42例重型颅脑损伤气管切开术患者的护理体会

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤气管切开术患者的护理方法。方法对42例重型颅脑损伤气管切开术患者,给予加强气道管理、有效吸痰、保持气道湿化、把握拔管时机等的护理措施。结果本组治愈24例(57.14%),好转12例(28.57%),自动出院1例(2.38%),死亡5例(11.90%)。发生肺部感染2例(4.76%)。结论规范做好重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开术各项护理措施,可降低术后感染等并发症发生率,提高治愈率。     

可伸缩式延长管在机械通气中的应用

目的探讨可伸缩式延长管在有创机械通气中的应用效果。方法将进行有创机械通气的患者71例随机分为观察组（37例）和对照组（34例）,对照组按照传统方法,将呼吸回路管直接与人工气道相连,气管滴药或吸痰时分离呼吸机管路,吸痰前后分别给予100％纯氧2min。观察组在人工气道和呼吸回路之间连接1个带吸痰孔的可伸缩式延长管,气管滴药和吸痰过程中不中断机械通气。结果两组安静状态血氧饱和度比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但气管滴药时和吸痰后3min的血氧饱和度、呼吸机带机时间及呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论可伸缩式延长管的使用,可有效避免气管内滴药和吸痰时患者血氧饱和度下降,从而缩短呼吸机的使用时间。     

重型颅脑损伤早期行气管切开术的临床研究

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤早期气管切开的作用。方法 对我科自1993年1月～2004年1月收治的93例重型颅脑损伤,早期气管切开进行回顾性分析。结果 93例病人基本生活自理36例,占38．71％。生活需人照顾者15例,占16．13％。植物生存12例占12．90％。死亡30例占32．26％。结论 呼吸道不通畅、肺部感染是加重病情导致重度颅脑损伤病人死亡的重要原因之一。对估计近期不能清醒、有原发性肺部疾患、合并胸部外伤者．应早期行气管切开术。保持呼吸道通畅可明显降低重型颅脑损伤患者的死亡率,提高治愈和生存率。     

小儿血液透析并发症原因分析及护理

回顾性总结42例头面部烧伤并吸入性损伤患者的护理方法,包括头面部烧伤并吸入性损伤患者的急救处理．呼吸道轻、中、重度烧伤的主要护理措施等。提出对头面部烧伤患者进行常规支气管纤维镜检查,及时发现呼吸道吸入性损伤,特别是对呼吸道中、重度烧伤患者尽早行气管插管或气管切开具有重要临床意义。     

烧伤病人气管切开术

上呼吸道损伤及其并发症仍然是处理烧伤和吸入性损伤病人的主要问题。过去,气管切开术被用作最初的气道处理。然而,由于许多吸入性损伤患者所需插管时间短,而气管切开术的并发症发生率较高,因此目前趋向于只将该术应用于有特殊指征的病人,而不作为一种预防性措施。本文介绍纽约医院烧伤中心5年来对有特殊指征病人行气管切开术的经验,旨在了解其效果和确定这些患者上呼吸道并发症的发病机理。在1982～1986年间,对3246名患者中的99人实施了气管切开术。其中气管切开指征包括长期呼吸衰竭者88例,伴有严重烧伤和吸入性损害者11例,且气管内插管失败。99人中有74人死亡,54％与呼吸并发     

腹腔镜胆总管切开术与内镜括约肌切开术治疗胆总管结石的比较

目的 探讨腹腔镜与内镜治疗胆总管结石的安全性有效性及适应证。方法 回顾性对比分析1997年7月至2006年6月腹腔镜胆总管切开术及内镜括约肌切开术治疗胆总管结石213例（腹腔镜组122例，内镜组91例）的临床资料。结果 腹腔镜组与内镜组相比手术成功率（96．7％vs．91．2％）及结石清除率（99．2％vs．94．0％）两组相似，近期并发症率（3．4％vs．13．3％，χ^2=6．864，P=0．009）较低；腹腔镜组的平均住院日（z=-2．713，P=0．007）及住院费用（z=-3．156，P=0．002）较高，主要原因是部分病例合并急性梗阻性胆管炎及胆源性胰腺炎预置鼻胆管引流控制感染，以及部分病例行胆总管T管引流等。内镜组发生重症胰腺炎3例（3．6％），其中死亡1例（1．2％）。结论 腹腔镜胆总管切开术保持Oddi括约肌完整，并发症较少、较轻，是治疗胆总管结石较为安全有效的方法。腹腔镜胆总管切开术适用于合并胆囊结石及胆总管扩张，急性梗阻性胆管炎及胆源性胰腺炎得到有效控制，全身情况好、能耐受麻醉手术者；内镜括约肌切开术适用于合并胆总管下段狭窄及结石嵌顿、急性梗阻性胆管炎、胆源性胰腺炎、全身情况差不能耐受麻醉手术的老年患者。     

