实验性骨关节病中软骨细胞的凋亡

The right knees of rabbits were immobilized in full extension for up to eight weeks using plaster cast. Specimens of the articular cartilage obtained from tibial plateau were studied by histopathologic and TDT-mediated fluorescein-dUTP nick-end labelling(TUNEL) techniques. The results showed that TUNEL-positive chondrocytes with apoptosis specific morphology were detected on superficial and middle layer of the articular cartilage from one to two weeks after immobilization, and these changes progressed until 4 weeks after immobilization. Six weeks after immobilization, TUNEL-positive chondrocytes were seen through the entire thickness of the articular cartilage. Our findings indicate that apoptosis of chondrocytes could be induced by immobilization and might be responsible for articular cartilage degeneration, and which is one of the pathways involved in the pathophysiological mechanism of osteoarthritis.     

实验性骨关节病中软骨细胞的凋亡

应用兔膝关节伸直位石膏管型固定造成的实验性骨关节病模型,对其关节软骨细胞进行形态学及原位ＤＮＡ 断裂标记研究。结果显示：制动１ 周时即出现软骨表层细胞凋亡,２ 周后凋亡呈增加趋势,６周时出现全层软骨细胞大量凋亡,而正常及实验对照组很少出现凋亡细胞。提示制动可引起软骨细胞凋亡;软骨细胞凋亡可能是关节软骨出现退变的重要机制之一。     

IL-6对体外培养的兔软骨终板细胞生物学行为的影响

目的 探讨IL-6对体外培养的兔软骨终板细胞生物学行为的影响.方法 分离培养兔软骨终板细胞,通过甲苯胺兰染色等方法鉴定后,分别加入不同浓度的IL-6,MTT法测定不同时间点软骨终板细胞增殖活性的变化;流式细胞仪检测软骨终板细胞生长周期的变化;RT-PCR检测蛋白聚糖、Ⅱ型胶原mRNA的表达变化.结果 10、50、100 ng/ml IL-6对软骨终板细胞的增殖无影响,50 ng/ml IL-6对软骨终板细胞细胞周期无影响,10、50 ng/ml IL-6均对Aggrecan mRNA的表达无影响,仅50 ng/ml浓度时IL-6可降低Collagen Ⅱa mRNA的表达.结论 较大剂量IL-6时可抑制软骨终板基质合成,从而促进椎间盘的退变.     

脊柱内固定导致邻近关节突关节退变的实验研究（超微结构观察）

目的 研究脊柱内固定对邻近运动节段关节突关节的超微结构影响。方法 制作山羊多节段脊柱内固定的动物模型，对近固定头侧２个邻近关节突关节进行扫描电镜及透镜电镜的观察。结果 固定３组邻近关节突关节出现了软骨基质较严重的破坏，而软骨细胞呈现出活跃的分泌功能；固定６个月软骨基质的破坏进一步加剧，而软骨细胞也出现较严重的退变表现。在３月及６月组中，头部２个邻近关节突关节的退变程度基本一致。结论 脊柱内固定导致     

Characterization of Human Primary Chondrocytes of Osteoarthritic Cartilage at Varying Severity

Background  There is a difficulty in evaluating the in vivo functionality of individual chondrocytes, and there is much heterogeneity among cartilage affected by osteoarthritis (OA). In this study, in vitro cultured chondrocytes harvested from varying stages of degeneration were studied as a projective model to further understand the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.

Methods  Cartilage of varying degeneration of end-stage OA was harvested, while cell yield and matrix glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content were measured. Cell morphology, proliferation, and gene expression of collagen type I, II, and X, aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), and ADAMTS5 of the acquired chondrocytes were measured during subsequent in vitro culture.

Results  Both the number of cells and the GAG content increased with increasing severity of OA. Cell spreading area increased and gradually showed spindle-like morphology during in vitro culture. Gene expression of collagen type II, collagen type X as well as GAG decreased with severity of cartilage degeneration, while expression of collagen type I increased. Expression of MMP-13 increased with severity of cartilage degeneration, while expression of ADAMTS-5 remained stable. Expression of collagen type II, X, GAG, and MMP-13 substantially decreased with in vitro culture. Expression of collagen type I increased with in vitro cultures, while expression of ADAMTS 5 remained stable.

Conclusions  Expression of functional genes such as collagen type II and GAG decreased during severe degeneration of OA cartilage and in vitro dedifferentiation. Gene expression of collagen I and MMP-13 increased with severity of cartilage degeneration.

