新疆生产建设兵团某师煤矿煤工尘肺患病状况的调查

目的为了控制煤矿生产过程中所产生的职业病危害，保护劳动者健康，并为企业用工制度改革提供科学依据。方法对新疆生产建设兵团某师煤矿曾经接触过煤尘和现阶段还在接触煤尘的作业人员375名，根据卫生部《职业健康监护管理办法》的规定进行健康检查。。结果375名煤尘作为工人中检出煤工尘肺31人（Ⅰ期29人，Ⅱ期2人）煤工尘肺的患病率为8．27％；另外检出肺结核7例，肺气肿9例，胸膜增厚1例。结论该矿尘肺发病率较高，应积极采取降尘等防护措施。     

煤工尘肺脑血管病患病情况及其相关因素

目的了解煤工尘肺患者脑血管病患病情况及血脂及血压水平、变化规律。方法120例煤工尘肺患者为调查对象,并选与其年龄构成具有均衡性的无尘接触史工人230例为对照组,对两组的脑血管病、血脂及血压进行统计学分析。结果煤工尘肺组脑血管病、高血压患病率高于对照组,低密度脂蛋白异常率高于对照组。结论煤工尘肺患者脑血管病患病率高,要加强煤工尘肺患者血脂及血压的监测。     

重庆市某国有煤矿煤工尘肺合并肺结核的情况

目的了解重庆市某国有煤矿煤工尘肺合并肺结核的患病情况,为煤工尘肺结核患者的疾病预防和管理工作提供依据。方法对重庆市某国有煤矿自1976—2007年间829例煤工尘肺病例合并结核的情况进行分析。结果重庆市某国有煤矿1976—2007年间煤工尘肺合并结核率为8.20%,显著高于当地人群的肺结核患病率,差异具有统计学意义（χ2=114.03,P〈0.01）。煤工尘肺合并结核率随着期别增加而显著增高（χ趋2势=5.23,P〈0.05）。采煤、掘进、混合3个工种尘肺合并结核率分别为6.08%、6.60%、16.89%,其中混合工种尘肺合并结核率明显高于两个单纯工种,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。煤工尘肺合并结核率随发病年龄升高而升高（χ趋2势=30.71,P〈0.01）,煤工尘肺合并结核率随工龄升高无明显改变,差异无统计学意义（x趋2势=2.22,P〉0.05）。煤工尘肺合并肺结核患者死亡率为6.15%,死因构成比：肺心病占31.37%,肺结核占23.53%,肺癌占19.61%,肺部感染占15.69%,其他疾病为9.80%。结论尘肺期别越高,煤工尘肺合并结核率越高;混合工种煤工尘肺合并结核率明显高于两个单纯工种;煤工尘肺合并结核的死因前三位是肺心病、肺结核大咳血和肺癌。     

煤工尘肺440例合并肺结核的调查分析

肺结核是煤工尘肺(简称CWP)严重而较常见的合并症。为预防煤工尘肺合并肺结核,延长尘肺患者寿命,我们在两个矿务局进行煤工尘肺合并肺结核的发病规律的调查。 1 资料和方法 本文对北京矿务局门头沟煤矿和新汶矿务局孙协煤矿1950年以后入矿的440例煤工尘肺合并肺结核的84例病人作为病例组,用490例无尘肺0~ 组(简称NCWP0~ )合并肺结核的29例     

国外煤工尘肺病因学研究的新进展

在系统检索国外近十多年来尘肺研究文献基础上,深入地调研了煤工尘肺病因学研究的新进展,从而对70年代以来的发展趋势和水平有了基本了解。概括地说,70年代是煤的“品位”说或煤的“地质层位”说占主导,而进入80年代则是煤的“超分子结构”说和“自由基”说取得了突破性进展。以往人们认为,粉尘的致纤维化作用主要表现于与接尘量、粉尘成分以及分散度的依从关系。进入70年代后,人们注意到煤工尘肺的流行情况与严重程度是同煤的地质     

