毛细管气相色谱法测定联苯双酯有机溶剂的残留量

目的建立气相色谱法测定联苯双酯中3种有机溶剂的残留量的方法。方法采用DB-624毛细管色谱柱（30.0m×0.53mm×3μm）;进样口温度为200℃;FID检测器温度为260℃;柱温：程序升温,60℃保持5min,然后以20℃/min的速率升温220℃,保持5min;以氮气为载气,恒压模式,载气压力为2.4psi;直接进样,进样量为1μL;以二甲基亚砜为溶解介质,测定了联苯双酯中乙醇、二氯甲烷和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的残留量。结果乙醇、二氯甲烷和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺及溶剂峰彼此均能良好分离,线性范围分别为0.90～401.72μg·mL-1（r=0.9999）,2.51～50.20μg·mL-1（r=0.9999）,1.43～75.36μg·mL-1（r=0.9998）;方法重复性良好,回收率也符合规定。结论该法适用于联苯双酯中这3种有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

GC测定二-(2,6-二氟苯甲酰异羟肟酸)二正丁基合锡中有机溶剂残留量

目的建立原料药二-（2,6-二氟苯甲酰异羟肟酸）二正丁基合锡中的有机溶剂残留量的测定方法。方法采用毛细管气相色谱法,FID检测器,DB-1毛细管柱,柱温50℃,进样口温度200℃,检测器温度220℃,流速为2.0 mL.min-1,分流比为50∶1,以1,2-二氯乙烷为内标测定溶剂残留量。结果甲醇、正己烷、甲苯在考察的浓度范围内线性关系良好,线性范围分别为9~375μg.mL-1（r=0.999 8）,0.87~36.25μg.mL-1（r=0.999 7）,2.67~111.25μg.mL-1（r=0.999 8）,平均回收率分别为99.1%（RSD=2.5%）、98.3%（RSD=2.7%）、99.7%（RSD=1.3%）。结论本方法快速、简单、结果准确,可用于二-（2,6-二氟苯甲酰异羟肟酸）二正丁基合锡中的有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

顶空气相色谱法测定马来酸氟吡汀中有机溶剂残留

目的：采用气相顶空色谱法测定马来酸氟吡汀原料药中的甲醇、乙醇和异丙醇3种有机溶剂的残留量。方法：采用DB-624（30 m×0.53 mm,3.0μm）毛细管色谱柱,载气为氮气,程序升温。FID检测器,温度为250℃。进样口温度为200℃。按外标法测定溶剂残留量。结果：甲醇,乙醇和异丙醇分别在2.182-152.74（r=0.999 1）,3.546-248.22（r=0.999 8）和4.082-285.74μg·m^l-1（r=0.999 7）范围内,线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为97.7%（RSD=1.5%）,99.0%（RSD=1.1%）,98.8%（RSD=1.1%）（n=5）。结论：本方法简便、准确,灵敏度高,适用于马来酸氟吡汀原料药中有机溶剂残留量的检测。     

氢溴酸高乌甲素中有机溶剂残留量HL-GC 检测方法的建立

目的：建立测定氢溴酸高乌甲素中4种有机溶剂残留量的顶空毛细管气相色谱方法。方法采用DB-624毛细管柱（30 m ×0.53 mm,3μm）,程序升温,起始柱温40℃,维持7 min,以25℃·min-1的速率升至200℃,维持1 min;进样口温度：200℃;FID 检测器,检测器温度：250℃;进样方式：顶空进样,平衡温度：80℃,平衡时间：30 min;载气为N2;以DMF为溶剂对氢溴酸高乌甲素中乙醇、乙酸乙酯、三氯甲烷和苯的残留量进行测定。结果4种有机溶剂分离度良好,乙醇、乙酸乙酯、三氯甲烷和苯浓度分别在129.2-1033μg·mL-1（r=0.999）、120.5-964.2μg·mL-1（r=0.999）、3.32-26.5μg·mL-1（r=0.998）、0.14-1.13μg·mL-1（r=0.997）范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率（n=9）分别为97.4%、97.4%、96.8%、98.1%,RSD 分别为1.3%、2.0%、1.7%、3.1%。结论本文建立的顶空毛细管气相色谱法,经方法学验证可用于氢溴酸高乌甲素中有机溶剂残留量的测定,可作为该药质量标准修订的参考。     

顶空气相色谱法测定硝酸芬替康唑原料药中有机溶剂残留量

目的：：建立测定硝酸芬替原料药中二氯甲烷、甲醇和乙醇3种有机溶剂残留量的分析方法。方法：采用毛细管气相色谱法,色谱柱：OV-1301毛细管色谱柱(30 m ×0.53 mm,3.0μm),检测器：FID;检测器温度：250℃;进样器温度：200℃;载气：氮气;顶空进样。结果：在上述色谱条件下,二氯甲烷、甲醇和乙醇分别在2.436~21.924μg·ml-1(r=0.9988),12.268~110.412μg·ml-1(r=0.9995),20.052~180.468μg·ml-1(r=0.9969)质量浓度范围内线性关系良好。平均回收率分别为99.30%(RSD=2.36%,n=9),100.21%(RSD=1.07%, n=9),100.15%(RSD=1.27%, n=9)。结论：该检测方法灵敏、准确、可靠,可用于硝酸芬替康唑原料药的质量控制。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定达沙替尼原料药中6种残留溶剂

