一视紫红质基因突变常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性家系的临床特征及其与基因型的关系

视网膜色素变性(RP)是以夜盲、进行性视野损害、视网膜色素沉着、视盘呈蜡黄色萎缩和视网膜电图(ERG)呈熄灭型为主要临床特征的遗传性致盲眼病[1,2].RP遗传方式复杂,以常染色体显性遗传RP(ADRP)为多见[3].在已成功克隆出15个ADRP致病基因中,视紫红质(RHO)基因是引起ADRP的主要致病基因,大约20%的ADRP患者存在RHO基因突变[4-6].RHO突变位点很多,表型各异.为探讨RHO基因型与RP的关系,我们观察了1个RHO基因突变的ADRP家系中RP患者的临床特征.现将结果报道如下.     

常染色体显性视网膜色素变性家系基因定位的研究与视紫红质基因突变的检测分析

对一常染色体显性视网膜色素变性 (autosomaldominantretinitispigmentosa ,ADRP)大家系进行基因定位 ,并检测该家系12名患者的视紫红质基因是否存在突变。方法 :采用多个已知位点的遗传标记对该ADRP家系进行连锁分析 ,确定致病基因的大致染色体位置 ;在所定位的染色体区域将RHO基因作为侯选基因进行直接测序检测突变。结果 :连锁分析结果发现遗传标记D3S12 92 ,当θ =0 1时有最大Lod值 =2 732 85 2 ,因此考虑该家系致病基因位于D3S12 92附近。直接测序结果发现该家系中大部分患者在RHO基因的第 3外显子序列 ,第 182密码子的第 2个碱基发生G→A置换突变 ,导致甘氨酸 (Gly)变为天冬氨酸 (Asp) ,命名为Gly -182 -Asp突变 ,而在 2例患者中则未发现突变 ;同时 ,在该家系正常成员以及正常对照者中均未发现此突变。结论 :ADRP存在分子水平的遗传异质性 ,某些ADRP是由于RHO基因突变所致。但是由于本研究所涉及的ADRP家系中尚有2名患者未找到RHO基因突变 ,故不能将Gly -182 -Asp突变认为是该家系的致病原因。在D3S12 92与RHO基因之间可能存在新的基因 ,还需进一步研究证明。     

常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性患者视紫红质基因和视网膜变性慢基因突变检测分析

视网膜色素变性(RP)是一组常见的视网膜感光细胞和色素上皮细胞变性导致夜盲和进行性视野缺损的遗传性眼底病,其发病机制尚未完全明确.RP具有高度的遗传异质性,其遗传方式非常复杂,分为常染色体显性遗传(ADRP)、常染色体隐性遗传(ARRP)、X-连锁遗传(XLRP)和双基因型遗传(Digenic RP),最近报道还有线粒体遗传方式(mitochondrial RP)[1].视紫红质基因(RHO)是最早被识别的RP基因,在ADRP中发病率占30%～40%[2],而盘膜周边蛋白/视网膜变性慢基因(peripherin/RDS)在ADRP中占5%[3].我们对13个ADRP家系进行了RHO和视网膜变性慢基因(RDS)检测分析,观察其突变特征,现将其结果报道如下.     

常染色体显性遗传RP患者视紫红质基因突变的检测分析

目的研究常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性（ADRP）患者视紫红质（RHO）基因的突变特征及其在视网膜色素变性（RP）发病机制中的作用。方法应用变性高效液相色谱分析（DHPLC）技术和直接及克隆测序方法对RHO基因进行突变检测。结果一家系4例ADRP患者RHO基因的第297密码子存在杂合的两种类型密码子（AGC和AGT）。该家系的另3名患者未检测到该突变，对照组发现1例此类型沉默型突变。该家系在第3外显子3’端下游第4个碱基处发生C—T转换，其11个成员中该位点呈T纯合子1例，呈杂合子状态8例。对照组发现2例该位点的杂合子状态。结论视紫红质基因Ser-297-Ser突变与RP疾病未出现“共分离”现象，因此该沉默型突变不是该ADRP家系的致病原因，系RHO基因的多态现象。     

