9-(2-膦酰甲氧乙基)腺嘌呤及其口服前药阿地福韦双特戊酰氧甲酯的合成

报道了开环核苷酸类化合物 9 (2 膦酰甲氧乙基 )腺嘌呤 (PMEA)及其口服前药阿地福韦双特戊酰氧甲酯 (adefovirdipivoxil)的合成 ,并对文献报道的路线进行了改进 ,使制备方法更便捷 ,便于大量制备     

消旋15（R）－15－甲基PGE_2甲酯的合成

消旋１５（Ｒ）－１５－甲基ＰＧＥ＿２甲酯的合成金碧燕，吴元鎏，张守仁，徐瑞明（中国医学科学院、中国协和医科大学药物研究所，北京１０００５０）前列腺素是一类存在于人体内，有广泛生理活性的重要内源性物质。ＰＧＥ衍生物已被证实除有抑制胃酸及胃泌素分泌的作用...     

2－（2－甲氧苯氧）乙胺的合成

２－（２－甲氧苯氧）乙胺是合成某些β－受体阻断剂的重要中间体。我们探讨了几种不同的制备途径，发现将愈创木酚与１，２－二氯乙烷（或１，２－二溴乙烷）反应的单取代卤代物转化为叠氮化物，通过催化氢化，可以获得产率高，纯度好的伯胺。目标物也可以通过Ｇａｂｒｉｅｌ反应或通过相应睛的还原制得，但是叠氮化合物途径是一条经济而安全的路线。     

2－（2－氨基噻唑－4－基）－（Z）－2－甲氧亚胺基乙酸乙酯的简便合成

２－（２－氨基噻唑－４－基）－（Ｚ）－２－甲氧亚胺基乙酸乙酯的简便合成沈舜义，徐屹军，张芸（上海医药工业研究院，上海２０００４０）ＩＭＰＲＯＶＥＤＰＲＥＰＡＲＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＥＴＨＹＬ２－（２－ＡＭＩＮＯＴＲＩＡＺＯＬ－４－ＹＬ）－（Ｚ）－２－ＭＥＴＲ...     

N－（1－乙氧羰基－3－苯氨甲酰基丙基）甘氨酰甘氨酸衍生物的合成

报道４个Ｎ－（１－［１－乙氧羰基－３－（对甲）苯氨甲酰基］丙基甘氨酰｝－Ｎ－取代甘氨酸（ＸＩ１～４）和５个１－［１－乙（或甲）氧羰基－３－（对甲）苯氨甲酰基］丙基－４－取代－１，４－哌嗪－２，５－二酮（ＸＩＩ１～５）共９个估计有血管紧张素转化酶抑制活性化合物的合成和鉴定。所有这些化合物及９个相应的酯（Ｘ１～９）均未见文献报道。药理初试结果，化合物ＸＩＩ２，ＸＩＩ５，ＸＩ４和ＸＩＩ１均有较强降压活性。     

1－（2－取代甲硫基－2－取代芳基）乙基唑的简便合成

１－（２－取代甲硫基－２－取代芳基）乙基唑的简便合成吴义杰，周廷森，刘超美，陈志胜（第二军医大学药学院，上海２００４３３）ＳＩＭＰＬＩＦＩＥＤＳＹＮＴＨＥＳＩＳＯＦ１－（２－ＳＵＢＳＴＩＴＵＴＥＤＭＥＴＨＹＬＴＨＩＯ－２－ＳＵＢＳＴＩＴＵＴＥＤＡＲＹ...     

板蓝根甲素的结构分析

板蓝根甲素的结构分析王树春（陕西医学高等专科学校，西安７１００６８）吕扬１）郑启泰吴寿金２）桂承会２）孔漫梁晓天（中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学药物研究所，北京１０００５０）关键词板蓝根甲素；Ｘ衍射；综合分析以新鲜的菘蓝根为原料，洗净、粉碎，用９５％...     