重度颅脑损伤患者气管切开术后呼吸道护理

目的探讨重度颅脑损伤气管切开术后呼吸道的护理方法。方法对72例重度颅脑损伤患者气管切开术后呼吸道的护理进行回顾性分析。男40例,女32例;GCS评分6~8分52例,3~5分20例;气管切开后持续气道湿化,定时室内空气消毒、雾化吸入,正确吸痰,做好口腔、切口的护理及气囊管理的拔管护理,预防肺部感染。结果72例患者基本生活自理34例,占47.22%;生活需人照顾24例,占33.33%;植物生存7例,占9.72%;死亡7例,占9.72%。结论呼吸道不畅、低氧血症是重度颅脑损伤死亡的重要原因之一,早期气管切开,保持呼吸道通畅,维持有效血氧饱和度往往能为后期的成功抢救创造良好条件,可明显降低重度颅脑损伤患者死亡率,提高治愈率。     

湿化气管罩的研制与应用

目的探讨减少气管切开患者术后气道干燥、痰阻、下呼吸道感染等并发症的有效方法。方法将41例气管切开患者随机分为对照组20例和观察组21例，对照组采用传统的湿化方法，观察组采用自行设计的湿化气管罩进行气道湿化。结果观察组痰痂形成、刺激性咳嗽、肺部感染发生率晕著低于对照组（P〈0．05，P〈O．01）；吸痰次数、吸痰时及吸痰后5minSpO2波动程度，观察组显著少于／低于对照组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。结论自行设计的湿化气管罩能有效减少气管切开患者术后并发症。     

气管插管固定器在机械通气患者中的应用

目的探讨气管插管固定器在急危重症患者中的临床应用价值。方法将82例经口气管插管患者,分为简易针筒胶带固定组32例、口含管胶带固定组22例和气管插管固定器组28例．进行人工气道受压率、自行拔管发生率及并发症发生率的比较。结果气管插管同定器组人工气道受压发生率（0）、自行拔管发生率（3．57％,1／28）及并发症发生率（0）与简易针筒胶带固定组的50．00％（16／32）、21．88％（7／32）、15．62％（5／32）比较均明显减少（P〈0．01或〈0．05）。且自行拔管发生率及并发症发生率均低于口含管胶带固定组的22．73％（5／22）、13．64％（3／22）（P〈0．05）．结论气管插管固定器能降低气管插管的移位,减少并发症的发生。     

经皮扩张气管切开术在重度颈髓损伤颈椎前路或前后路联合手术后人工气道中的应用

目的探讨颈椎前路和颈椎前后路联合颈椎切开复位内固定手术后行经皮扩张气管切开术的安全性。方法回顾性分析2012年1月～2013年3月颈脊髓损伤17例,行颈前路（12例）或颈前后路（5例）切开复位内固定手术,术后5—11d行经皮扩张气管切开术。结果17例经皮扩张气管切开术均过程顺利,无颈前部重要器官损伤、术后局部大量出血、造瘘区域感染、颈前路手术切口及切口深层感染。结论颈前路手术5日后行经皮扩张气管切开术是安全高效的建立人工气道的方法。     

