急进性后极部早产儿视网膜病变的临床进程及疗效观察

目的 描述急进性后极部早产儿视网膜病变(AP-ROP)的临床进程及特征,评价视网膜光凝及冷凝对急进性后极部早产儿视网膜病变的治疗效果.方法 前瞻性、非对比性、连续性病例.2006年1月至2008年6月经检查确诊为急进性后极部ROP的患儿8例16只眼.确诊后24h内行间接眼底镜下行视网膜光凝治疗联合或不联合直视下冷凝治疗.结果 急进性后极部早产儿视网膜病变以病变大部分位于后极部1区,所有象限视网膜血管扩张迂曲,病程进展快,若不及时治疗,迅速发生视网膜漏斗状全脱离为临床特征.本组8例16只眼视网膜光凝和(或)冷凝治疗后,9只眼病变完全退化或控制,占56.2%.7只眼病情未能控制,最终发展为4b至5期视网膜病变.结论 AP-ROP进展快,预后不良,部分患儿虽经严密观察和治疗,病情仍进展.视网膜光凝和(或)冷凝治疗能控制大部分AP-ROP患儿视网膜病变的发展,挽救患儿视功能.临床上需要加强观察和随访,早发现、早诊断、早治疗是减低该病致盲率的惟一方法.     

放射性视网膜病变的治疗进展

放射性视网膜病变(RR)是由于头颈部肿瘤(主要是脉络膜黑色素瘤,鼻咽癌)放射治疗后引起的可损害视力的一种眼底并发症,是以血管内皮细胞损伤为特征的一种迟发性、慢性进行性的血管闭塞性病变.此文的主要目的 是探讨RR的治疗现状及进展.最近一些研究表明玻璃体内注射贝伐单抗及玻璃体内注射曲安奈德可暂时性减轻黄斑水肿,改善视力,但视力可能不稳定需要重复治疗.激光光凝治疗可以使放射线引起的部分视网膜病变消退,还可能预防并发症的发生.有病例报道光动力疗法及早期应用高压氧治疗也有一定的效果,但还需要进一步研究证实.目前,放射性视网膜病变还没有特效疗法,接受放疗后患者需要定期随访,以发现和早期治疗眼底病变.     

放射性视网膜病变的治疗进展

放射性视网膜病变(RR)是由于头颈部肿瘤(主要是脉络膜黑色素瘤,鼻咽癌)放射治疗后引起的可损害视力的一种眼底并发症,是以血管内皮细胞损伤为特征的一种迟发性、慢性进行性的血管闭塞性病变.此文的主要目的 是探讨RR的治疗现状及进展.最近一些研究表明玻璃体内注射贝伐单抗及玻璃体内注射曲安奈德可暂时性减轻黄斑水肿,改善视力,但视力可能不稳定需要重复治疗.激光光凝治疗可以使放射线引起的部分视网膜病变消退,还可能预防并发症的发生.有病例报道光动力疗法及早期应用高压氧治疗也有一定的效果,但还需要进一步研究证实.目前,放射性视网膜病变还没有特效疗法,接受放疗后患者需要定期随访,以发现和早期治疗眼底病变.     

复杂性玻璃体视网膜病变的手术治疗

目的探讨玻璃体视网膜手术(vitreoretinal surgery,VR术)治疗复杂性玻璃体视网膜病变的临床效果。方法对采用VR术治疗306例312眼(视网膜脱离282眼)复杂性玻璃体视网膜病变患者进行临床分析。结果术后近期视网膜复位259眼(91．8％);282眼(术前有视网膜脱离257眼)随访3-38月,平均12．7月,最终视网膜复位201眼(78．2％)。术后最终视力提高208眼(73．8％);0．05以上视力181眼(64．2％)。术中主要并发症是医源性裂孔(5．8％);术后主要并发症分别是白内障(34．4％)、视网膜脱离(21．8％)、继发性青光眼(9．9％)和角膜病变(9．2％)。结论VR术是治疗复杂性玻璃体视网膜病变的有效方法。     

远达性外伤性视网膜病变

目的 探讨远达性外伤性视网膜病变的眼底、荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)表现特点,发病机制、治疗及预后.方法 回顾分析8例(10眼)由外伤所引起的本病视网膜病变的临床资料,观察视力预后与眼底、FFA表现的关系.结果 治疗后7眼的视力有不同程度的提高.3眼永久性视力损伤,其原因是视网膜病变位于黄斑中心凹或视神经萎缩.结论 远达性外伤性视网膜病变的视力预后与视网膜脉络膜损伤的部位和程度相关,黄斑损害和视神经萎缩者预后不良.     