［R-(R*,S*)］-［(2-甲基-1-丙酰氧基丙氧基)(4-苯基丁基)氧膦基］乙酸的合成

选用苄基氯,经过芳香族烯烃的游离基加成,缩合,氢解脱苄基等反应以及光学异体构的拆分,合成了福辛普利的重要中间体「Ｒ－（４＊,Ｓ＊）」－「（２－甲基基－２－丙酰摒在丙氧基）（４－苯基丁基）氧膦基」乙酸,并改进了部分反应条件。     

2，6－哌嗪二酮类抗肿瘤药物的研究1－取代苯基－4－（2′，3′－二乙酰氧基－5′－甲氧羰基苄基）－2，6－哌嗪二酮的合成

本文设计合成了１１个１－取代苯基－４－（２′，３′－二乙酰氧基－５′－甲氧羰基苄基）－２，６－哌嗪二酮类化合物，并经对小鼠白血病细胞Ｐ３８８、小鼠肝癌细胞Ｈｅｐ和人体胃癌细胞ＳＧＣ７９０１的体外实验表明，化合物９ｊ对Ｐ３８８白血病细胞有较强的抑制作用，化合物９ｄ对Ｈｅｐ肝癌细胞有较强的抑制作用。本文还考察了超声波辐射时间对Ｍａｎｎｉｃｈ反应的影响。     

高效液相色谱法测定血浆中2－（对－二甲氨基苯乙烯）碘化甲基吡啶浓度

高效液相色谱法测定血浆中２－（对－二甲氨基苯乙烯）碘化甲基吡啶浓度李进文，曾平，张克锦（兰州军区乌鲁木齐总医院药理科８３００００）２－（对－二甲氨基苯乙烯）碘化甲基吡啶［２－（ｐ－ｄｉｍｅｔｈｙｌａｍｉｎｏｓｔｙｒｙｌ）ｐｙｒｉｄｉｎｅｍｅｔｈｉｏｄ...     

9-(2-膦酰甲氧乙基)腺嘌呤及其位置异构体3-(2-膦酰甲氧乙基)腺嘌呤的合成和抗病毒活性研究

Phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (1),PMEA,an acyclic nucleotide withbroad-spectrum antiviral activity was synthesized with some modifications of Holy's procedure.Simutaneously,an N-3 regioisomer(2)of PMEA and a by-preduct, formaldehyde di-[2-(9-adenyl)ethyl] acetal(7)were seperated by silica gel chromatography in the ratio of 50:10:1.Compound(2)and(7) are new compounds that we have not yet found in literatures. The structure of them weredetermined with ¹HNMR,2DNMR, MS and Spot test.Antiviral test showed that N-3 isomer(2)completely lost activity against both HIV-1 and HSV-1 in vitro. It seems that regiospecificity of theacyclic nucleotide structure is important for antiviral activity.     

Immunomodulatory activity of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA), a potent anti-HIV nucleotide analogue, on in vivo murine models.

In order to evaluate the influence of antiviral nucleoside analogues upon the natural immune system, we investigated the immunomodulatory activity of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA), a nucleotide analogue with potent anti-HIV and anti-herpes activity, in a murine system. C57BL/6 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 10, 25 and 50 mg PMEA/kg. Mononuclear cells were isolated from their spleens, and some natural immune functions were evaluated. The results show that PMEA significantly increases the levels of natural killer (NK)-cell cytotoxicity. We also found that alpha/beta IFN production was substantially increased in PMEA-treated mice, while both IL-1 and IL-2 production was decreased. Thus, PMEA can increase some natural immunity functions, such as NK activity and IFN production. These results suggest that PMEA might be active in vivo against HIV and herpes viruses both as an immunomodulator and as an antiviral compound.     

Phosphorylation of 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine and 9-(S)-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine by AMP(dAMP) kinase from L1210 cells.

Acyclic nucleotide analogues 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) and 9-(S)-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine ((S)-HPMPA) which display potent antiviral activity are transformed in the cells to their mono- and disphosphoryl derivatives. We purified from mouse L1210 cells the enzyme that in two steps phosphorylates PMEA and (S)-HPMPA to their diphosphoryl derivatives and found that it co-purifies with AMP(dAMP) kinase activity; the best substrates of this enzyme were AMP, ADP and dAMP. Other nucleoside 5'-triphosphates or creatine phosphate could not be substituted for ATP as a phosphate donor. Our results also indicated that at least one other enzyme (creatine kinase) is capable of transforming the monophosphoryl derivatives of the studied compounds to their respective diphosphates.     

Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a phosphonate prodrug: bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine.

9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA; 1) was acylated with chloromethyl pivalate to afford bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) PMEA (2). The ester prodrug demonstrated enhanced in vitro potency against HSV-2 greater than 150-fold higher than the parent compound. The antiviral activity of 2 was 50-fold better than PMEA against HSV-1, and equipotent against HIV and HCMV. The toxicity of 2 was studied in both resting and growing cells.     

阿地福韦体外抗乙肝病毒的活性

目的：阿地福韦（adefoir dipivoxil,Bis-POM PMEA)是一新的广谱,抗病毒核苷类药物。本实验评价阿地福韦体外抗乙肝病毒（HBV）的活性。方法：应用HBV DNA转染的人肝癌细胞株（Hep G2.2.15),阿地福韦体外抗乙肝病毒（HBV）的活性评价。结果：阿地福韦能显著减少Hep G2.2.15细胞培养上清液中HBsAg,HBV DNA的分泌,Southern印迹法表明：阿地福韦能明显地抑制HBV和制中间体及共价环状闭合DNA。该实验药物浓度对细胞形态,计数及总细胞DNA无明显影响。阿地福韦具有较强的体外抗HBV活性,同时细胞毒性作用不明显。结论：阿地福韦作为新的抗HBV药物,具有其临床应用价值。     

Cell-protecting effect against herpes simplex virus-1 and cellular metabolism of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine in HeLa S3 cells.

9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) is a selective and potent inhibitor of retrovirus and herpesvirus replication in vitro and in vivo. In cell culture studies, pretreatment of HeLa S3 cells with PMEA before infection enhanced its antiviral potency by almost 10-fold, compared with treatment of the cells only after viral infection. To elucidate the basis for this observation, the uptake, metabolism, and retention of PMEA metabolites were examined in uninfected and herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cells, by using [2,8-3H]PMEA. Uptake of the drug into both acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions was slow and did not begin to plateau until close to 24 hr. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of acid-soluble extracts revealed at least four metabolites in addition to PMEA itself, designated as X, Y, DP, and TP. Metabolites X and Y, which were distinct from PMEA and its mono- and diphosphoryl derivatives, represented almost 90% of the radioactivity associated with the cells after 24 hr of incubation. Dephosphorylation of acid-soluble metabolites resulted in accumulation of radioactivity in the peaks associated with PMEA and X. Most of the radioactivity in the acid-insoluble fraction was associated with DNA. Enzymatic digestion of [3H] PMEA-labeled DNA from either infected or uninfected cells yielded both metabolite X and PMEA itself. The role of newly discovered PMEA metabolites in its antiviral activity and cytotoxicity is not clear.     

Single-dose administration of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) and 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-2,6-diaminopurine (PMEDAP) in the prophylaxis of retrovirus infection in vivo.

9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) and 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-2,6-diaminopurine (PMEDAP) are selectively inhibitory to human immunodeficiency virus and other retroviruses. We have now investigated the effects of different PMEA and PMEDAP treatment schedules in newborn mice infected with Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV). Administration of a single dose of PMEA or PMEDAP on the day of MSV inoculation conferred a greater protective effect against MSV-induced tumor formation than when this dose was divided over two, four or seven injections per week. Also, the therapeutic index of PMEA and PMEDAP was increased if administered as a single dose. Furthermore, PMEA and PMEDAP afforded a marked antiviral protection if administered within one day before MSV infection. Thus, single doses of PMEA or PMEDAP, when administered shortly before or after MSV infection, appear to be effective in preventing the manifestations of the retroviral disease.     

9-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine diphosphate (PMEApp) as a substrate toward replicative DNA polymerases alpha, delta, epsilon, and epsilon*.