吸入性损伤患者早期气管切开拔管时机及后期并发症分析

目的 探讨中、重度吸人性损伤患者早期气管切开后拔管的适宜时机、后期并发症及其处理方法.方法收集整理笔者单位2000年1月-2009年1月收治的150例吸人性损伤患者病案资料.患者中男105例、女45例,中度吸人性损伤129例,行气管切开109例;重度吸人性损伤21例,均行气管切开.(1)分别统计中、重度吸人性损伤气管切开患者中,伤后2周内和2周后拔管者因窒息而再置管率、肺部感染率;统计所有中、重度患者伤后1周内病死率.(2)对后期气管切口封闭后频繁出现咳嗽、声嘶及呼吸功能降低的患者,给予药物化痰、祛痰及口服抗生素加静养等保守治疗.统计分析其中30例中度及10例重度患者伤后3个月内随访期间纤维支气管镜检查结果(气管狭窄、肉芽肿形成、声带麻痹发生率)及肺功能检查情况[第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)].对数据行t检验或x2检验.结果伤后2周内拔管的中度吸人性损伤患者再置管率为21.4%(15/70),2周后拔管的中度患者再置管率为8.0%(2/25),二者水平接近(x2=1.52,P＞0.05);2周后拔管的中度患者肺部感染率为60.0%(15/25),明显高于2周内拔管中度患者的30.0%(21/70),x2=7.04,P＜0.05.不同时期拔管的重度患者之间,此2项指标比较结果与中度患者相似.伤后1周内重度患者病死率明显高于中度患者(x2=11.90,P＜0.05).随访期间,中、重度患者气管狭窄发生率均为100.0%,但重度患者肉芽肿形成率及声带麻痹发生率明显高于中度患者(x2值分别为4.59、13.47,P值均小于0.05).中度患者伤后1、2、3个月FEV1均明显高于重度患者(t值分别为5.48、12.10、6.25,P值均小于0.05),伤后3个月时达健康人水平.结论中、重度吸人性损伤行气管切开术的患者,伤后2周内与2周后拔管各有利弊,具体拔管时机应结合患者自身情况采取个性化原则进行权衡;患者后期易出现呼吸系统并发症,建议以保守治疗为主.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the appropriate extubation time and treatment of late complications after early tracheotomy in patients with moderate or severe inhalation injury. Methods One hundred and fifty patients ( 105 males and 45 females) with inhalation injury were admitted to our hospital from January 2000 to January 2009. Among them, 109 out of 129 cases with moderate inhalation injury received early tracheotomy, and all 21 cases with severe inhalation injury received early tracheotomy. Data were collected for analysis as follows: ( 1 ) incidence of re-intubation due to suffocation and pneumonia incidence after extubation within 2 weeks or after 2 weeks post inhalation injury (PⅡ), and mortality rate within the first week after injury were recorded. (2) Conservative treatments including expectorant, oral antibiotics, and absolute bedrest were recommended for patients who had severe cough, hoarseness or poor pulmonary function after late extubation and closure of tracheostomy wound. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy findings ( tracheostenosis degree, granuloma formation rate, vocal cord paralysis rate) and pulmonary function index ( FEV1 ) data were collected and analyzed in 30 cases with moderate inhalation injury and 10 cases with severe inhalation injury within 3 months after injury for follow-up. Data were processed with t test or chi-square test. Results There was no obvious difference in the rate of re-intubation after extubation in patients with moderate inhalation injury between those done within 2 weeks PⅡ ( 15/70, 21.4% ) and those done after 2 weeks PⅡ (2/25, 8.0% ) ( x 2 = 1.52, P ＞ 0.05 ). Pneumonia incidence in patients of moderate inhalation injury with extubation within 2 weeks PⅡ (21/70, 30.0% ) was lower than those with extubation after 2 weeks PⅡ (15/25, 60.0% ) (x 2= 7.04, P ＜ 0.05). Levels of above-mentioned indexes in patients with severe inhalation injury extubated in diffferent stages were similar to those of patients with moderate inhalation injury.Within the first week after injury, mortality rate of patients with severe inhalation injury was higher than that of patients with moderate inhalation injury ( x 2 = 11.90, P ＜ 0.05 ). During follow-up, tracheostenosis rate in patients with moderate or severe inhalation injury was 100.0%; granuloma formation rate and vocal cord paralysis rate in patients with severe inhalation injury were higher than those of patients with moderate inhalation injury ( with x 2 value respectively 4.59, 13.47, P values all below 0.05 ). The FEV1 value of patients with moderate inhalation injury in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd month after injury was respectively higher than that of patients with severe inhalation injury ( with t value respectively 5.48, 12. 10, 6.25, P values all below 0.05). The values recovered to normal level in the 3rd month after injury. Conclusions Extubation time of tracheotomy for patients with moderate or severe inhalation injury within 2 weeks or after 2 weeks PⅡ has its own advantage and disadvantage, and it should be performed according to specific conditions of each patient. Conservative treatment is optional for late complications of respiratory system.     