目的：建立毛细管气相色谱测定达沙替尼原料药中吡啶、二氯甲烷、甲醇、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、乙醇6种有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法采用DB-624(30 m×0.53 mm,3μm)毛细管柱;氢火焰离子化检测器;程序升温：初始温度25℃(维持13 min),再以15℃·min-1升至150℃(维持5 min),再以40℃·min-1升至220℃(维持5 min);载气为氮气;柱流速为2.0 mL·min-1;进样口温度：230℃;检测器温度：250℃;分流直接进样,以N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂,进样体积为0.5μL。结果6组分均能良好分离,6组分峰面积与浓度均呈良好的线性关系,其中吡啶、二氯甲烷、甲醇、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、乙醇的线性范围分别为4.16~31.21μg·mL-1(r=0.9998),12.12~90.92μg·mL-1(r=0.9994),59.98~449.85μg·mL-1(r=0.9998),18.16~136.19μg·mL-1(r=0.9993),100.25~751.86μg·mL-1(r=0.9991),100.30~752.28μg·mL-1(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98.4％~101.3％(RSD=2.8％~5.0％)。结论该方法简单、灵敏、准确,可用于测定达沙替尼原料药中的残留溶剂。     

顶空气相色谱法测定阿扎胞苷中有机溶剂残留量

目的:建立阿扎胞苷中多种有机溶剂残留量的测定方法。方法:采用项空气相色谱法,色谱柱为VF-624ms毛细管柱（60m×0.25mm,1.4μm）,载气为氮气,氢火焰离子化检测器,柱温程序升温。结果:5种溶剂甲醇、异丙醇、二氯甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯在此条件下能有效分离,且线性关系良好。甲醇,甲酸甲酯,异丙醇,乙酸甲酯,二氯甲烷的线性范围分别为10.32～127.89μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）,1.34～17.08μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,3.44～43.16μg·ml^-1（r=0.9999）,1.47～16.94μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）,0.79～8.61μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 4）;平均回收率分别为97.7%（RSD=1.8%,n=6）,100.0%（RSD=1.6%,n=6）,99.3%（RSD=1.2%,n=6）,101.2%（RSD=1.4%,n=6）,99.7%（RSD=4.6%,n=6）;检测限分别为5.16,0.67,1.72,0.74,0.40μg·ml^-1。结论:该方法简单、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,适合于阿扎胞苷中残留溶剂的检测。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定舒必利中有机溶剂残留量

目的：建立气相色谱法测定舒必利中3种有机溶剂的残留量的方法.方法：采用HP-1毛细管色谱柱（30.0 m×0.53 mm,5μm）;进样口温度为205℃;FID检测器温度为280℃;柱温：程序升温,60℃保持5 min,然后以20℃·min-1的速率升温120℃,保持5 min;以氮气为载气,载气流速为3.0 ml· min-1;直接进样,进样量为1μl;以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂.结果：甲醇,乙醇和乙二醇及溶剂峰彼此均能良好分离,线性范围分别为1.51 ～ 301.72 μg·ml-1（r =0.999 9）,1.51 ～ 502.56μg·ml-1（r =0.999 9）,4.11～65.76 μg·ml-1（r =0.999 1）;平均回收率分别为93.6％,91.7％,92.8％,RSD分别为2.5％,3.0％,5.7％（n=9）.结论：该法准确可靠,适用于舒必利中这3种有机溶剂残留量的测定.     

顶空气相色谱法测定地西他滨中的有机溶剂残留量

目的:建立地西他滨中多种有机溶剂残留量的测定方法。方法:采用顶空气相色谱内标法,色谱柱为DB-624毛细管柱(30 m×0.53 mm,3.0μm),载气为氮气,氢火焰离子化检测器,柱温程序升温(初始柱温40℃平衡8 min,以25℃·min^-1的速率升温至200℃,平衡10 min,再以35℃·min^-1的速率降温至40℃,平衡2 min)。结果:4种组分甲醇、甲酸甲酯、乙腈、对甲基苯甲酸甲酯在此条件下能有效分离,线性范围分别为0.6094~314.8236μg·ml-1(r=0.9998)、0.1614~25.2360μg·ml^-1(r=0.9997)、0.5762~24.8868μg·ml-1(r=0.9996)、2.0304~25.5870μg·ml^-1(r=0.9987),平均回收率分别为102.4%(RSD=1.7%),104.0%(RSD=1.1%),99.7%(RSD=1.8%),101.3%(RSD=1.8%)(n=9),检测限(LOD)分别为:0.2742,0.0726,0.2593,0.9137μg·ml^-1。结论:该方法简单、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,适合于地西他滨中残留溶剂的检测。     

顶空气相色谱法测定阿立哌唑中有机溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺残留量

目的:建立测定阿立哌唑原料药中的有机溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)残留量的方法.方法:采用顶空气相色谱法,DB-624毛细管柱(30m×0.53mm,3μm),载气为氮气,流速20mL·min-1,柱温90℃;气化室温度160℃;氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)温度170℃.结果:在浓度范围9.32～1.19×103μg·mL-1内,线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为98.4%.最小检测浓度为4.7μg·mL-1.结论:本方法灵敏,精确,可靠,适用于测定阿立哌唑原料药中的有机溶剂DMF残留量.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.