住院煤工尘肺患者370例心电图分析

目的了解煤工尘肺对心血管系统的影响,为正确预防、诊断、治疗煤工尘肺心血管系统并发症提供早期科学依据。方法选择从2003年6月1日至今住院的：370例煤工尘肺患者入院时第1次心电图为基本资料,同时选择无尘肺的200名退休工人体检时的心电图资料做对照,以黄宛编著的《临床心电图学》第5版为标准做出诊断。结果①尘肺组共出现异常心电图人数283人,异常率为76．49％(283／370);对照组异常心电图人数63人,异常率为31．50％(63／200)。②尘肺期别对心电图有影响,尘肺级别越高心电图异常人数越多。③尘肺组与对照组按不同年龄段比较,心电图异常率明显增高,而且,年龄越大心电图异常率越高。结论煤工尘肺能明显影响心血管系统使心电图异常,而且随着年龄增长和尘肺期别的增加煤工尘肺患者心电图异常率明显增高。     

邵阳市Ⅰ期煤工尘肺人时晋期率分析

尘肺晋期率不仅可以用于Ⅱ期或Ⅲ期病人的预测,而且针对不同时期、不同病种、不同地区尘肺晋期率的比较,可以在一定程度上反映粉尘危害的严重程度及防治效果的优劣等,在实际工作中有着重要价值。笔者试用历史性队列分析方法,对我市2263例Ⅰ期煤工尘肺Ⅱ期晋期率进行统计分析,计算出不同观察年限的人时晋期率,现报告如下。 1 资料来源及病例选择     

煤工尘肺的研究进展

煤工尘肺(coal Workers pneumoconiosis简称CWP)是煤矿工人长期暴露于煤尘所致的以肺部纤维化病变为主的职业病。包括单纯性尘肺(SPN)和进行大块纤维化(PMF)两种,PMF是CWP的晚期病变。自二十世纪中叶,随着工业发展对煤需求的增加及采煤技术迅速机械化,致使CWP逐渐成为煤炭工业中的主要健康问题。     

四川省煤工尘肺发病现状及规律的研究

对四川省1950—1986年间的煤工尘肺进行了发病现状及规律的研究。四川省煤工尘肺主要分布在铁路和长江沿线工业发达地(市)的煤炭与冶金行业。煤工尘肺现患率为8.7％,结核合并率为13.61％,病死率为21.60％。煤工尘肺随年代的推移,出现了向轻型化和老龄化发展的趋势。然而,新诊断病例或现患、死亡病例均随年代呈明显上升势头。在本调查的基础上提出了控制煤工尘肺发生的建议。     

某煤矿综掘工作面新型高效除尘技术有效性研究与应用

目的研究综掘面防尘新型高效除尘系统的有效性,为煤矿综掘面煤尘防护和管理提供新技术。方法采用现场调查的方法对该综掘面防尘现状、综掘面现有通风设施布置情况、掘进司机接触煤尘情况、新型高效控尘系统布置情况进行分析和评价。结果采用新型高效除尘系统后,综掘面掘进司机位总粉尘降尘率为72.1%,呼吸性粉尘降尘率为85.3%;机尾8、15 m处总粉尘降尘率均高于90%以上,呼吸性粉尘降尘率均高于92%以上;掘进工接触煤尘浓度总粉尘超标率下降了79.8%,呼吸性粉尘超标率下降了87.2%。结论综掘面煤尘浓度较高的场所集中分布在掘进司机位和掘进巷回风侧,作业人员长期处在粉尘浓度较高的场所,引发职业病的风险较高,应作为煤尘防治的重点。新型高效除尘技术与原有通风设施应合理配合控尘、降尘、除尘,能够有效控制综掘工作面粉尘。     

Prevalence and prevention of needlestick injuries among health care workers in a German university hospital

Objective Health care workers (HCWs) are exposed to bloodborne pathogens, especially hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through job-related risk factors like needlestick, stab, scratch, cut, or other bloody injuries. Needlestick injuries can be prevented by safer devices. Methods The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and causes of needlestick injuries in a German university hospital. Data were obtained by an anonymous, self-reporting questionnaire. We calculated the share of reported needlestick injuries, which could have been prevented by using safety devices. Results 31.4% (n = 226) of participant HCWs had sustained at least one needlestick injury in the last 12 months. A wide variation in the number of reported needlestick injuries was evident across disciplines, ranging from 46.9% (n = 91/194) among medical staff in surgery and 18.7% (n = 53/283) among HCWs in pediatrics. Of all occupational groups, physicians have the highest risk to experience needlestick injuries (55.1%—n = 129/234). Evaluating the kind of activity under which the needlestick injury occurred, on average 34% (n = 191/561) of all needlestick injuries could have been avoided by the use of safety devices. Taking all medical disciplines and procedures into consideration, safety devices are available for 35.1% (n = 197/561) of needlestick injuries sustained. However, there was a significant difference across various medical disciplines in the share of needlestick injuries which might have been avoidable: Pediatrics (83.7%), gynecology (83.7%), anesthesia (59.3%), dermatology (33.3%), and surgery (11.9%). In our study, only 13.2% (n = 74/561) of needlestick injuries could have been prevented by organizational measures. Conclusion There is a high rate of needlestick injuries in the daily routine of a hospital. The rate of such injuries depends on the medical discipline. Implementation of safety devices will lead to an improvement in medical staff’s health and safety.     

