慢性心力衰竭患者N-末端脑钠肽前体水平与左心室功能的关系及临床意义

目的探讨老年慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血浆N-末端脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）水平与左心室功能的关系及临床意义。方法选取2010年12月至2012年10月在该院住院的261例老年CHF患者（CHF组）,同时按美国纽约心脏病协会（NYHA）心功能分级方法分为心功能Ⅱ级61例、Ⅲ级156例、Ⅳ级44例三组;另选60名心功能正常非心脏病患者作为对照组。采用电化学免疫分析技术测定四组血浆NT-proBNP水平,心脏彩色多普勒超声测定左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）和左心室射血分数（LVEF）。结果 CHF组与对照组比较,NT-proBNP水平、LVEDD显著升高,LVEF明显降低,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;且血清NT-proBNP水平随着心功能分级的增加而升高,三组间两两比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。NT-proBNP水平与LVEDD呈正相关（r=0.689,P〈0.01）,而与LVEF呈负相关（r=-0.760,P〈0.01）。结论血浆NT-proBNP水平对CHF患者心功能有重要的评价效果。     

慢性心力衰竭对超敏肌钙蛋白T影响的临床研究

目的探讨慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血清超敏肌钙蛋白T（hs-cTnT）的水平变化与影响。方法选取92例CHF患者为心力衰竭组,依据NYHA心功能分级分为4个亚组：Ⅰ级组26例,Ⅱ级组23例,Ⅲ级组22例,Ⅳ级组21例;选取同期体检中心的20例健康正常者为对照组。检测所有患者的血清hs-cTnT及血浆N末端脑钠肽（NT-proBNP）浓度,并行超声心动图检查,测量左心房舒张期内径（LADd）、左室舒张末期内径（LVEDd）、左室射血分数（LVEF）。结果心力衰竭组的hs-cTnT、NT-proBNP浓度明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）,心力衰竭各亚组间hs-cTnT、NT-proBNP比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,且随NYHA分级增加而升高,心力衰竭组中的心功能代偿亚组（Ⅰ级组）hs-cTnT、NT-proBNP浓度高于对照组（P〈0.05）。心力衰竭组的LADd、LVEDd、LVEF与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;心力衰竭各亚组之间的LADd、LVEDd、LVEF比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;心力衰竭组中的心功能代偿亚组（Ⅰ级组）的LADd、LVEDd、LVEF与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 CHF患者无论有无心力衰竭症状其血清hs-cTnT水平增高,并与心力衰竭程度及NT-proBNP呈正相关,hs-cTnT能较好地反映CHF患者的心功能状态,检测CHF患者血清hs-cTnT水平对临床诊断治疗和预后判断CHF进展尤为重要。     

不同剂量的参附注射液治疗慢性心力衰竭的临床研究

目的：观察不同剂量的参附注射液对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者心功能及血浆N-末端原脑利钠肽（NT-proBNP）水平的影响。方案将93例心力衰竭患者随机分为对照组32例、小剂量组31例、大剂量组30例。3组均采用西医常规方法治疗,两组治疗组分别加用不同剂量的参附注射液静脉滴注治疗。治疗14天后比较三组的心功能指标及血浆NT-proBNP水平的变化。结果三组治疗后左室射血分数较治疗前有改善（P＜0.05）,两组治疗组改善的程度优于对照组（P＜0.05）,而大剂量组优于小剂量组（P＜0.05）;三组治疗后血浆NT-proBNP水平均较前有下降（P＜0.01）,治疗组明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）,大剂量组优于小剂量组（P＜0.05）。结论参附注射液可明显改善慢性心力衰竭患者心脏收缩功能,显著降低其血浆NT-proBNP水平,且大剂量参附注射液作用更明显。     

不同类型的QRS波增宽与心力衰竭的相关性

目的：探讨不同类型的QRS波增宽与N末端B型脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）水平及左心室射血分数（LVEF）的相关性。方法 QRS波时限＆gt;120 ms的慢性心力衰竭患者97例,根据QRS波分为左束支组47例、右束支组50例,非慢性心力衰竭且QRS波时限正常者40例作为对照组。分别测定NT-proBNP水平及LVEF。结果左束支组QRS波时限长于右束支组;左束支组、右束支组NT-proBNP水平明显高于对照组, LVEF低于对照组;左束支组NT-proBNP 高于右束支组, LVEF低于右束支组;差异有统计学意义（P＆lt;0.05）。左束支型QRS波时限延长与血浆NT-proBNP水平呈正相关,与LVEF呈负相关。而右束支组QRS波时限延长与血浆NT-proBNP水平呈正相关,与LVEF无明显相关。结论左束支阻滞的QRS波时限延长与左室收缩功能下降及血浆NT-proBNP水平相关性良好,可以作为临床判断心力衰竭程度的一个简便指标。     