视网膜光凝治疗糖尿病视网膜病变的临床观察

目的视网膜光凝治疗糖尿病性视网膜病变的疗效和预后。方法对51例72只眼的糖尿病性视网膜病变给予视网膜光凝治疗,后极部光凝治疗,分1-3次完成,随防10-28个月复查视力、眼底、视野、眼底荧光血管造影。结果治疗后绝大多数病眼的视力得以维持或提高,糖尿病性视网膜病变稳定者占94.44%。结论对糖尿病性视网膜病变患者进行积极激光光凝治疗,可使大多数病眼的视力维持或提高,并具有稳定视网膜病变进展的作用。     

放射性视网膜病变的临床观察

目的：通过临床观察，分析放射性视网膜病变的临床表现特点。方法：回顾分析8例有确切放射线接触史患者的眼底临床表现、眼底荧光血管造影、吲哚青绿造影、视网膜光凝结果，随访变化情况，并与其常见眼底血管性病变进行比较。结果：棉絮斑和毛细血管无灌注区9只眼，硬性渗出7只眼，出血斑8只眼，2只眼视神经萎缩，7只眼接受视网膜光凝治疗。结论：放射性视网膜病变临床表现有一定特征，结合病史可明确诊断。     

放射性视网膜病变患者房水中VEGF的浓度及其临床意义

目的 研究放射性视网膜病变(Radiation Retinopathy)患者房水中血管内皮生长因子(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor.VEGF)的浓度,明确其对发病的意义.方法 选择2007年3月至2009年3月就诊的放射性视网膜病变患者4例8只眼,增殖性糖尿病性视网膜病变(Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathv,PDR)9名患者10只眼,在行玻璃体腔注入Bevcizumab(1.5mg)治疗前分别抽取100μl前房水;年龄相关性白内障患者10例10只眼,在超声乳化白内障吸除术前,分别抽取lOOμl前房水,所有房水样本均用酶联免疫吸附试验(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay,ELISA)检测VEGF浓度.用Kruskal-Wallis H检验对三组患者术前房水中VEGF浓度进行分析,用Mann-Whitney U分别比较三组之间的差异,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 放射性视网膜病变与PDR患者房水中VEGF浓度无显著性差异,二者均显著高于白内障患者房水中VEGF水平.结论 放射性视网膜病变患者房水中VEGF浓度显著升高,VEGF可能是引起放射性视网膜病变的重要因素.     

血卟啉衍生物光照射疗法治疗眼内肿瘤

在美国每年诊断近1800例新的眼内原发性恶性肿瘤,此外,每年由于这一类病所致的死亡将近400例。脉络膜黑色素瘤约占所有原发性眼肿瘤的75%,而视网膜母细胞瘤约占20%。对于有用视力的病人,放射治疗往往是眼内肿瘤的首要治疗方法。遗憾的是眼内癌的放疗并不全部令人满意,在放疗后经常可见到放射性视网膜病变和局部肿瘤的复发。光凝和冷冻可用作治疗眼内肿瘤的代替或辅助疗法,但这些疗法仅对小的病变有用。显然,需要寻找治疗原发性和复发性眼内肿瘤的另外的方法。应用血卟啉衍生物(hematoporphyrin deri     

放射性视网膜病变患者房水中VEGF的浓度及其临床意义

目的 研究放射性视网膜病变(Radiation Retinopathy)患者房水中血管内皮生长因子(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor.VEGF)的浓度,明确其对发病的意义.方法 选择2007年3月至2009年3月就诊的放射性视网膜病变患者4例8只眼,增殖性糖尿病性视网膜病变(Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathv,PDR)9名患者10只眼,在行玻璃体腔注入Bevcizumab(1.5mg)治疗前分别抽取100μl前房水;年龄相关性白内障患者10例10只眼,在超声乳化白内障吸除术前,分别抽取lOOμl前房水,所有房水样本均用酶联免疫吸附试验(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay,ELISA)检测VEGF浓度.用Kruskal-Wallis H检验对三组患者术前房水中VEGF浓度进行分析,用Mann-Whitney U分别比较三组之间的差异,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 放射性视网膜病变与PDR患者房水中VEGF浓度无显著性差异,二者均显著高于白内障患者房水中VEGF水平.结论 放射性视网膜病变患者房水中VEGF浓度显著升高,VEGF可能是引起放射性视网膜病变的重要因素.     