     

骨关节炎软骨破坏与凋亡相关蛋白survivin、caspase-3和bcl-xl的表达的相关性研究

目的 研究骨关节炎(OA)患者关节软骨细胞凋亡和软骨破坏的关系,为用药物控制凋亡作为治疗OA的潜在治疗策略提供理论依据.方法 应用原位凋亡方法(TUNEL)检测OA患者(n=20)以及以股骨颈骨折患者为对照组(n=8)的关节软骨细胞的凋亡情况,并通过凋亡软骨细胞的分布来半定量地评估软骨的破坏程度;应用免疫组织化学方法检测凋亡相关蛋白survivin(SVV)、caspase-3和bcl-xl的表达,研究OA软骨破坏与凋亡蛋白表达的相关性.结果 在软骨破坏的相对早期即可以检测凋亡软骨细胞,而且与软骨破坏的程度显著相关(r=0.476,P=0.007),正常对照组组织则含有较少凋亡细胞(P=0.000).SVV表达在有降解损害的软骨细胞和软骨表层细胞中,与正常对照组之间差异有统计学意义(r=0.413,P=0.008),而且与TUNEL染色阳性凋亡细胞的数量有一定的相关性.与SVV相比,caspase-3表达范围较广,在相对正常的软骨区域也可检测到.软骨组织中未见明确的bcl-xl蛋白表达.结论 OA软骨细胞凋亡的程度与软骨破坏程度密切相关,在软骨的降解损害过程中,SVV和caspase-3蛋白的表达对OA软骨细胞的凋亡过程起到一定的作用.     

Hedgehog信号通路在骨性关节炎中的研究进展

近来研究表明,骨性关节炎(OA)关节软骨中印度刺猬蛋白(Ihh)表达上调,而这种上调与OA的进展,软骨细胞的形态变化密切相关.小鼠的遗传研究进一步表明,在软骨细胞有条件缺失Ihh信号可以延缓OA的进展,表明阻断Ihh信号用来作为OA潜在治疗方法的可能,以防止软骨变性.因此,基于Hh在软骨内成骨和骨关节炎的发生发展中发挥的重要作用,本文就Hedgehog信号通路在OA软骨细胞中的作用以及作为潜在治疗靶点的研究作一综述.     

兔髋臼发育不良软骨增厚及纤维化的实验研究

Background The order and mechanism of pathological changes in acetabular dysplasia are still unclear. This study investigated cartilage changes in rabbit acetabular dysplasia models at different ages.Methods Twenty-seven 1-month-old New Zealand rabbits underwent cast immobilization of the left hind limb in knee extension. Serial acetabular dysplasia models were established by assessment of the acetabular index and Sharp＇s angle on radiographs. The thickness of the acetabular cartilage was measured under a microscope, and fibrosis was observed. Ultrastructural changes were investigated with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The messenger RNA expression of collagen Ⅰ and Ⅱ, β1 integrin, and caspase-9 were measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results In an immature group of rabbits, the acetabular index of the treated hip increased with animal growth. The cartilage on the brim of the left acetabulum was significantly thicker than that on the right side. The collagen fibrils on the surface of the cartilage became gross, and the chondrocytes in the enlargement layer underwent necrosis. In a mature group of rabbits, the left Sharp＇s angle increased in the rabbits with 6-week casting. The cartilage on the brim of the left acetabulum underwent fibrosis. The chondrocytes were weakly stained, and the number of lysosomes was much larger than normal. The messenger RNA expression of collagen Ⅰ and Ⅱ, β1 integrin, and caspase-9 in the cartilage differed significantly at different ages.Conclusions Increasing thickness followed by fibrosis may be the order of pathological cartilage changes in acetabular dysplasia, with changes in ultrastructure and collagen expression contributing to the process.     

消瘀接骨散对兔膝骨关节炎模型关节液中MMP-1、MMP-3表达的影响

目的 观察消瘀接骨散对兔膝骨关节炎模型中关节软骨病理改变及关节液中基质金属蛋白酶（matrix metalloproteinase,MMP）-1、MMP-3表达的影响。 方法 将24只新西兰大耳白兔分为正常组、模型组、用药组,每组8只。采用膝关节石膏制动方法复制膝骨关节炎模型,模型复制成功后,正常饲养并驱赶1周,给予用药组家兔消瘀接骨散外敷,给予模型组和正常组家兔相同大小药棉、绷带、胶布固定。光镜下观察膝关节软骨退变情况,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定关节液中MMP-1、MMP-3表达水平。 结果 用药组家兔膝关节软骨损伤较模型组明显减轻,关节软骨表面较正常组粗糙,滑膜增厚、稍有肿胀,镜下可见细胞排列规律尚可,偶见少量细胞簇集现象,关节软骨细胞有轻度变性,潮线尚完整。用药组家兔膝关节软骨的Mankin评分及关节液中MMP-1、MMP-3表达水平明显低于模型组（P<0.05）。 结论 消瘀接骨散外敷治疗兔膝骨关节炎的机制与其降低关节液中MMP-1、MMP-3的表达水平有关。     