The diphosphoryl derivative of the acyclic nucleotide phosphonate analog 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA), found previously to weakly inhibit DNA pol delta/proliferating cell nuclear antigen, was studied as a substrate for pol alpha, delta, epsilon, and epsilon*. A comparison of the Vmax and Km for this derivative (PMEApp) and dATP demonstrated that the relative efficiency of the incorporation of this analog into the DNA chain is decreasing in the following order: pol delta approximately equal to pol epsilon approximately equal to pol epsilon* > pol alpha. Under the reaction conditions, this incorporation amounted to 4.4 to 0.7% of dAMP molecules. Similar Km values for PMEApp and dATP in pol epsilon and pol epsilon* catalyzed reactions revealed that proteolysis of the enzyme probably does not affect the dNTP binding site. The DNA polymerases tested were inhibited by the reaction product (PMEA terminated DNA chain) with similar Ki/Km ratios (pol alpha 0.2; pol delta, 0.1; pol epsilon 0.05; and pol epsilon*, 0.06). The associated 3'-5'-exonuclease activity of pol delta, epsilon, and epsilon* was able to excise PMEA from the 3'-OH end of DNA with a rate one order of magnitude lower than that of the dAMP residue.     

Transport,Uptake, and Metabolism of the Bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-Ester Prodrug of 9-(2- Phosphonylmethoxyethyl)Adenine in an In Vitro Cell Culture System of the Intestinal Mucosa (Caco-2)

Purpose. To evaluate intestinal transport, uptake and metabolism characteristics of the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-ester [bis(POM)-ester] of the antiviral agent 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine [PMEA]. Methods. Intestinal transport, uptake and metabolism of bis(POM)-PMEA were studied using an in vitro cell culture system of the intestinal mucosa (Caco-2 monolayers). Concentrations of bis(POM)-PMEA and its metabolites mono(POM)-PMEA and PMEA were determined using a reversed-phase HPLC method. Enzymatic stability of bis(POM)-PMEA was evaluated by incubation with purified liver carboxylesterase, homogenates of Caco-2 cells and scraped pig small intestinal mucosa. Results. The use of bis(POM)-PMEA as a prodrug of PMEA resulted in a significant increase in transport of total PMEA [bis(POM)-PMEA, mono(POM)-PMEA and PMEA] across Caco-2 monolayers. While transepithelial transport of PMEA (500 M) was lower than 0.1% during a 3 hr incubation period, transport of total PMEA after addition of bis(POM)-PMEA (100 M) amounted to 8.8% over the same incubation period. Only 23% of the amount transported appeared as intact bis-ester at the basolateral side, while 33% of this amount was free PMEA and 44% was mono(POM)-PMEA, suggesting susceptibility of the prodrug to chemical and enzymatic degradation. Uptake studies revealed that only negligible amounts of bis(POM)-PMEA (< 0.2%) were present inside the cells. Very high intracellular concentrations of PMEA were found 1.2 mM, after a 3 hr incubation with 50 M bis(POM)-PMEA), which suggests that PMEA was trapped inside the cells probably due to its negative charge. This explains that efflux of PMEA was relatively slow (25% of the intracellular amount in 3 hr). Enzymatic degradation of the prodrug by carboxylesterase was confirmed by incubation of bis(POM)-PMEA with purified enzyme (K_m = 87 M and V_max = 9.5 M/min). Incubation of bis(POM)-PMEA (10 M) with cell homogenate of Caco-2 monolayers and pig small intestinal mucosa produced similar degradation profiles. Conclusions. The use of the bis(POM)-prodrug significantly enhances the intestinal permeability of PMEA. Intracellular trapping of PMEA in the intestinal mucosa may result in slow release of PMEA to the circulation after oral administration of bis(POM)-PMEA.     

盐酸溴己新中杂质N-(2-硝基)-N-环己基-N-甲胺的遗传毒性评价

目的：评价盐酸溴己新国抽杂质的遗传毒性,为其制定合理限值提供毒理学依据。方法：按照 《中国药典》和 ICH M7指导原则的要求,采用基于专家知识规则Derek和基于统计学的Sarah的(Q) SAR软件对杂质N-(2-硝基)-N-环己基-N-甲胺进行分类,采用Mini-Ames试验进一步验证预测结果并进一步对杂质进行准确分类,制定合理限度。结果：通过(Q)SAR评估,N-(2-硝基)-N-环己基-N-甲胺为3类杂质;Mini-Ames试验结果显示N-(2-硝基)-N-环己基-N-甲胺在无和有活化系统条件下,各剂量组菌落数均未增加,Mini-Ames试验为致突变阴性。结论：N-(2-硝基)-N-环己基-N-甲胺没有遗传毒性,可按普通杂质制定限值。