烧伤合并中重度吸入性损伤的早期救治

目的：为提高中重度吸入性损伤治疗水平,探讨中重度吸入性损伤早期救治的方法。方法：对32例烧伤合并中重度吸入性损伤患者实施“四早”救治方案,即：早期气管切开;早期充分给氧;早期气道湿化、灌洗;早期纤维支气管镜检查及治疗。32例患者中,烧伤面积〈30％TBSA16例,30％～50％TBSA10例,〉50％TB—SA6例;Ⅲ度烧伤面积〈10％TBSA17例,10％～20％TBSA6例,〉20％TBSA9例。救治过程中观察患者气道黏膜损伤情况及愈合时间,监测气道灌洗前后、纤支镜治疗前后30min患者的心率、呼吸频率及动脉血气变化,纤支镜治疗前后痰标本作细菌培养。结果：32例中治愈28例,死亡4例,2例死于急性呼吸窘迫综合征,2例死于肺部严重感染,病死率12．5％;气道的愈合与黏膜损伤程度密切相关,与损伤部位关系不明显;气道灌洗前后和纤支镜治疗前后,患者的动脉血氧饱和度、动脉血氧分压升高,心率、呼吸频率减慢,动脉血pH值降低;纤支镜肺泡灌洗后气道内病原菌明显减少。中重度吸入性损伤患者应用“四早”救治方案后,显著地提高了救治的成功率。结论：对中重度吸入性损伤患者按“四早”方案进行救治是有效可行的。     

烧伤患者吸入性损伤和肺部感染的发生特点及其对死亡的影响

为了评价吸入性损伤和肺部感染的发生特点及其对死亡的影响，总结了我科近１４年住院治疗的热力烧伤患者９４０例，其中吸入性损伤７５例，轻度１５例，全部治愈，中度２５例，死亡１３例，死亡率为５２．０％，重度３５例，死亡３１例，死亡率为８８．６％。统计分析表明，合并吸入性损伤者６９．３％在密闭空间发生，同时伴有面部烧伤者达９６．０％。随着烧伤面积的增加，吸入性损伤发生率和肺部感染的发生率相应增加。有吸入性损伤肺部感染较无吸入性损伤肺部感染率为高（Ｐ＜０．０１），发生时间早。两组同等烧伤面积、深度、年龄患者，有吸入性损伤组发生死亡的危险比无吸入性损伤组大１７．２倍（Ｐ＜０．００１）。烧伤面积、深度和年龄相近，合并肺部感染者明显增加了死亡的机会（Ｐ＜０．００１）。     

烧伤患者吸入性损伤和肺部感染的发生特点及其对死亡的影响

为了评价吸入性损伤和肺部感染的发生特点及其对死亡的影响,总结了我科近14年住院治疗的热力烧伤患者940例,其中吸入性损伤175例,轻度15例。全部治愈,中度25例,死亡13例,死亡率为52.0％,重度35例。死亡31例,死亡率为88.6％,统计分析表明,合并吸入性损伤者69.3％在密闭空间发生,同时伴有面部烧伤者达96.0％。随着烧伤面积的增加,吸入性损伤发生率和肺部感染的发生率相应增加,有吸入性损伤肺部感染较无吸入性损伤肺部感染率为高(P<0.01),发生时间早,两组同等烧伤面积、深度、年龄患者、有吸入性损伤组发生死亡的危险比无吸入性损份组大17.2倍(P<0.001)。烧伤面积、深度和年龄相近,合并肺部感染者明显增加了死亡的机会(P<0.001)。     

