成年大鼠基底前脑隔-斜角带复合体的巢蛋白免疫阳性神经元至海马的纤维投射

目的 观察大鼠基底前脑巢蛋白(nestin)免疫阳性神经元的纤维投射。方法 先用荧光素逆行追踪法显示基底前脑内投射至海马的荧光素标记神经元,观察摄片后再进行nestin免疫组织化学染色。对比荧光照片和免疫组织化学染色照片,辨认荧光素和nestin双标神经元。结果 在基底前脑注射侧的内侧隔核(MS)和斜角带核的垂直支(vDB)和水平支(hDB)均存在荧光素标记细胞,其中一部分为nestin免疫阳性。在MS、vDB和hDB,双标细胞占逆行标记细胞的比例分别为21．3％、25％和20．6％;占nestin阳性细胞的比例分别为26．6％、15．7％和16．3％。结论 大鼠基底前脑的nestin免疫阳性神经元发出神经纤维向海马投射。提示在基底前脑有一个平行于隔-海马胆碱能投射和GABA能投射的第3条通路。     

秋水仙素对大鼠基底前脑Nestin阳性神经元的影响

目的　探讨侧脑室注射秋水仙素后基底前脑巢蛋白 (Nestin)阳性神经元的表达情况。方法　 4 8只成年SD大鼠侧脑室注射 1%秋水仙素或生理盐水 10 μl,分别于术后 12h、2 4h、3d、5d、7d和 14d处死动物。用免疫组织化学方法观察基底前脑Nestin阳性神经元的表达情况。结果　秋水仙素注射后的 2 4h基底前脑的Nestin阳性神经元急骤减少到最低 ,然后逐渐恢复 ,至术后第 14天基本恢复正常。结论　秋水仙素可导致基底前脑的Nestin阳性神经元一过性减少     

成年大鼠基底前脑nestin阳性神经元的性别差异

为了探讨成年雌雄大鼠基底前脑nestin阳性神经元的性别差异及其意义,本实验应用免疫组织化学方法对正常成年雌雄SD大鼠及去势2周和4周的雌雄SD大鼠基底前脑的内侧隔核(MS)、斜角带垂直支(vDB)及斜角带水平支(hDB)的nestin阳性神经元的变化进行了比较研究。结果显示正常雌雄大鼠MS、vDB及hDB的nestin阳性神经元数十分接近(P>0.05);而去睾丸2周大鼠组MS、vDB、hDB的nestin阳性神经元数则明显高于去卵巢2周大鼠组(P<0.05,P<0.01);去睾丸4周大鼠组vDB、hDB的nestin阳性神经元数依然明显高于去卵巢4周大鼠组(P<0.05),但两组MS间的nestin阳性神经元数差别不大(P>0.05);各组大鼠的nestin阳性神经元的胞体和树突均相似。以上结果表明,正常成年雌雄大鼠基底前脑的nestin阳性神经元数不存在性别差异,无论去势与否,nestin阳性神经元的形态始终不存在性别差异;而去势后nestin阳性神经元数却存在着明显的性别差异。提示基底前脑nestin阳性神经元的性别差异不仅与雌激素和雄激素在雌雄个体中所发挥的不同作用密切相关,而且还可能是促使学习记忆出现性别差异的形态学基础。     

Nestin在成年大鼠基底前脑表达的鉴定

目的鉴定巢蛋白(Nestin)在成年大鼠基底前脑的表达。方法应用小鼠抗大鼠Nestin单克隆抗体(Rat401)对成年大鼠基底前脑进行了免疫组织化学研究和Westen-blot检测。结果Nestin免疫反应阳性神经元广泛分布于成年大鼠基底前脑的隔-斜角带(MS-DBB)复合体,基底前脑MS-DBB复合体的内侧隔核(MS)、斜角带垂直支(vDB)和斜角带水平支(hDB)分别有一相对分子质量约为240000的单一蛋白带。结论成年大鼠基底前脑MS、vDB和hDB均存在Nestin表达。     