盐城地区出国劳务人群梅毒感染状况及防制对策

目的 根据盐城地区出国劳务人员传染病监测结果,探讨梅毒的防制对策。方法使用上海荣盛公司提供的TRUST诊断试剂初筛,日本富士公司TPPA试剂或ELISA试剂确认,技术操作及结果判断标准依据该试剂盒所附说明书,在有效期内使用,并结合流行病学调查。结果劳务体检一直占该局体检量的90％以上,性传播疾病(STD)是监测的重点疫病,梅毒又是近几年来发现的最主要的病种,共发现劳务人员中阳性感染48人,占该局发现疫病总数的82．36％,隐性梅毒占91．2％,20～39岁占93．75％;男性阳性率为3137‰,女性为2．93‰,混合感染率3．17‰;低滴度感染为主,1：2～1：4占81．25％。结论出国劳务是盐城地区的优势产业,应加强对出国劳务人员性传播疾病的检疫与监测工作,保证劳务输出人员无疫病出国,构筑严密的检疫体系,进行全面系统监测,加强防治常识的宣传教育,严禁卖淫、嫖娼以及积极治疗是梅毒病人预防的根本措施。     

成都市外来务工人员超重和肥胖的流行现况分析

目的 了解成都市外来务工人员超重和肥胖的流行现况,为维持外来务工人员正常体重提供科学依据。方法 采用应答推动抽样方法,在成都市共抽取1 690名外来务工人员作为研究对象,对其进行问卷调查和体格检查。结果 调查对象的超重率为29.53%,肥胖率为9.05%;男性超重率（32.08%）高于女性（26.59%）;40～49岁组超重率最高（39.55%）,50～59岁组肥胖率最高（16.06%）,超重、肥胖率大体随年龄增长而增加;小学文化及以下人群超重、肥胖率最高（39.54%和14.48%）,且随文化程度增高而减小,以上差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;离婚者的超重率最高（37.29%）,丧偶者的肥胖率最高（16.00%）;从事运输/仓储和邮政业的人群超重、肥胖率最高（36.84%和17.89%）。不同婚姻状态组间、不同职业组间超重、肥胖率差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 成都市外来务工人员的超重和肥胖检出率处于较低水平,但是男性、40～59岁、文化程度较低、离婚丧偶、从事运输/仓储和邮政业的人群超重和肥胖检出率相对较高,应重点关注,采取针对性措施加以防治。     

成都市就业流动人口高血压患病现状及相关因素分析

目的 了解成都市就业流动人口高血压患病现状并探索其相关因素,为制定流动人口高血压预防策略及措施提供依据。方法 采用应答推动抽样（RDS）法在成都市抽取≥18岁非成都市户籍就业人员进行问卷调查和体格检查。高血压患病率的比较采用x2检验,患病相关因素分析采用多因素logistic回归模型。结果 共调查就业流动人口2351人,高血压患病率为29.82%。Logistic回归结果显示,年龄≥31岁［31～45岁（OR=1.979,95%CI=1.466～2.670）、46～60岁（OR=3.673,95%CI=2.758～4.892）、≥61岁（OR=6.240,95%CI=4.272～9.116）］、吸烟（OR=1.597,95%CI=1.064～2.396）、经常在外就餐/点外卖（OR=1.429,95%CI=1.091～1.871）、超重（OR=2.577,95%CI=1.475～4.503）、肥胖（OR=3.954,95%CI=2.204～7.094）及职业为运输/仓储（OR=1.972,95%CI=1.177～3.304）为高血压患病的危险因素;女性（OR=0.614,95%CI=0.472～0.799）、不饮酒（OR=0.714,95%CI=0.557～0.916）、无高血压家族史（OR=0.687,95%CI=0.556～0.848）是保护因素。结论 成都市就业流动人口高血压患病率较高,需重点关注男性、老年、运输/仓储职业、有高血压家族史的人群高血压患病情况。积极制定和完善流动人口高血压防控策略,针对可改变的危险因素,采取多种干预措施,提高其健康水平。     

Mortality from non-malignant diseases in a cohort of female pulp and paper workers in Norway

Objectives

The objective of the present study was to investigate the risk of death from non‐malignant diseases in female pulp and paper workers in Norway.