加强呼吸道管理对吸入性损伤气管切开患者肺部感染的防治作用

目的 了解加强呼吸道管理措施对吸入性损伤气管切开患者肺部感染的防治效果.方法 将笔者单位2000年1月--2004年12月收治的14例烧伤伴吸入性损伤患者设为对照组,予以常规全身治疗及常规呼吸道管理;2005年1月-2009年10月收治的27例烧伤伴吸入性损伤患者设为加强组,予以常规全身治疗并加强呼吸道管理,具体措施包括呼吸道"床边隔离"与双管(给氧管、湿化管)固定、体位"定向"湿化与痰液稀释、气道灌洗与程序式排痰、药物联合雾化治疗、"间断负压法"吸痰等.对比观察2组患者的痰液(气管切开后第7天)细菌培养结果、胸部X线片检查(入院后即刻和气管切开后第7天)结果、肺部感染情况、SO_2和血气分析指标(气管切开后7 d内)以及各组患者治愈率. 结果 (1)对照组患者中11例痰液细菌培养呈阳性占78.6%、加强组12例呈阳性占44.4%,组间比较,差异有统计学意义(X~2=4.36,P<0.05).均以铜绿假单胞菌为主要检出菌.(2)胸部X线片提示,加强组7例患者发生肺炎占25.9%,明显少于对照组(8例,占57.1%,X~2=3.87,P<0.05).肺部感染确诊结果与此一致.(3)2组患者观察期间均未出现CO_2潴留现象,无窒息引起的PaCO_2、SO_2异常,PaCO_2值组间接近(t=0.89,P>0.05).(4)对照组治愈9例占64.3%,死亡5例,分别死于肺炎、创面脓毒症、MODS.加强组治愈25例占92.6%,死亡2例,死亡原因均为MODS.加强组治愈率明显高于对照组(X~2=5.22,P<0.05). 结论 加强呼吸道管理措施对气道起到较好的滤过及隔离、湿化作用,便于痰液稀释、引流与排出,减少了盲目吸痰的概率与操作性损伤.有利于防治气管切开后继发的肺部感染.     

333例小儿吸入性损伤临床分析

目的　分析小儿吸入性损伤的临床特征 ,探讨其临床防治措施。　方法　统计 333例小儿烧伤合并吸入性损伤 ,分析其与烧伤面积、休克、感染及预后之间的关系。　结果　小儿吸入性损伤的休克和菌血症发生率分别为 4 1.14 %和 18.92 % ,中、重度吸入性损伤的发生率分别高达5 8 76 %和 31.96 % ;休克组菌血症发生率为 2 4 .82 %。 6 7例死亡中 ,5 8.2 1%并发菌血症 ,34.33%直接死于菌血症。对有适应证者早期气管切开较晚期手术复苏时间短 ,电解质与胶体补液量减少。　结论　感染是影响吸入性损伤预后的重要因素 ;吸入性损伤、休克是感染的重要诱因 ;防治休克以及对高危感染患者早期应用高效抗生素 ,可望降低感染发生率 ,提高吸入性损伤的治愈率 ;早期气管切开有利于休克复苏     

Multiple organ failure after severe burns]

36 cases with multiple organ failure (MOF) in a group of 178 severe burn injury patients during 1969-1989 were observed in our department. The rate of occurrence of MOF in this group was 20.2% (36/178). 25 cases out of these 36 patients died, and the mortality rate was 69.5% (25/36). In 10 cases 2 organs were involved, and two patients died; 3 organs were involved in 13 cases and nine of them died; more than 4 organs were affected in 13 cases and all of them died. The relationship between MOF and shock, inhalation injury as well as septicemia was discussed. Although there were many factors which could induce postburn multiple organ failure (PBMOF), the severity of the injury was the most fundamental inducing factor. The severer the burn injury, the higher the morbidity and mortality of PBMOF. Both shock and inhalation injury were important inducing factors in early PBMOF. Wound sepsis and septicemia were major inducing factors in delayed PBMOF. Majority of the delayed PBMOF took place during septicemia. In consideration of the high mortality of PBMOF and lack of effective treatment at present, it is extremely important to prevent severe burn injury patients from developing PBMOF. The measures to prevent PBMOF included: to correct shock adequately as soon as possible, to select the optimal time and appropriate extent of escharotomy and skin grafting, to try our best to ensure complete or near complete take of skin grafts, and to strengthen systemic metabolic support.     