自体软骨和软骨膜移植的初步实验观察

经过35只成年家兔和12只幼兔的移植物观察,其中仅有一块耳软骨呈现吸收,其余经肉眼检查未见明显改变,但光镜下有的软骨出现软骨细胞增生及软骨灶状钙化、骨化、核退变、基质嗜硷性变等病理改变。幼兔的耳软骨移植后个别的有增大。29.4％的兔耳软骨膜有形成软骨——弹性软骨的能力。     

颈椎间盘退变动物模型的制备及终板软骨细胞迁移规律的研究

目的制备双后足大鼠增龄颈椎间退变的动物模型并研究颈椎间盘自然老化及退变过程中髓核中软骨样细胞的来源及其规律。方法4周龄SD大鼠76只,随机分成两组。实验组40只大鼠通过截除前肢制备双后肢大鼠颈椎间盘退变的动物模型,按术后3、6、9、12个月4个时间段分组,每组10只;对照组36只大鼠未予处置,按实验开始后4、8、12、16个月分4组,每组9只。每组大鼠处死后摄颈椎正侧位X线片并制备C4～5、C5～6和C6～7椎间盘中矢状面组织学切片,行HE、番红．0染色,研究观察颈椎间盘退变情况及终板软骨细胞向髓核迁移的规律。结果截除双前肢后,双后肢大鼠全部存活,实验组大鼠术后9、12个月影像学及组织学检查均出现颈椎间盘退变的典型征象。颈椎间盘老化的过程中,终板的软骨细胞向髓核不断迁移,在髓核、终板与内纤维环的交界区,软骨细胞沿胶原纤维排列的方向向髓核边缘迁移;在髓核的中央区域,软骨细胞平行或垂直于终板向髓核迁移,脊索性髓核向心性皱缩并最终完全被纤维软骨性髓核取代。在颈椎间盘退变的过程中,这一过程完成得更快、更早。结论双后足大鼠颈椎间盘退变模型不损伤动物靶器官正常的解剖结构,成功率高、重复性好,符合人类颈椎间盘退变规律;髓核中的软骨样细胞由终板软骨细胞迁移而来,在髓核的不同部位及椎间盘老化和退变的不同时期表现出不同的迁移规律。     

骨关节炎软骨细胞caveolin-1表达增高机制的探讨

目的 了解骨关节炎患者关节软骨内caveolin-1的表达情况,以及软骨降解因子自细胞介素(IL)-1β是否促进软骨细胞表达caveolin-1.方法 对8例骨关节炎患者膝关节软骨内caveolin-1基因表达的定量分析采用实时逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR),caveolin-1蛋白的表达采用免疫组化分析.选用12周龄的雄性SD大鼠20只,通过切断膝前交叉韧带和内侧副韧带制备骨关节炎模型,术后动态观察关节软骨的病理学变化和caveolin-1的表达情况.离体培养的骨关节炎软骨细胞内caveolin-1基因表达量分别采用RT-PCR和实时RT-PCR分析,caveolin-1蛋白表达量采用Western印迹分析.结果 与关节软骨轻微损害部位相比,8例骨关节炎患者中有6例患者的关节软骨严重损害部位内caveolin-1 mRNA表达增高约2倍,另外2例无明显差异.免疫组化分析显示,上述6例患者关节软骨严重损害部位内caveolin-1蛋白的表达也增高.随着术后时间延长,大鼠骨关节炎关节的软骨逐渐出现损害,且caveolin-1的表达也持续增高.IL-1β(10 ng/ml)可以上调培养的骨关节炎软骨细胞内caveolin-1基因和蛋白表达,并可持续至少48 h.结论 骨关节炎软骨损害程度与caveolin-1的表达水平具有相关性,IL-1β可以刺激软骨细胞表达caveolin-1.提示IL-1β可能通过诱导caveolin-1表达而促进骨关节炎进展.     