时限正常的QRS宽度与心力衰竭相关性探讨

目的探讨时限正常的QRS宽度与NT-proBNP水平及LVEF的相关性。方法慢性心力衰竭患者155例,根据QRS波时限分为：QRS时限大于120ms组56例（简称120组）、QRS时限101～119ms组49例（简称119组）、QRS时限≤100ms组50例（简称100组）,非慢性心力衰竭且QRS时限正常者40例作为对照组。分别测定血浆脑钠肽（NT-proBNP）水平及LVEF测定。结果 120组、119组、100组三组的NT-proBNP明显高于对照组,LVEF低于对照组;120组NT-proBNP高于119组和100组,LVEF低于119组和100组;119组NT-proBNP高于100组,LVEF低于100组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。心衰患者QRS波时限与血浆NT-proBNP水平呈正相关,与LVEF呈负相关。结论 QRS时限与左室收缩功能下降相关性良好。即使在QRS正常的心衰患者,其宽度也与左室收缩功能下降相关,可以作为判断心衰程度的一个简单方便的指标。     

不同类型心力衰竭患者心电图QRS波时限与血浆脑钠肽水平的关系

目的探讨不同类型心力衰竭患者心电图QRS波时限与血浆脑钠肽水平的关系。方法选取本院收治的150例心力衰竭患者,随机分为收缩性心力衰竭组（80例）和舒张性心力衰竭组（70例）,另选取150例正常老年人作为对照组。对三组患者心电图QRS波时限与血浆脑钠肽水平进行相关性分析。结果收缩性心力衰竭组的心电图QRS波时限和血浆脑钠肽水平分别为（137．13±38．26）ms、（80．53±24．65）ng／L,明显高于舒张性心力衰竭组和对照组（P〈0．05）;收缩性心力衰竭组左心室射血分数为（38．84±5．87）％,明显低于其它两组（P〈0．05）。结论心力衰竭患者的心电图QRS波时限与患者心功能分级和血浆脑钠肽水平相关,与左心室收缩功能呈负相关。心电图QRS波时限与血浆脑钠肽水平可用于心力衰竭分型。     

脑钠肽和NT—Pro BNP检测在心力衰竭诊断中的意义

目的探讨慢性充血性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血浆B型脑钠肽（BNP）及NT-proBNP改变及其临床意义。方法对该院明确诊断为CHF的120例不同病因、不同心功能分级的慢性充血性心衰患者及50例对照组,测定人院时血浆NT—proBNP及LVEDD、LVESD、LVEF变化,并进行治疗前后对比观察。结果CHF组总体血浆NT-proBNP水平明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）,NYHAI级心功能时血浆BNP明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）,且Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级组间血浆BNP依次递增（P〈0．05）。CHF在治疗后明显低于治疗前（P〈0．05）。结论血浆NT-proBNP的水平对CHF的诊断、严重程度和预后评价有重要价值。     

参附注射液对急性心肌梗死患者心功能的疗效研究

目的 探讨参附注射液对急性心肌梗死患者心功能的影响。方法 65例急性心肌梗死患者随机分为治疗组与对照组，两组均行常规治疗，治疗组予参附治疗。两组分别行心电图计算QRS记分预测梗死面积与心脏超声检查测定心功能。结果 参附治疗组14～21天后QRS记分较对照组显着降低，梗死面积缩小，左室射血分数（LVEF）明显增高（P均〈0．01）。结论 参附注射液对防止急性心肌梗死梗死延展和促进心功能恢复有一定疗效。     

血清PAB、NT-proBNP、hsCRP对慢性心力衰竭的诊断价值

目的探讨血清前白蛋白（PAB）、氨基末端B型利钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）的诊断价值。方法测定并比较146例CHF组及92例对照组血清PAB、NT-proBNP、hs-CRP水平。结果CHF组PAB水平明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）,并随NYHA心功能分级升高而下降。CHF组NT-proBNP、hs-CRP水平则显著高于对照组（均P〈0．05）,并随NYHA心功能分级升高而上升。PAB与NYHA心功能分级呈负相关（r=-0．502,P〈0．05）,NT-proBNP、hs-CRP与NYHA心功能分级呈正相关（r=0．430,0．530,P〈0．05）。血清PAB与NT-proBNP、hs-CRP分别呈负相关（r=-0．246,-0．256,P〈0．05）,hs-CRP与NT-proBNP呈正相关（r=0．254,P〈0．05）。结论血清PAB、NT-proBNP、hs-CRP在指导CHF的诊断和心功能分级方面有重要价值。     

慢性心力衰竭患者血浆NT-proBNP水平对左室收缩功能障碍的诊断价值

目的探讨N末端前脑钠肽（NT-proBNP）在慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血浆中的表现水平,与超声心动图法所测左室射血分数（LVEF）及左室舒张末内径的相关性,进一步明确NT-proBNP对低LVEF的CHF患者的临床指导意义。方法选取LVEF≤0.4,左室舒张末内径〉55mm的CHF患者共34例,测血浆NT-proBNP浓度。根据LVEF数值分为LVEF〈0.3组和LVEF≤0.4组。另根据NYHA心功能分级标准将入组患者分为稳定性CHF组和急性不稳定HF组。结果①LVEF〈0.3组和LVEF≤0.4组间NT-proBNP值无明显统计学差异;②急性不稳定HF组Nt-proBNP水平,显著高于稳定性CHF组;③经相关性分析,NT-proBNP水平与心功能分级呈高度正相关,其与LVEF及左室舒张末内径无显著相关性。结论对于已知存在收缩功能障碍（LVEF≤0.4）的CHF患者,NT-proBNP水平的改变与LVEF无关,而与心衰症状的缓解密切相关。同时可能存在不同程度的基线NT-proBNP水平明显升高。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.