常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性患者视紫红质基因突变的研究

目的探讨常染色体显性遗传型视网膜色素变性(autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa,ADRP)患者视紫红质(rhodopsin,RHO)基因是否存在突变。方法应用聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增RHO第1、5外显子基因片段，以限制性核酸内切酶酶切消化技术检测38个ADRP家系的57名患者和60名正常对照者RHO第58、347密码子的突变。结果1个ADRP家系的4名患者第58密码子发生点突变，另2个ADRP家系的6名患者第347密码子也出现点突变，而对照者未发现上述两种突变。结论ADRP存在分子水平的遗传异质性，某些ADRP是由于RHO基因突变所致。(中华眼底病杂志,1998,14:108-110)     

视网膜色素变性PRPF-31基因剪接位点突变及其相关表型特征研究

目的 研究一个常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性（ADRP）大家系的致病基因及其相关表型特征。方法 应用基因组扫描定位和突变检测法确定该家系的致病基因,并对其进行详细的家系调查,同时选取该家系不同代别中11例有症状的患者和7例无症状的个体,进行视网膜电图（ERG）、多焦视网膜电图（mERG）、心理物理学及荧光素眼底血管造影等检测。结果 在19号染色体PRPF-31基因5号内含子-1处发现一新的剪接位点突变（IVS5—1G→A）。家系中有症状的患者均在10岁以前发病,病情进展快而严重,呈Ⅰ型弥漫性视网膜色素变性（RP）表现。Goldmann视野检查,30岁以上患者动态视野大范围缺损,部分患者仅存颞侧视岛,静态视野阈值无法查出;mERG检测：双眼暗视a、b波振幅极度下降且低平,呈熄灭型;多焦视网膜电图显示双眼黄斑区及其周围视网膜反应密度显著降低;荧光素眼底血管造影显示黄斑中央凹周围色素上皮萎缩,呈“牛眼样”外观。7例无症状者中,1例经mERG、心理物理学及分子遗传学检测,证实其为轻症RP患者,另1例为疾病基因的杂合携带者。结论 PRPF-31基因5号内含子-1剪接位点突变（IVS5—1G→A）是ADRP的一种新的突变位点。该突变所致的ADRP表型主要为Ⅰ型弥漫性RP,同时,还存在基因外显不全和表现度不一的变异性表达。     

我国常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性家系中PRPF31基因新的剪切位点突变

目的　研究我国一个4代常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性(RP)家系患者的致病基因突变位点及临床表型特征。方法　对RP家系中的所有患者进行眼部及视觉电生理检查;对全部家系成员进行全基因组扫描及连锁分析, 对候选基因直接测序并通过限制性内切酶反应证实突变位点。结果　RP家系患者致病基因定位于染色体带19q13 4,微卫星标记物D19S589和D19S254之间不到4Mb区域。在所有患者的PRPF31基因内含子8的第一个碱基处发现一新的杂合突变(G>C),使内含子8的剪切供体由GT变为CT。RP家系患者的临床表型符合早期发病且弥漫型的RP患者类型。结论　我国该4代RP家系中的患者由PRPF31基因中一新的剪切位点的杂合突变致病(IVS8+1G>C)。     

目标区域捕获测序检测到一视网膜色素变性家系ABCA4基因新突变

目的研究我国一个常染色体隐性遗传的视网膜色素变性（RP）家系患者的临床表型及致病基因突变,并分析表型与基因型间的关系。方法实验研究。收集了宁夏人民医院眼科诊治的一个RP家系的临床资料,共有7名家庭成员参与研究,其中包括2名患者和5名正常成员。完善家系内所有参与成员的眼科检查,包括最佳矫正视力（BCVA）、视野、眼底照相、光学相干断层扫描（OCT）及全视野视网膜电流图（ERG）等。针对180个已知的遗传性视网膜疾病致病基因及9个高度可疑的候选基因设计目标区域捕获芯片,利用该捕获芯片对先证者（Ⅳ-4）进行目标区域内的高通量二代测序,借助优化的生物信息学分析对捕获的遗传变异进行筛查过滤,最终通过家系内共分离验证确认致病突变,进一步分析该突变与患者表型间的关系。结果临床检查结果表明该家系内的2名患者的临床表现均符合典型的RP改变,遗传学分析结果证实了ABCA4基因c.419G>A突变是该家系的致病突变。该突变导致了ABCA4基因所编码的蛋白第140号氨基酸由精氨酸变为谷氨酰胺（p.Arg140Gln）,保守性分析显示该突变位点在各物种中高度保守,PloyPhen-2软件预测结果表明该突变具有较高的致病性。结论本研究借助基于高通量二代测序平台的目标区域捕获测序,首次发现了ABCA4基因新突变p.Arg140Gln是一个常染色体隐性遗传RP家系的致病突变,进一步扩充了ABCA4基因的遗传突变谱及表型谱。     