JNK phosphorylation promotes degeneration of cervical endplate chondrocytes throughdown-regulation of the expression of ANK in humans

Background C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway and ankylosis gene (ANK) play a critical role in endplate chondrocytes degeneration.The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the expression levels of ANK was associated with the activation of JNK.Methods Cartilage endplates of 49 patients were divided into the control group (n=19) and the experimental group (n=30).The patients in the control group were graded 0 and those in the experimental group were graded Ⅰ-Ⅲ according to Miller's classification.Endplate chondrocytes were isolated by enzyme digestion and cultured in vitro.The inverted phase contrast microscope,teluidine blue staining,HE staining,real time RT-PCR,and MTT were used to observe morphological appearances,biological characteristics,and growth curve of endplate chondrocytes from the cartilage endplate of the two groups.Real time RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels of associated factors in the degeneration process in the cultured endplate chondrocytes with or without subjected SP600125.Results The expression levels of type Ⅱ collagen,aggrecan,and ANK in endplate chondrocytes of experimental group were lower than that of control group and phosphorylation level of JNK in the experimental group which was higher than that in the control group.Application of JNK phosphorylation inhibitor to degeneration chondrocytes resulted in a marked decrease in the phosphorylation level of JNK and a significant increase in the expression levels of type Ⅱ collagen,aggrecan,and ANK.Conclusion The degeneration of the human cervical endplate chondrocytes might be promoted by JNK phosphorylation by down-regulating the expression of ANK     

Radioautographic findings in osteoarthritic femoral head

During total hip replacement for 8 patients with hip joint osteoarthritis specimens of femoral articular cartilages of 3 types of involvement were taken, i.e. the "normal" articular cartilage, the fissured and wrinkled articular cartilage, and the yellow or dusky red, markedly thickened, and roughened articular cartilage. Radioautographical studies with 3H-Thymidine labelling showed the clusters of articular chondrocyte, degeneration, death and vanishing of the chondrocytes with empty lacunae left; and mitosis and proliferation of the chondrocytes, as evidenced by silver granules in the nuclear area. In the articular cartilages of three types of involvement, the percentages of degenerated, dead and vanished chondrocytes represented by empty lacunae, of non-mitotic chondrocytes without silver granule and of chondrocytes undergoing mitosis with silver granules, were 19.9, 38.3 and 41.8; 9.1, 48.9 and 42; 5.3, 35.0 and 59.7 respectively. A large number of empty lacunae appeared in the "normal" articular cartilage, signifying aging of the cartilage. Chondrocytes bearing silver granules appeared not only in the "normal" articular cartilage but also largely in the severe osteoarthritic cartilage and served as a compensatory manifestation of both aging and osteoarthritis.     

实验性骨关节炎超微结构研究

在32只成年家兔中,经手术切断前交叉韧带及内侧副韧带,造成膝关节骨关节炎,透射电镜观察发现在骨关节炎发展过程中,关节软骨的基质及软骨细胞发生变化。基质变化包括胶原纤丝的直径及排列方面的改变以及蛋白聚糖的改变,软骨细胞改变包括细胞增殖、退变以及形态方面的改变。所有上述变化随关节软骨的不同部位及发病的不同时期而异。     

自噬在骨关节炎软骨细胞退变中的表达变化

目的：探讨自噬在骨关节炎(OA)软骨细胞中的表达及意义。方法收集临床 OA 及正常骨关节软骨标本各6例,分为 OA 组和对照组。免疫组化法检测自噬相关蛋白微管相关蛋白轻链3(LC3)和 Beclin-1在软骨组织中表达情况。分离关节软骨细胞并在低氧环境下培养,采用瞬时转染绿色荧光蛋白 LC3(GFP-LC3)在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察各组软骨细胞自噬变化,并用 Western blot 法检测软骨细胞中 LC3蛋白表达情况。结果 OA 组软骨组织中 LC3蛋白和Beclin-1蛋白的表达显著高于对照组(P <0．05);在 OA 组发现大量自噬颗粒形成,OA 组 GFP-LC3细胞阳性率显著高于对照组;OA 组软骨细胞中 LC3蛋白从 LC3-Ⅰ向 LC3-Ⅱ转换表达显著高于对照组。结论自噬在 OA 软骨细胞退变的过程中起着重要作用,为 OA 发病机制的研究提供新的方向。     