Methods

A total of 3143 women first employed between 1920–93 were included in the study cohort. Information about each cohort member was obtained from personnel record files in the mills in order to identify employment periods and job categories. Data on cause and date of death were added by linkage to the Cause of Death Register using unique personal identification numbers. The follow up period was 1951–2000. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using the national female mortality rates as reference. Poisson regression analysis was used to examine internal relations between the duration of employment in paper departments and the risk of death from selected causes. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs were calculated.

Results

The study showed a significantly increased risk for total non‐malignant mortality (SMR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.24), mainly due to increased mortality from ischaemic heart disease (SMR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.43) and cerebrovascular diseases (SMR = 1.16, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.42). Analysis by department showed the highest risk of death in paper department workers with short term employment. Internal analyses showed a 5% and 9% increase in risk of dying from ischaemic heart disease and respiratory diseases, respectively, among paper department workers exposed to paper dust. The risk decreased with increasing duration of employment.

Conclusion

The increased risk of ischaemic heart diseases and respiratory diseases seen among employees of paper departments may be related to exposure to paper dust.     

中小企业工人抑郁状况及影响因素分析

目的 了解中山市中小企业生产工人抑郁状况及影响因素,为制定预防和干预措施提供参考依据。方法 采样多阶段抽样的方法抽取中山市3种不同所有制的54家中小企业（企业总人数<2 000人）的4 500名一线生产工人进行社会人口学特征、一般健康行为及抑郁状况的问卷调查。结果 共收回有效问卷3 300份,有效率为73.3%;男性占70.1%,中小企业工人抑郁状况检出率为22.7%;单因素分析结果显示,抑郁状况与性别、婚姻状况、受教育程度、月收入、吸烟状况、参加体育锻炼情况及企业类型有关（P<0.05）;有序多分类 logistic 回归分析结果显示,工人抑郁状况发生的危险因素为企业类型（民营企业OR=1.76,95%CI=1.38~2.27;港资企业OR=1.64,95%CI=1.31~2.06）、收入水平<2 000元（OR=2.36,95%CI=1.41 ~3.92）和吸烟（OR=1.30,95%CI=1.07~1.56）,较低的文化程度（OR=0.79,95%CI=0.64~0.96）、经常参加体育锻炼（OR=0.69,95%CI=0.58~0.82）是工人抑郁状况的保护因素。结论 中小企业工人抑郁状况与企业类型、工人教育程度、收入及一般健康行为（吸烟和经常参加体育锻炼）有关。     

Prevalence of and risk factors for sexually-transmitted infections in hidden female sex workers

Objectives

We wanted to determine the age-specific prevalence of selected sexually transmitted infections while assessing the risk factors among hidden female sex workers (HFSW).

Methods

One hundred HFSW over 15 years of age were recruited in an impoverished area of Antananarivo, Madagascar. After oral informed consent, blood and endocervical swabs were tested for specific antigens, antibodies, and pathogens using molecular, serologic, and microscopic examinations. A risk factor analysis was conducted with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Thirty-two percent, 27, 12, and 7% of HFSW were infected respectively with Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis. Specific antibodies against, syphilis were detected in 11%. None were HIV-positive. The main factors associated with STI were: young age, being married, lower education level, early age for first intercourse, and a history of genital infection.     

Analysis of labour accidents in tunnel construction and introduction of prevention measures

At present, almost all mountain tunnels in Japan are excavated and constructed utilizingthe New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), which was advocated by Prof. Rabcewicz ofAustria in 1964. In Japan, this method has been applied to tunnel construction sincearound 1978, after which there has been a subsequent decrease in the number of casualtiesduring tunnel construction. However, there is still a relatively high incidence of labouraccidents during tunnel construction when compared to incidence rates in the constructionindustry in general. During tunnel construction, rock fall events at the cutting face area particularly characteristic of the type of accident that occurs. In this study, weanalysed labour accidents that possess the characteristics of a rock fall event at a worksite. We also introduced accident prevention measures against rock fall events.