Radiation-induced retinopathy

Radiation retinopathy is observed after intraocular tumor irradiation (mainly uveal melanomas, retinoblastoma being more seldom) or intracranial tumours radiotherapy. Today radiation retinopathy is also seen after irradiation for choroidal neovascularization observed in age-related macular degeneration. Radiation retinopathy after posterior uveal tumor irradiation will be described. Besides biomicroscopy, fluoresceinic angiography is useful for diagnosis more than treatment which is without efficacy in most cases. Major radiosensitivity of vascular endothelium due to a rapid cell turn over could explain not only radiation maculopathy but also optic disc neuropathy. Radiation doses and tumour location are mainly responsible for macular and/or optic nerve head vascular complications. Moreover, after vascular and tissular retinal complications, choriocapillaris and main choroidal vessels can also be affected after radiotherapy.     

Choroidal neovascular membrane in radiation retinopathy

Radiation retinopathy can occur years after the initial radiotherapy of the cancers of head and neck. It generally has a fulminant course, and can cause a variety of severe retinal abnormalities. Choroidal neovascularization has been rarely reported in radiation retinopathy. In this case report, a 21-year-old boy is presented who developed fulminant radiation retinopathy and choroidal neovascular membrane 4 years after receiving radiotherapy for his nasopharyngeal carcinoma.     

Radiation retinopathy: a mistaken diagnosis of hypertensive retinopathy

Radiation retinopathy is a vision‐threatening complication following therapeutic irradiation of ocular, orbital, facial, nasopharyngeal and cranial structures. It is characterised by a delayed onset, slowly progressive, occlusive retinal microangiopathy that develops several years after initial radiotherapy. We present the case of a 44‐year‐old man who developed radiation retinopathy, initially diagnosed as a case of hypertensive retinopathy, following irradiation of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A careful history along with classical clinical features and fundus fluorescein angiography helped establish the diagnosis.     

Radiation retinopathy after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for optic nerve sheath meningioma

PURPOSE: To report a patient with radiation retinopathy after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for treatment of optic nerve sheath meningioma (ONSM). DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: The clinical presentation, radiation treatment, and subsequent visual complications of a patient with ONSM are described. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Development of radiation retinopathy and Snellen visual acuity. RESULTS: A 36-year-old man presented with a left optic neuropathy. Magnetic resonance imaging studies showed abnormalities consistent with ONSM. Because of progressive vision loss, the patient underwent fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for the lesion. Vision initially improved after treatment, but 22 months later, retinal abnormalities consistent with radiation retinopathy were noted in the left eye. Visual acuity worsened over the next 24 months in association with the development of retinal hemorrhages, lipid, and retinal edema predominantly within the nasal portion of the posterior pole. Fluorescein angiography showed edema associated with microaneurysms, retinal telangiectasia, and capillary nonperfusion. Laser photocoagulation was performed on several occasions in areas of microaneurysms and retinal telangiectasia; however, the retinal edema and lipid remained, associated with persistent decreased vision. CONCLUSIONS: Radiation retinopathy and vision loss may occur after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for ONSM and should be discussed as a potential complication.     

Proliferative radiation retinopathy

CASE REPORT: A thirty year-old-woman that had received radiotherapy three years before for a frontal glyoma consulted because of diminished visual acuity in her left eye. Examination showed a proliferative radiation retinopathy in the left eye and non-proliferative radiation retinopathy in the right eye that was confirmed by fluorescein angiography. The patient was treated with panretinal photocoagulation, and her visual acuity remained stable. DISCUSSION: Patients receiving cranial or neck radiotherapy should be followed for long periods of time because radiation retinopathy may appear many years after the treatment. Follow-up may permit early diagnosis of ischemic radiation retinopathy that can benefit from laser photocoagulation.     

Intravitreal bevacizumab treatment for radiation macular edema after plaque radiotherapy for choroidal melanoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab treatment on patients with macular edema (ME) due to radiation retinopathy after plaque radiotherapy for choroidal melanoma. METHODS: In this retrospective case series, 10 consecutive patients with ME due to radiation retinopathy after plaque radiotherapy for choroidal melanoma were treated with a single intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Postinjection best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and mean foveal thickness measured by ocular coherence tomography were the primary outcome measures. RESULTS: The mean BCVA at the time of the diagnosis of choroidal melanoma was 20/25 (range, 20/20 to 20/40). The mean radiation dose to the foveola was 4,323 cGy (range, 1,908-7,975 cGy). Radiation ME developed at a mean of 26 months (range, 17-44 months) after plaque radiotherapy. Choroidal melanoma regressed in all patients, and there were no neovascular sequelae. At the time of radiation ME diagnosis, the mean BCVA was 20/100 (range, 20/40 to 20/200). After bevacizumab injection, the mean BCVA was 20/86 at 6 weeks and 20/95 at 4 months. Mean foveal thickness measured by ocular coherence tomography was 482 microm before injection, 284 microm 6 weeks after injection, and 449 mum 4 months after injection. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal bevacizumab injection decreases mean foveal thickness while only modestly improving BCVA on a short-term basis in patients with radiation-induced ME.     

