亚低温对大鼠缺血性脑损伤后SOCS3表达的影响

目的观察大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后不同时间点细胞因子信号转导抑制因子-3(supressor of cytokine signaling 3,SOCS3)的表达情况及实施亚低温后的变化,进一步探讨亚低温的脑保护作用。方法线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,同时给予亚低温治疗。HE染色观察病理形态改变,免疫组化法检测SOCS3的表达,TUNEL法检测凋亡细胞。结果与假手术组相比,常温缺血组于再灌注3 h后SOCS3的表达开始增强,至24 h达高峰,7天时仍有表达;亚低温缺血组各时间点表达均明显高于常温缺血组(P<0.05);常温缺血组凋亡阳性细胞数随再灌注时间的延长而逐渐增多,至72h达高峰;亚低温缺血组各时间点的表达均明显少于常温缺血组(P<0.05)。结论脑缺血再灌注损伤后SOCS3的表达增强,亚低温可能通过促进SOCS3的表达发挥缺血后抗神经元凋亡的作用。     

局部亚低温对大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注模型NKCC1 mRNA水平的影响

目的:观察局部亚低温对大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注模型NKCC1 mRNA表达水平的影响,探索局部亚低温的脑保护机制.方法:雄性Wistar大鼠50只,随机分成常温组和亚低温组.应用"线栓法"实现大鼠右侧大脑中动脉阻塞,2h后拔出线栓进行再灌注,于再灌注3h、12h、24h和72h处死大鼠.应用RT-PCR方法观察NKCC1 mRNA水平的变化.结果:与假手术亚组相比,缺血-再灌注亚组大鼠缺血区皮质NKCC1 mRNA水平明显升高,开始于再灌注3h,12h～24h达到高峰,72h开始下降,亚低温组各再灌注时间点NKCC1 mRNA水平均低于常温组中相应亚组的水平.结论:局部亚低温通过抑制缺血-再灌注过程中NKCC1 mRNA水平的上调发挥脑保护作用.     

亚低温对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ表达的影响

目的:研究亚低温对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARγ)表达的影响,进一步探讨亚低温对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤脑保护作用的机制.方法:线拴法建立大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞再灌注模型,分为假手术组、假手术+亚低温组、模型组及模型+亚低温组.应用Western blotting和免疫组化技术分别检测再灌注后不同时相缺血侧皮层PPARγ蛋白的含量和空间分布.结果:假手术组、假手术+亚低温组PPARγ蛋白有少量表达.脑缺血2h再灌注3h,PPARγ蛋白表达开始增加,随再灌注时间的延长表达量逐渐增加,至再灌注24h达高峰,然后明显减少,再灌注72h时仍高于假手术组的水平.每一相同再灌注时间点,模型+亚低温组PPARγ蛋白表达量均明显低于模型组.结论:亚低温可通过抑制PPARγ的表达上调而发挥一定程度的脑保护作用.     

亚低温对脑缺血再灌注损伤的治疗作用及其机制的初探

目的 观察亚低温对脑缺血再灌注损伤的治疗效果,初步探讨其治疗机制.方法 本实验利用物理降温法,将术中大鼠体温维持在(32.0 ～ 33.0)℃,于缺血再灌注后选取5个时间点(6h、12h、24h、48h和72h)取材进行组织及基因学检测.结果 亚低温有降低脑缺血再灌注术后大鼠死亡率,同时亚低温对于缺血再灌注后的脑组织具有保护作用,基因芯片筛选出亚低温组与常温组表达量变化幅度较大的基因及通路.结论 亚低温能够降低脑缺血再灌注后的损伤,并通过免疫相关反应进行调节.     

局部亚低温对大鼠局灶脑缺血再灌注后神经营养因子-3表达的影响

目的：观察病变侧缺血至再灌期亚低温(32～33 ℃)对局灶脑缺血再灌注后梗死体积和神经营养因子-3(neurotrophin-3,NT-3)表达的影响。方法：采用改良线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型,随机分为假手术组、常温缺血组和亚低温缺血组,缺血30 min后应用负反馈控温半导体制冷块对大鼠病变侧给予亚低温治疗并持续至再灌期。处死大鼠前进行神经功能缺陷评分,氯化三苯四氮唑染色及计算机图像分析技术观察脑梗死体积,采用免疫组织化学方法检测NT-3表达,末端脱核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口标记技术观察神经细胞凋亡情况。结果：同常温缺血组相比,亚低温缺血组梗死体积明显减少,NT-3阳性细胞数量增加,凋亡的神经细胞明显减少(均P<0.05)。神经功能缺陷评分亚低温缺血组明显低于相应时间点常温缺血组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论：病变侧亚低温可通过增加脑缺血后NT-3的表达水平,抑制细胞凋亡而发挥脑保护作用。     