Sox9基因在终板软骨细胞退变模型中的表达变化及意义

目的 建立大鼠腰椎终板软骨细胞体外自然退变模型,并探讨Sox9基因在终板软骨细胞自然退变中的变化及作用.方法 取大鼠腰椎终板软骨细胞,酶消化及自然传代法分离培养大鼠终板软骨细胞,建立体外终板软骨细胞培养模型.采取绘制细胞生长曲线、HE、甲苯胺蓝染色及免疫组织化学染色等方法,对该模型进行鉴定.RT-PCR检测各代细胞中Sox9、Ⅱ型胶原mRNA的表达变化.结果 大鼠终板软骨细胞表达特征性Ⅱ型胶原,其生长情况及细胞表型类似于关节软骨,细胞传至4、5代后表现出细胞形态呈梭形、细胞增殖速度减慢等退变的特征.与原代相比,Sex9基因mRNA在4、5代终板软骨细胞的表达明显下降(P<0.05),受其调控的Ⅱ型胶原mRNA的表达也相应降低,两者表达变化呈正相关(r=0.912,P<0.05).结论 终板软骨细胞自然退变模型成功建立,为椎间盘退变机制研究提供了较好的细胞学基础.Sox9基因与终板软骨细胞自然退变存在明显关联,Sox9基因的表达下降可抑制软骨终板细胞的增殖及基质合成,从而促进或诱发椎间盘的退变.     

大鼠椎间盘终板软骨细胞自然退变中焦磷酸环路关键酶蛋白的表达及意义

目的 观察大鼠终板软骨细胞体外自然退变过程中焦磷酸环路关键酶(ENPP1、TNAP、ANK蛋白)表达的变化.方法 采用连续酶消化及自然传代法,选取原代至第四代终板软骨细胞,用免疫印迹方法分析各代终板软骨细胞中ENPP1、TNAP、ANK蛋白的表达.结果 ENPP1、TNAP、ANK蛋白在各代终板软骨细胞中均有表达;随着细胞的传代,蛋白表达量逐渐减少,第三、四代的表达微弱,ENPP1、TNAP、ANK蛋白在第三、四代的光密度值和内参Actin表达条带光密度值相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 该实验提示我们对终板细胞自然退变过程中焦磷酸环路关键蛋白进行研究时,选取第三代细胞以前的意义较大;从分子水平对软骨终板退变的发生机制进行研究,通过调控软骨终板中上述蛋白的表达,可能有助于遏制椎间盘退变的发生,为防治椎间盘退变确立新的有效靶点.

Abstract：

Objective To study the expression of the pyrophosphoric acid loop's key enzymes (ENPP1, TNAP and ANK proteins) in the degeneration of rat endplate chondrocyte. Methods The method of enzyme digestion plus natural subculture was employed. And the primary to forth-generation cells were collected. Western blot was used to analyze the expression of ENPP1, TNAP and ANK proteins in each generation of endplate chondrocytes. Results The expression of ENPP1, TNAP and ANK proteins could be detected in each generation of endplate chondrocytes. With the continuing passage of cells, the level of protein expression declined gradually and that of the third and forth-generation decreased. Conclusion While studying the correlation between the degeneration of rat endplate chondrocytes and pyrophosphoric acid loop,it is more significant to choose the cells before the third generation. Meanwhile it is possible to lower the incidence of intervertebral discs degeneration by controlling the expression of the above-mentioned proteins in endplate cartilage.     

低应力对髌骨软骨软化基质蛋白多糖含量的影响

目的探讨低应力对髌骨软骨软化基质蛋白多糖含量的影响。方法采用髌骨倾斜引起髌骨软骨软化的动物模型，将２４只新西兰兔定期处死后进行软骨组织病理观察、髌股关节接触压力测量、以及软骨各层蛋白多糖含量的比较。结果髌骨倾斜使髌骨内侧面软骨接触压力降低，导致内侧面髌骨软骨软化，软骨细胞变性，蛋白多糖含量减少；而髌骨外侧面软骨接触压力无明显改变，软骨变性不明显，蛋白多糖含量无明显减少。结论低应力致使软骨细胞变性，蛋白多糖合成量减少；与此同时，软骨细胞释放胶原酶等降解蛋白多糖，使软骨蛋白多糖含量进一步减少。     

皮肤扩张下自体移植软骨超微结构实验研究

目的 为进一步认识皮肤扩张后自体移植软骨超微结构的变化。方法 运用透射电镜和扫描电镜观察新西兰兔皮肤扩张下自体移植软骨的超微结构。结果 透射电镜观察：在幼兔组中发现形态变异软骨细胞，表面突起变细，粗面内质网减少，未见高尔基复合体，胞质中出现大小不等圆形滴空泡，约占细胞总数1/4；在成年兔组中发现大多数软骨细胞明显增大，形态不规则，细胞质中出现越来越多的脂滴空泡并互相融合成大空泡，甚至占据细胞质大部分空间，周边细胞器逐渐萎缩、消失。扫描电镜下见移植软骨表面被覆纤维结缔组织，其下软骨生长好，形态佳。结论 脂滴是脂质在转化为贮存形式的代谢途径中所形成的可见物，也是细胞退化的标志，由于自体软骨移植不存在排异反应，容易成活。