Futility of resuscitation criteria for the "young" old and the "old" old trauma patient: a national trauma data bank analysis

BACKGROUND: Increasing geriatric trauma is producing disproportionate use of resources. In burn victims, age and burn extent correlate with mortality, yielding the establishment of criteria for futile resuscitation. Such criteria would be useful to trauma patients and their families in making withdrawal-of-care decisions while reducing resource use. Our objective, therefore, was to identify injury and physiologic parameters that would indicate a high probability of futile resuscitation among geriatric trauma patients. METHODS: Data pertaining to patients greater than or equal to 65 years of age within the National Trauma Databank from 1994 to 2001 were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression-with mortality as the outcome variable and head, chest, and/or abdominal injury; base deficit; gender; comorbidities; and admission systolic blood pressure (SBP) as covariates-was performed to develop a stratification scheme providing criteria indicative of a high probability of futile resuscitation. RESULTS: There were 76,304 patients with a mean age of 79.4 years. Head, thoracic, and abdominal injury; age; gender; comorbidities; admission SBP; and base deficit were associated with mortality. Patients with severe chest and/or abdominal injury, moderate to severe head injury, admission SBP less than 90 mm Hg, and significant base deficit had mortalities approaching 100%. Older patients with modest shock and mild to moderate head injury admitted with severe chest and/or abdominal injury had a less than 5% chance of survival. CONCLUSION: Geriatric trauma patients with severe chest and/or abdominal trauma with moderate shock and mild to moderate head injury have an exceedingly low probability of survival. These data support early withdrawal of care in these individuals.     

Burn injuries caused by ship fire: A 12-year study in Shanghai

The 105 patients admitted to our Burn Institute from 1st January 1996 to 31st December 2007, with ship fire-related burns were studied retrospectively. The mean age was 30.2 ± 12.6 years with a range of 1–58. One hundred and three patients (98.1%) were men and 2 (1.9%) women. The mean total burn surface area (TBSA) was 46.5%, mostly deep burns. The most common areas of burn were the head, neck and upper limb. Summer months July, August, June and September were times of highest incidence. Fifty-seven (54.3%) patients had inhalation injury, 42 received tracheotomy, and 38 received mechanical ventilation. The treatment was complex, difficult, long, and costly. The interval between burn and start of resuscitation ranged from 2.1 to 67 h with a mean of (5.9 ± 4.4) h. Forty-two patients (40%) started intravenous fluid resuscitation 6 h after burn. Twenty-four patients (23%) received insufficient fluid resuscitation developed hypotension and severe shock at admission. Ninety-two (87.6%) patients required operations including tracheotomy, debridement and grafting, per patient was 5.2. The mean length of hospital stay was 44.2 days. Pulmonary edema was the most common complication during the early post-burn period (within 7 days), and sepsis during the later period (>7 days). Nine patients died of MODS or sepsis, giving a mortality rate of 8.57%. Conclusion: Caution and preventive measures are needed for persons in ships for fire-related burns.     

Inhalation injury in southwest China—The evolution of care

Aim

This study aims to review the changes in management of inhalation injury and the associated reduction in mortality over the past 2 decades.

Methods

The records of burn patients with inhalation injury hospitalised in our institute from 1986 to 2005 were retrospectively analysed. The incidence of inhalation injury and the associated mortality were analysed. Meanwhile, the relationship of inhalation injury with age, total burn area, tracheostomy intubation and mechanical ventilation were studied.

Results

The incidence of inhalation injury was 8.01% in the total 10 608 hospitalised burn patients during the 20 years surveyed. Inhalation injury was always associated with large-sized burn and was more common in adults. The incidence of tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation increased from 39.46 and 30.28% in the period from 1986 to 1995 to 70.12 and 39.74% from 1996 to 2005, respectively. The overall mortality of inhalation-injured burn patients was 15.88% compared with 0.82% of the non-inhalation group. The mortality of the burn patients with inhalation injury dropped from 25.29% during the first 10 years to 11.71% during the second decade (p < 0.01). Mortality secondary to inhalation injury as the lead cause decreased from 14.56 to 6.29% (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

The care of inhalation injury has made significant progress over the past 2 decades. The early diagnosis of inhalation injury, early airway control and pulmonary function assistance with mechanical ventilation contribute to the reduction of mortality.