行为学训练对缺血性脑损伤大鼠脑组织X盒结合蛋白1表达的影响

目的:研究大鼠脑缺血再灌注后对细胞核转录因子X盒结合蛋白1(XBP1)表达的影响,探讨穿梭箱行为学训练对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织XBP1的调节作用及机制.方法:应用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,训练组于造模1d后开始给予穿梭箱训练,采用免疫组织化学检测不同时间点大脑皮质内XBP1的表达.结果:正常对照组大鼠大脑皮质内XBP1少量表达,缺血再灌注后高于正常对照组,训练组大脑皮质内XBP1阳性表达较缺血再灌注组明显增多.结论:穿梭箱训练上调脑缺血诱导的XBP1表达,对脑缺血再灌注大鼠皮质神经元的具有保护作用.     

异丙酚对大鼠脑缺血再灌注海马细胞周期因子变化及神经元凋亡的影响

目的： 探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后海马神经元细胞周期蛋白1（cyclin D1）和细胞周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶4（cyclin-dependent kinase 4,CDK4）的表达与神经元凋亡的关系及异丙酚的脑保护作用。方法: 采用大脑中动脉内栓线阻断法（middle cerebral artery obstruction,MCAO）造成局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型。用免疫印迹法（Western blotting）观察cyclin D1和CDK4蛋白的表达;采用流式细胞仪检测海马神经元凋亡。再灌注48 h时进行大鼠神经功能缺陷比较。结果: （1）异丙酚可以改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注后的神经功能缺陷（P＜0.01）;（2）与假手术组比较,脑缺血再灌注48 h后缺血侧海马神经元cyclin D1、CDK4表达明显升高、凋亡细胞数明显增多（P＜0.01）。与缺血再灌注组比较,异丙酚组海马神经元cyclin D1、CDK4的表达和凋亡率明显降低（P＜0.05）。结论: 脑缺血再灌注后缺血侧海马cyclin D1、CDK4表达增强,这可能是介导脑缺血再灌注后神经元凋亡的机制之一;异丙酚可下调神经元cyclin D1、CDK4的表达,抑制神经元凋亡,减轻缺血再灌注对大鼠海马神经元的损伤。     

NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注后大鼠皮质IL-1β表达的调控作用

目的:探讨外源性神经生长因子(NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠皮质白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)表达的影响.方法:线栓法制作大鼠局灶性腩缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学显色、免疫印迹分析方法,结合图像分析技术检测大鼠缺血侧顶叶皮质 IL-1β蛋白表达变化.结果:假手术组大鼠顶叶皮质IL-1β没有表达,缺血再灌注组顶叶皮质IL-1β蛋白在各时间点明显表达,IL-1β蛋白阳性产物的光密度值高于假手术组;NGF组IL-1β蛋白阳性产物的光密度值低于缺血冉灌注组.结论:脑缺血再灌注损伤后诱导 IL-1β蛋白表达,NGF 明显降低缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质IL-1β蛋白表达,这可能是 NGF发挥神经保护作用的分子机制之一.     

亚低温对脑缺血再灌注后大鼠海马齿状回MAP-2表达的影响

目的:观察大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马齿状回微管相关蛋白(MAP-2)变化规律及其意义;探讨亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用.方法:制备大鼠缺血再灌注动物模型,将大鼠分为亚低温组、常温组、假手术对照组,分别在不同时间点断头取脑,取材前应用神经功能等级评分观察脑缺血再灌注后行为功能的恢复,连续切片作MAP-2的免疫组化染色和HE染色,应用透射电镜观察大鼠海马齿状回超微结构的改变.结果:亚低温组于4d、6d、8d神经功能评分减低与常温组相应时间点比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05);常温组缺血侧海马齿状回再灌注12h MAP-2的光密度值较假手术组明显减低(P＜0.01),4d时逐渐增强,8d达高峰,14d恢复至假手术组水平.亚低温组MAP-2各时间点(1d～6d)其光密度值较常温组明显增强(P＜0.05);亚低温组神经元超微结构损伤较常温组相应时间点明显减轻.结论:脑缺血再灌注后早期MAP-2表达减弱,后持续上升.缺血早期应用亚低温可减轻脑组织损伤,促进脑缺血后神经功能恢复,其机理可能与增强脑组织中MAP-2表达有关.     