常染色体显性视网膜色素变性家系视紫红质基因突变的检测分析

目的 观察一个常染色体显性视网膜色素变性(autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa,ADRP)家系的视紫红质(rhodopsin,RHO)基因突变特征。 方法 抽取20个ADRP家系成员外周血3～5 ml并提取DNA；聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增RHO基因第1～5外显子基因片段, 用直接测序法对20个DNA样本进行RHO基因突变检测。 结果 该家系中10例ADRP患者的RHO基因的第182密码子发生G→A置换突变(Gly-182-Asp)，而在2例患者和8个未患病家系成员中均未发现此突变。 结论 Gly-182-Asp突变不一定是ADRP家系的致病原因;在RHO基因附近可能存在新的基因, 但还需要进一步研究证明。 (中华眼底病杂志, 2002, 18: 256-258)     

一个常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性家系疾病基因排除性定位分析

目的 确定一个常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性(autosomal dominantret initis pigmentosa,ADRP)家系中的疾病基因与3号染色体视紫红质基因的关系。方法 选择一个连续5代发病的ADRP家系,采集到该家系中16个正常个体、18个受累个体的血样。选取3号染色体上的14对用6-FAM、HEX、NED3种荧光染料标记的微卫星标记DNA引物,对该家系进行连锁分析。结果 3号染色体上的14对微卫星NDA标记位点的LOD值均≤-2,证实3号染色体上的14对微卫星标记DNA位点与该家系致病基因不连锁。结论 该家系的致病基因位于其他染色体上。     

白点状眼底与视网膜色素变性共存家系的RDH5基因诊断

目的:在母亲诊断为白点状眼底(fundus albipunctatus,FA)而3个子女均为视网膜色素变性(retinitis pigmentosa,RP)的家系中进行RDH5基因的分子遗传学检查,确定一种新型变异.方法:对家系成员进行系统的眼科检查,同时采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)和DNA直接测序法对RDH5基因的编码区进行基因组测序和突变筛查,并在100名正常对照者中对RDH5基因突变的检测结果进行验证.结果:先证者的母亲确诊为FA,而3个子女诊断为RP.母亲、哥哥和姐姐的RDH5基因检测出c.689_690CT>GG突变,而先证者及其母亲存在已报道的c.928delCinsGAAG变异.结论:本家系中母亲的FA来源于复杂的异质突变,其中c.689_690CT>GG突变是包括欧美各国在内没有报道过的新变异,而3个子女患RP的分子遗传学病因还有待进一步的研究.     

Genotype-phenotype correlation in a family with Arg135Leu rhodopsin retinitis pigmentosa

AIM: To describe the clinical characteristics and disease course of a large family with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) from an Arg135Leu change in rhodopsin. METHODS: 29 patients in this family were evaluated. Goldmann visual fields were performed on 14 affected individuals, Ganzfeld electroretinography (ERG) on eight individuals (11-56 years), and blood samples collected on 10 individuals (11-58 years). Patient visual field data were compared with previously reported patients with different rhodopsin mutations using linear regression. RESULTS: An Arg135Leu mutation was identified in rhodopsin. Distinct stages of clinical evolution were identified for this family ranging from normal, white dots, classic bone spicules and, finally, ending with extensive retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy. 9/16 patients over the age of 20 years also demonstrated marked macular atrophy. All patients who underwent full field ERG testing demonstrated non-recordable ERGs. The overall regression model comparing solid angles of visual fields from patients with rhodopsin mutations (Pro23His, Pro347Ala, Arg135Leu) shows significant effects for age (p = 0.0005), mutation (p = 0.0014), and interaction between age and mutation (p = 0.018) with an R(2) of 0.407. CONCLUSIONS: An Arg135Leu change in rhodopsin results in a severe form of RP that evolves through various fundus appearances that include white dots early in life and classic appearing RP later. This transmembrane change in rhodopsin proves to be more severe than in a family with an intradiscal change and a family with a cytoplasmic change.     