Radiation Retinopathy Associated with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

Purpose: To report a case of radiation retinopathy associated with central retinal vein occlusion. Methods: The clinical features and fundus fluorescein angiography of this case were analyzed. Results: The patient had been treated with radiotherapy for her nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and presented with sudden visual loss in the left eye. The funduscopic examination and fluorescein angiography showed the features of radiation retinopathy in both eyes, and central retinal vein occlusion in the left eye. Conclusions: Radiation retinopathy can be associated with central retinal vein occlusion in the same eye, and it seems that the endothelial cell loss caused by radiation retinopathy may lead to retinal vein occlusion.     

Ionizing radiation and the retina

This review considers the effects of ionizing radiation on the retina and examines the relationship between the natural course of radiation retinopathy and the radiobiology of the retinal vascular endothelial cell (RVEC). Radiation retinopathy presents clinically as a progressive pattern of degenerative and proliferative vascular changes, chiefly affecting the macula, and ranging from capillary occlusion, dilation, and microaneurysm formation, to telangiectasia, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, and neovascularization. The total-radiation dose and fractionation schedule are the major determinants for the time of onset, rate of progression, and severity of retinopathy, although other factors such as concomitant chemotherapy and preexisting diabetes may exaggerate the vasculopathy by intensifying the oxygen-derived free-radical assault on the vascular cells. The differential radiosensitivity of RVECs is attributed to their nuclear chromatin conformation, their antioxidant status, and their environment. We propose pathogenetic mechanisms for radiation retinopathy and suggest that the peculiar latency and unique clinical pattern is related to the life cycle of the RVEC. A rationale is also proposed for the use of radiotherapy in the treatment of subneovascularization and age-related macular degeneration.     

Radiotherapy for age-related macular degeneration: risk factors of complications, prevention and treatment of side-effects

PURPOSE: To analyze the retinal and choroidal side-effects of radiotherapy given for age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and to describe the risk factors of these complications and their treatment. MATERIAL: and methods: Two hundred and ninety five eyes in 270 patients with ARMD were treated using radiotherapy. Nineteen patients had diabetes. The doses were as follows: 15 Gy or less (4 eyes); 16 Gy/4 fractions (113 eyes); 18 Gy/5 fractions (35 eyes); 20 Gy/5 fractions (123 eyes); 24 Gy/6 fractions (2 eyes); 28.8 Gy/8 fractions (17 eyes); more than 28.8 Gy (1 eye). Patients had a regular follow-up visit with visual acuity, contrast sensitivity evaluation, biomicroscopic fundus examination, fluorescein and ICG angiographies every six months over a mean period of 15 months. RESULTS: Radiation retinopathy was noted in 15 eyes, a bilateral neovascular glaucoma in one patient, ischemic optic neuropathy in 5 eyes, choroidal telangiectasiae in 19 eyes, venous occlusion in 2 eyes, oedematous retinopathy with major exudation (ORME) in 31 eyes, and choroidal hematoma in 8 eyes. Radiation retinopathy, choroidal telangiectasiae and ORME were related to radiation dose. Radiation retinopathy was more severe and more frequent in patients with diabetes. Choroidal telangiectasiae were diagnosed with ICG angiography and were treated early with laser. CONCLUSION: Radiotherapy for ARMD should not be done in patients with diabetes. Hypofractionation is not recommended. ICG angiography should be considered essential in the follow-up of patients treated with radiotherapy.     

Radiation retinopathy following treatment of posterior nasal space carcinoma.

Posterior nasal space carcinoma has a high mortality and most patients are treated with radiotherapy. Radiation retinopathy was encountered in 7 out of 10 survivors included in this study. Five of the affected patients lost vision as a result of the retinopathy. One patient required laser photocoagulation and responded well to this treatment. There was a variation in the severity of the retinopathy among the patients studied despite the fact that all patients received a similar dose of radiotherapy. We suspect that previously unrecognised factors in the planning of radiotherapy fields may explain this difference.