±1.2）和（3.8±1.1）h,t_1/2β（6.1±1.4）和（6.4±1.8）h,AUC_n～30（736.7±116.1）和（696.4±134.8）ng·h·ml^-1,AUC_0～∞（767.1±123.4）和（731.3±150.5）ng·h·ml^-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为（107.2±13.3）%。受试制剂AUC_0～30的90%置信区间在在参比制剂的等效范围内。结论:两种氟桂利嗪制剂生物利用度等效。     

格列齐特缓释片生物等效性评价

目的评价格列齐特缓释片在人体口服相对生物利用度及生物等效性。方法采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定健康受试者口服格列齐特缓释片后的血药浓度,计算其药动学参数,以方差分析方法对主要药动学参数进行均数的差别检验,以双单侧t检验进行生物等效性判定。结果空腹状态下格列齐特缓释片受试制剂或参比制剂的主要药物动力学参数AUC0-72、AUC0-∞、tmax、Cmax分别为（43.4±6.8）和（43.9±11.0）mg·h·L^-1,（46.9±8.0）和（47.3±12.2）mg·h·L^-1,（6.8±2.8）和（6.4±2.0）h,（2.4±0.6）和（2.4±0.6）mg·L^-1。受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为（102.0±18.4）%。方差分析结果表明受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数之间无显著差异,双单侧t检验结果表明受试制剂AUC0-72及Cmax对数值的90%可信限分别落在参比制剂80%-125%和70%-143%。结论受试制剂与参比制剂为生物等效制剂。     

Analysis of pooled plasma samples as a predictor for proving bioequivalence of drugs with a long elimination half-life. The example of phenprocoumon

The results of pooled plasma analysis in a bioequivalence trial provide information comparable with that of the mean concentration vs. time curves for each formulation. Although it seems feasible that pool plasma analysis will have similar or even greater advantages in cases of bioequivalence trials with a parallel-group design, no such data has been published in the literature probably due to the limited number of such trials. The present study was designed with the aim to investigate the prediction value of pool plasma analysis in a bioequivalence trial with phenprocoumon (CAS 435-972). The study was performed as a monocentric, randomized, open clinical trial in two parallel groups of healthy male volunteers (31 per group), all of which received a single oral dose of 3 mg phenprocoumon. Serial blood samples were drawn for the pharmacokinetic analysis pre-dose, and 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 144, 192, and 240 h after drug administration. Pool plasma was prepared for each sampling point and each formulation. Drug concentrations were measured by means of an HPLC method. A comparison between the pool plasma results and the results of individual analysis revealed a very good correspondence regarding the parameters AUC, Cmax and t(max). The present trial demonstrates that the method of time-wise pooling provides reliable information not only in cross-over trials but also in trials with parallel groups of volunteers.     

单剂量口服非洛地平缓释片的药动学及生物等效性

目的研究单剂量口服国产非洛地平缓释片在健康志愿者体内的药动学特征,并评估其与参比制剂之间的生物等效性。方法 20名健康男性志愿者采用两制剂双周期交叉试验设计。以尼莫地平为内标,采用LC-MS/MS法测定血中药物浓度。以BAPP 2.2计算其药动学参数,评价受试制剂与参比制剂之间的生物等效性。结果 20名受试者单剂量口服10 mg受试制剂和参比制剂后非洛地平的主要药动学参数ρmax）分别为（3.09±1.03）μg·L^-1和（2.68±0.88）μg·L^-1;tmax分别为（3.8±1.0）h和（3.5±1.4）h;t1/2分别为（14.49±2.72）h和（13.74±3.42）h;MRT为（19.87±2.62）h和（19.08±4.73）h;AUC0→48为（30.83±6.04）μg·h·L^-1和（31.42±5.78）μg·h·L^-1;AUG0→∞为（34.00±5.76）μg·h·L^-1和（34.93±6.54）μg·h·L^-1。受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数经统计学分析无明显差异。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为（98.5±11.0）%。结论国产非洛地平缓释片与其参比制剂之间具有生物等效性。