Novel 2336-2337delCT mutation in RP1 gene in a Japanese family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency and kinds of mutations in the RP1 gene, and to characterize the clinical features of a Japanese family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP) with a novel 2336 to 2337delCT mutation in the RP1 gene. DESIGN: Case reports and results of DNA analysis. METHODS: Mutational screening by direct sequencing was performed on 96 unrelated patients with ADRP. The clinical features were determined by complete ophthalmologic examinations. RESULTS: A novel 2336 to 2337delCT mutation in the RP1 gene was identified in two patients from a Japanese family with ADRP. In addition, three families with ADRP carried a previously reported nonpathogenic Arg1933X mutation. The ophthalmic findings with a 2336 to 2337delCT mutation were similar to those of typical retinitis pigmentosa with rapid progression after age 40 years. CONCLUSIONS: The most common Arg677X mutation in the white population was not found in the Japanese population; instead a novel mutation was found.     

Novel rhodopsin mutations Gly114Val and Gln184Pro in dominant retinitis pigmentosa

PURPOSE: To identify mutations in the rhodopsin gene in North American patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP) and to measure the proportion of cases with rhodopsin mutations. METHODS: Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct genomic sequencing were used to evaluate the coding region and intron splice sites of the rhodopsin gene for mutations in 91 unrelated patients. RESULTS: Nineteen patients heterozygously carried a missense change in the rhodopsin gene (six with Pro23His, two with Pro347Leu, and one each with Thr17Met, Phe45Leu, Gly51Arg, Gly89Asp, Gly114Val, Arg135Trp, Pro171Leu, Gln184Pro, Phe220Leu, Ser297Arg, and Pro347Thr). All these missense changes were previously reported as causes for ADRP except for Gly114Val, Gln184Pro, and Phe220Leu, which were evaluated further by examining the relatives of index patients. The Gly114Val and Gln184Pro alleles cosegregated with ADRP as expected if they were pathogenic. Phe220Leu did not, indicating that it is not a cause of ADRP. CONCLUSIONS: Summation of the results of cases in this study with those of 272 unrelated cases of ADRP previously evaluated by our group shows that 90 of 363 (25%) of cases were caused by rhodopsin mutations.     

Rhodopsin gene codon 106 mutation (Gly-to-Arg) in a Japanese family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa

PURPOSE: To examine rhodopsin gene mutations in Japanese patients with retinitis pigmentosa. METHODS: We performed a mutational analysis of the rhodopsin gene in 42 patients from 40 families with retinitis pigmentosa. Genomic DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the PCR products were sequenced. Restriction enzyme analysis was performed in family members of 1 patient with a rhodopsin gene mutation (Gly106Arg) and in 100 normal individuals. RESULTS: Among the patients with retinitis pigmentosa, 3 patients in one family had a heterozygous Gly106Arg mutation of the rhodopsin gene. They had night blindness and sectorial retinal dystrophy (predominantly at the inferior fundus) in both eyes. None of the 100 individuals with normal fundi had the Gly106Arg mutation of the rhodopsin gene. CONCLUSION: The Gly106Arg mutation of the rhodopsin gene has been found in Japanese patients with sectorial retinitis pigmentosa.     

视紫红质基因突变相关的视网膜色素变性

视紫红质基因突变是导致视网膜色素变性最常见的原因,占常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性的25％～30％.在视网膜色素变性中已发现的视紫红质基因突变多达150余种.视紫红质基因突变可引起内质网应激、蛋白聚集、膜受体异常激活,从而导致视网膜色素变性.P23H和T17M等突变小鼠转基因模型的建立,为深入探讨视紫红质在视网膜色素变性中的作用,以及为干扰突变基因表达,替换突变基因等潜在治疗策略提供理论依据.     