秋水仙碱对基底前脑巢蛋白阳性和阴性胆碱能神经元的影响

目的:通过研究侧脑室注射秋水仙碱前后基底前脑巢蛋白阳性和阴性胆碱能神经元变化,探讨巢蛋白表达对基底前脑神经元机能的影响及其可能机制。方法:成年健康雌性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组和侧脑室注射秋水仙碱组,术后分别于24 h、48 h、3 d、7 d、14 d和28 d取脑行冷冻切片与免疫组织化学显色,比较秋水仙碱注射后不同时间点基底前脑巢蛋白~+和巢蛋白~-胆碱能神经元的数目变化。结果:大鼠侧脑室秋水仙碱注射后24 h,基底前脑的内侧隔核(MS)、斜角带核垂直支(vDB)和水平支(hDB)的巢蛋白~+和巢蛋白的胆碱能神经元数目都急骤下降。随着时间的推移巢蛋白~+神经元数目逐渐恢复,术后14 d,巢蛋白~+神经元数目基本恢复至正常水平,但巢蛋白~-胆碱能神经元数目一直维持较低水平。结论:侧脑室注射秋水仙碱后,基底前脑巢蛋白~+和巢蛋白~-的胆碱能神经元都急骤减少,但巢蛋白~+神经元在减少后可逐渐恢复,而巢蛋白~-神经元则不能恢复。     

成年大鼠基底前脑存在一个Nestin免疫阳性神经元簇

目的　观察Nestin免疫活性在成年大鼠基底前脑中的表达和分布 ,并探讨其与胆碱能神经元之间的关系。方法　采用免疫组化方法对成年大鼠基底前脑的切片进行nestin免疫组化染色及其与ChAT ,NADPH d双标染色。结果　在成年大鼠基底前脑的隔斜角带复合体有一个连续的nestin免疫阳性细胞带 ,胞体较大 ,梭形或多极形 ,有 2～ 4个突起。双标染色显示 ,Nestin阳性神经元与ChAT ,NADPH d阳性神经元间杂分布 ,大多数不呈交叉反应 ,只有少数 ,约 10 %呈双标染色。结论　成年大鼠基底前脑存在一个有别于胆碱能神经元的nestin免疫阳性神经元簇 ,其化学属性和生物学意义有待进一步研究。     

剥夺卵巢雌激素对成年大鼠基底前脑神经元表达Nestin的影响

目的 探讨剥夺卵巢雌激素对成年大鼠基底前脑神经元表达Ｎｅｓｔｉｎ的影响。方法 将健康成年雌性大鼠随机分为正常对照、卵巢切除２周及４周三组,用免疫组化法观察卵巢切除后基底前脑的内侧隔核（ＭＳ）、斜角带垂直支（ｖＤＢ）及水平支（ｂＤＢ）Ｎｅｓｔｉｎ免疫反应阳性（Ｎｅｓｔｉｎ－ＩＲ） 神经元的形态和数目变化。结果 卵巢切除２周、４周组ＭＳ、ｖＤＢ及ｈＤＢ的Ｎｅｓｈｎ－ＩＲ神经元形态与正常对照组相比无明显变化;但卵巢切除２周、４周组ＭＳ、ｖＤＢ及ｈＤＢ的 Ｎｅｓｔｉｎ－ＩＲ神经元的数目与正常对照组相比均有不同程度的减少,尤以ｈＤＢ的减少最明显（Ｐ＜０．０１,Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论 提示基底前脑Ｎｅｓｔｉｎ－ＩＲ神经元的Ｎｅｓｈｎ表达受卵巢雌激素的影响,ｈＤＢ的Ｎｅｓｈｎ－ＩＲ神经元的表达受此影响更大。     

神经激肽B在成年大鼠基底前脑Nestin阳性神经元的表达

目的观察基底前脑Nestin-IR神经元是否表达神经激肽B(NKB),探讨基底前脑Nestin-IR神经元的递质属性。方法应用免疫组织化学双标染色方法,观察10只SD大鼠基底前脑的Nestin-IR神经元是否表达NKB。结果Nestin-IR神经元和NKB-IR神经元间杂分布于隔-斜角带(MS-DBB)复合体,两者数量相当。双标神经元在内侧隔核(MS)、斜角带垂直支(vDB)和斜角带水平支(hDB)占Nestin-IR神经元的比例分别为31.5%(27.2%～35.5%)、17.2%(12.9%～22.1%)和23.3%(18.7%～27.4%),占NKB-IR神经元的比例分别为13.1%(9.8%～16.6%)、15.7%(11.2%～20.3%)和32.9%(26.5%～40.1%)。结论成年大鼠基底前脑部分Nestin-IR神经元表达NKB。     