先兆子痫患者HLA-DQA1、-DQB、-DPA1基因多态性

目的：探讨人类白细胞抗原HLA-DQA1、-DQB1、-DPA1基因多态性与先兆子痫发病的关系。方法：采用序列特异性引物技术（PCR-SSP） 对46例先兆子痫患者和105例正常孕妇及其新生儿进行HLA-DQ-DPA1等位基因分型。结果：所有标本共检出11种HLA-DQA1基因表型、16种HLA-DQB1基因表型、6种HLA-DPA1基因表型。先兆子痫患者HLA-DQB1＊0301基因频率高于正常孕妇，差异有显著性（Pc=0．032，RR=2．43，AR=0．30），其余各基因表型频率两组比较差异均无显著性。结论：HLA-DQB1＊0301基因可能是一种先兆子痫发病的易感基因。     

Comprehensive sequence analysis of HLA-DQA1 and -DQB1 alleles and characterization of DRB1-QAP-DQA1-DQB1 haplotypes

It is well known that both chain and β chain of HLA-DQ are highly polymorphic. However the polymorphisms outside the hypervariable region were not fully examined so far. To further clarify the polymorphisms in DQ genes, we determined the nucleotide sequences of full length cDNA, spanning from the leader sequence to the stop codon, from 15 DQA1 alleles and 15 DQB1 alleles. We identified several new DQ alleles which had identical exon 2 sequence and were different in other exons. On the basis of the sequence analyses, a comprehensive PCR-based oligotyping system for DQA1 gene was established. We then characterized DRB1-QAP(DQA1 promoter)-DQA1-DQB1 haplotypes of B-lymphoblastoid cell lines homozygous for HLA and healthy unrelated Japanese and Norwegian populations. It was revealed that DQA1 alleles, which were identical in exon 2 but different in other exons, showed close linkage disequilibrium with diferent characteristic DRB1, QAP and DQB1 alleles. These results suggest that DR-DQ haplotypes have been generated in the early stage of molecular evolution.     

HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, -DQB1, -DPA1 and -DPB1 genes in Japanese multiple sclerosis patients

Japanese MS patients and controls were examined for the distribution of HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, -DQB1, -DPA1 and -DPB1 alleles using in vitro amplification of genomic DNA and probing with sequence-specific oligonucleotides. No significant difference in frequency of the examined alleles was observed among the two groups. This is in contrast to Norwegian MS patients, where an association to a combination of certain DQA1 and DQB1 alleles has previously been demonstrated.     

HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, -DQB1 and DPB1 susceptibility alleles in Cameroonian type 1 diabetes patients and controls

It is known that certain combinations of alleles within the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) complex are associated with susceptibility or resistance to type 1 diabetes. Variable associations of DR and DQ with type 1 diabetes are documented in Caucasians but rarely in African populations; however, the role of HLA-DP genes in type 1 diabetes remains uncertain. In order to investigate the HLA class II associations with type 1 diabetes in Cameroonians, we used sequence-specific oligonucleotide probing (SSOP) to identify DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 and DPB1 alleles in 10 unrelated C-peptide negative patients with type 1 diabetes and 90 controls from a homogeneous population of rural Cameroon. We found a significantly higher frequency of the alleles DRB1*03 (χ² = 17.9; P = 0.001), DRB1*1301 (χ² = 37.4; P < 0.0001), DQA1*0301 (χ² = 18.5; P = 0.001) and DQB1*0201 (χ² = 37.4; P < 0.001) in diabetes patients compared to the control group. The most frequent alleles in the control population were DQA1*01, DQB1*0602 and DRB1*15. The DRB1*04 allele was not significantly associated with type I diabetes in our study population. We observed no significant difference between patients and controls in DPB1 allele frequency. In conclusion, the data in Cameroonian diabetes patients suggest the existence of HLA class II predisposing and specific protective markers, but do not support previous reports of a primary association between HLA-DP polymorphism and development of type I diabetes .     

The Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 (9-1-1) clamp activates checkpoint signaling via TopBP1

DNA replication stress triggers the activation of Checkpoint Kinase 1 (Chk1) in a pathway that requires the independent chromatin loading of the ATRIP-ATR (ATR-interacting protein/ATM [ataxia-telangiectasia mutated]-Rad3-related kinase) complex and the Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 (9-1-1) clamp. We show that Rad9's role in Chk1 activation is to bind TopBP1, which stimulates ATR-mediated Chk1 phosphorylation via TopBP1's activation domain (AD), a domain that binds and activates ATR. Notably, fusion of the AD to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or histone H2B bypasses the requirement for the 9-1-1 clamp, indicating that the 9-1-1 clamp's primary role in activating Chk1 is to localize the AD to a stalled replication fork.