Screen of the IMPDH1 gene among patients with dominant retinitis pigmentosa and clinical features associated with the most common mutation, Asp226Asn

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of mutations in IMPDH1 among patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP), to characterize the clinical features of patients with the Asp226Asn mutation in this gene, and to compare these features with those found among patients with selected dominant mutations in other RP genes. METHODS: The coding sequence and the adjacent flanking intron sequences of all 14 coding exons were sequenced in 183 unrelated patients with dominant RP. The clinical findings evaluated included visual acuity, refractive error, visual field area measured with the Goldmann perimeter, final dark-adaptation threshold, full-field electroretinogram (ERG) amplitudes, cataract, and funduscopic bone spicule pigmentation. RESULTS: The mutation Asp226Asn was identified in 6 of the 183 unrelated patients with RP. One patient carried the novel, possibly pathogenic, change Lys238Glu. There was approximately a 100-fold variation in ERG amplitudes among patients of similar age with the Asp226Asn mutation. Patients had similar reductions of rod-plus-cone 0.5-Hz ERG amplitude and cone 30-Hz ERG amplitude. For a given amount of remaining visual field, there was a larger ERG amplitude in IMPDH1-carrying patients (average 0.5-Hz ERG/visual field ratio = 9.5 nV/deg(2)) compared with groups of patients with the RP1 mutation Arg677End (2.8 nV/deg(2)), the rhodopsin (RHO) mutation Pro23His (5.1 nV/deg(2)), or the RHO mutation Pro347Leu (1.7 nV/deg(2)). CONCLUSIONS: IMPDH1 mutations account for approximately 2% of cases of dominant RP in North America. The most frequent mutation, Asp226Asn, appears to cause at least as much loss of rod function as cone function. Patients with this form of RP retain, on average, two to five times more ERG amplitude per unit of remaining visual area than patients with three other forms of dominant RP.     

Expression of the TIGR gene in the iris,ciliary body,and trabecular meshwork of the human eye

Purpose: To identify mutations in the rhodopsin ( RHO ) gene in Chinese patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP) and to measure the prevalence rate of RHO mutations in Chinese ADRP cases. Methods: Thirteen Chinese families with ADRP were clinically characterized. The complete coding region and intron splice sites of RHO were analyzed for mutations with single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct genomic sequencing. Results: One of the 13 Chinese families with ADRP was found to have a new, previously unidentified RHO mutation, a change from GAG to TAG at codon 341. The mutation (E341X) results in an in-frame stop codon, leading to the truncation of the rhodopsin protein. Mutation E341X was not detected in 100 normal control individuals. Patients carrying mutation E341X reported night blindness and showed optic atrophy, vessel attenuation, and a few bone spicule-like pigments in peripheral retina at the age of 23–25 years. At the age of 30 years, visual acuity was severely impaired, peripheral visual field was greatly constricted, rod and cone ERG was not detectable, and only a slight left cone response remained. Conclusion: We have identified a novel rhodopsin mutation (E341X) in a Chinese family with ADRP. The location and character of the mutation expand the spectrum of RHO mutations causing RP. Identification of a RHO mutation in one of the 13 ADRP families studied suggests that only 7.7% of the ADRP cases in a Chinese population were caused by RHO mutations, a ratio significantly lower than that from North America or Europe.     

De novo mutation in the RP1 gene (Arg677ter) associated with retinitis pigmentosa

PURPOSE: The Arg677ter mutation in the RP1 gene is one of the most common causes of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP). In the current study, a de novo Arg677ter RP1 gene mutation was identified in a patient with RP. METHODS: RP1 gene mutation screening was performed in probands with simplex RP. In one proband with the RP1 mutation, paternity was established by analyzing 24 short tandem repeat polymorphisms. Additional candidate RP genes, including rhodopsin, RDS/peripherin, RP2, and RPGR, were also examined in this proband. Phenotype was characterized with psychophysics, electroretinography, and optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: An RP1 (Arg677ter) mutation was identified in one of the patients with simplex RP, but the sequence change was not detected in his parents. Parentage was confirmed, and other candidate genes were negative for mutations. Retinal function and cross-sectional imaging studies in the patient indicated greater rod than cone dysfunction with a photoreceptor basis for the abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: The de novo origin of an RP1 (Arg677ter) mutation in a patient with simplex RP suggests that this common autosomal dominant RP mutation can arise independently in the population and supports the hypothesis of a mutational hotspot in the RP1 gene.