基底前脑巢蛋白免疫阳性神经元研究现状及展望

目的阐述基底前脑nestin免疫阳性神经元的研究现状,为后续研究提供依据。方法对近年发表的有关基底前脑nestin免疫阳性神经元的文献进行分析和综述。结果在人和大鼠的基底前脑存在着一群能表达nestin的成熟神经元,这群神经元是区别于胆碱能神经元和γ-氨基丁酸能神经元的独立的神经元。其形态和分布与胆碱能神经元相似,向海马、大脑皮质及丘脑投射,与学习记忆及神经元的可塑性有关。结论基底前脑nestin免疫阳性神经元的化学属性、纤维联系及电生理特征等有待于进一步研究。这些研究将有助于我们了解成熟神经元表达nestin的功能意义,并为相关疾病的诊治提供新的视角。     

雄激素替代对去睾丸大鼠基底前脑NOS及Nestin阳性神经元的影响

目的　观察雄激素替代对去睾丸大鼠基底前脑一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)及巢蛋白 (Nestin)阳性神经元的影响。方法　将 2 8只健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为 4组 :去势 2 4h雄激素替代组、去势 2w雄激素替代组、去势 2 4h芝麻油替代组及假手术组。用组织化学及免疫组织化学染色方法观察基底前脑NOS和Nestin阳性神经元变化。结果　去势芝麻油替代组内侧隔核 (MS)、斜角带垂直支 (vDB)NOS阳性神经元数明显多于假手术组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;去势 2 4h或 2w行雄激素替代MS和vDBNOS阳性神经元数少于假手术组水平 (P <0 .0 5、P <0 .0 1) ,但去势芝麻油替代或雄激素替代对斜角带水平支 (hDB)的NOS阳性神经元数影响不大 (P >0 .0 5 )。去势芝麻油替代或雄激素替代 ,Nestin阳性神经数的变化趋势与NOS阳性神经元的相似。结论　去睾丸行雄激素替代 ,可选择性地使基底前脑的NOS、Nestin阳性神经元数明显下降 ,但与替代的时程关系不大 ,提示雄激素可能通过其受体下调NOS和Nestin的表达。     

Concurrent visualization of choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactivity and retrograde transport of neocortically injected markers in basal forebrain neurons of cat and rat

Magnocellular neurons in the basal forebrain of rats and cats were retrogradely labeled with Fast Blue or horseradish peroxidase injected into the neocortex. Using antisera against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) a direct double-labeling technique was carried out and it was demonstrated that retrogradely transported markers and ChAT-like immunoreactivity occur within the same neurons. These findings strongly support the cholinergic nature of basal forebrain projection to the neocortex.     

Evidence for a distinct group of nestin-immunoreactive neurons within the basal forebrain of adult rats

Nestin is an intermediate filament protein serving as a marker for neuroprogenitor and stem cells. Here we report that a cluster of previously unrecognized nestin immunoreactive (nestin-ir) neurons was located in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca (MS-DBB) of the basal forebrain in adult rats. Nestin-ir neurons were exclusively located in the MS-DBB and intermingled with choline acetyltransferase-ir (ChAT-ir), parvalbumin-ir (PV-ir), or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase reactive (NADPHd-reactive) neurons. However, there was no colocalization between nestin-ir and PV-ir in single neurons in MS-DBB; only about 35% of nestin-ir neurons were ChAT-ir, and 8%-12% of nestin-ir neurons were NADPHd-reactive. Morphologically, nestin-ir neurons showed a larger size of somata than that of ChAT-ir or PV-ir neurons and the distribution of nestin-ir neurons spread across the rostro-caudal extent of the MS-DBB. Moreover, retrograde tracing revealed that a significant portion of these nestin-ir neurons projected to the thalamus and hippocampus. These results, for the first time, provide strong evidence that there exists a cluster of previously unrecognized nestin-ir neurons in MS-DBB of the basal forebrain in adult rats and that these nestin-ir neurons are distinguishable from ChAT-ir, PV-ir, and NADPHd-reactive neurons.     

Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to the frontal cortex: a combined fluorescent tracer and immunohistochemical analysis in the rat

Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to some regions of the frontal cortex were studied by infusing propidium iodide (PI), a fluorescent tracer, into areas 6 and 10 and microscopically assessing the cellular co-localization of PI and immunohistochemically demonstrated choline-O-acetyltransferase (ChAT). The same brain sections were additionally processed for acetylcholinesterase (AChE, pharmacohistochemical regimen) and Nissl material (cresyl violet stain). Basal forebrain neurons projecting to the frontal cortex were found primarily in nucleus basalis, but others were located in association with the substantia innominata/lateral preoptic area, magnocellular preoptic area, and ansa lenticularis. These projection neurons were large (>25 μm in maximum soma extent), demonstrated ChAT-like immunoreactivity, stained intensely for AChE following systemic administration of bis-(1-methyl-ethyl)phosphorofluoridate, and were highly chromophilic.     

Rat fetal brain tissue grafts survive and innervate host brain following five day pregraft tissue storage

Freshly dissected fetal basal forebrain tissue rich in cholinergic neurons was either dissociated into a cell suspension and injected into the cholinergically denervated hippocampus of adult rats, or stored in a preservative medium at 4 degrees C. Five days later the stored tissue was dissociated into a cell suspension and injected in the denervated hippocampus in another group of animals. Six weeks later the grafts were evaluated with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry for the assessment of graft survival, graft tissue volume and extent of reinnervation of the denervated hippocampus. All grafts in both the freshly dissociated and the 'stored' group survived. The stored grafts were on the average 1/5 in volume but had an appropriate and extensive laminated reinnervation pattern within the denervated hippocampus. This method of storing cells for extended periods prior to grafting allows for experimental manipulation of fetal tissue as well as long distance transportation prior to intracerebral grafting.     

家兔皮质脊髓束投射神经元的分布

将辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）分别注入家兔脊髓单侧颈、胸、腰等不同节段，以显示皮质脊髓束投射神经元的分布。结果表明，大脑皮质的ＨＲＰ标记神经元仅见于颈段注入例，而胸段和腰段注入例未见到皮质标记神经元。标记的皮质脊髓束投射神经元主要分布于注入侧对侧的额叶无颗粒型皮质和顶叶颗粒型皮质，并呈现为３个分隔的标记细胞密集区，分别位于额叶皮质吻侧端的内侧部、邻近前囟的额顶叶皮质、顶叶皮质的外侧部。标记神经元呈柱状     

Sex Differences in the Cholinergic Basal Forebrain in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease

In the Down syndrome (DS) population, there is an early incidence of dementia and neuropathology similar to that seen in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), including dysfunction of the basal forebrain cholinergic neuron (BFCN) system. Using Ts65Dn mice, a model of DS and AD, we examined differences in the BFCN system between male and female segmentally trisomic (Ts65Dn) and disomic (2N) mice at ages 5–8 months. Quantitative stereology was applied to BFCN subfields immunolabeled for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) within the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band (MS/VDB), horizontal limb of the diagonal band (HDB) and nucleus basalis of Meynert/substantia innominata (NBM/SI). We found no sex differences in neuron number or subregion area measurement in the MS/VDB or HDB. However, 2N and Ts65Dn females showed an average 34% decrease in BFCN number and an average 20% smaller NBM/SI region area compared with genotype‐matched males. Further, relative to genotype‐matched males, female mice had smaller BFCNs in all subregions. These findings demonstrate that differences between the sexes in BFCNs of young adult Ts65Dn and 2N mice are region and genotype specific. In addition, changes in post‐processing tissue thickness suggest altered parenchymal characteristics between male and female Ts65Dn mice.