Fulcrum-bending像与伴发脊髓空洞或(和)Chiari畸形脊柱侧凸的手术治疗

[目的]探讨Fulcrum-bending(支点弯曲位)像对伴发Chiari畸形和(或)脊髓空洞的脊柱侧凸手术治疗的帮助及新思路,并分析手术疗效。[方法]18例伴发脊髓空洞和(或)Chiari畸形的脊柱侧凸患者的治疗方案分两组:(1)牵引后前后路联合脊柱侧凸矫形手术(6例):对脊柱侧凸有手术矫形指征、伴发无明显神经损害的Chiari畸形和(或)脊髓空洞者,先行Halo颅骨牵引,1周后行脊柱侧凸矫形手术;(2)直接行后路脊柱侧凸矫形手术(12例):术前拍Fulcrum-bending像,并根据其结果对脊柱侧凸进行矫形。[结果]6例牵引后手术患者Cobb’s角平均矫正率为61%;6例柔软型侧凸患者直接后路手术患者均未出现神经并发症,Cobb’s角平均矫正率为60%,且术前Fulcrum-bending像与术后Cobb’s角相接近;6例僵硬型侧凸患者中1例出现轻微神经损害情况,后逐渐恢复,Cobb’s角平均矫正率为52%,手术存在过度矫正。[结论]对无明显神经损害的伴发脊髓空洞或ChiariI型畸形的脊柱侧凸柔软患者,不必行术前牵引而直接行后路手术,且可以获得与牵引后前后路联合手术类似的矫形效果。     

节段性椎弓根钉系统治疗伴发脊髓空洞的脊柱侧凸

目的 评价节段性椎弓根钉系统治疗伴发脊髓空洞的脊柱侧凸的手术疗效.方法 应用节段性椎弓根钉系统治疗伴发脊髓空洞的脊柱侧凸35例.合并Chiari Ⅰ型畸形12例(34.3%).典型侧凸18例,不典型侧凸 17例.所有患者术前均未接受任何针对脊髓卒洞的治疗措施.手术分组:(1)一次手术组(30例):患者手术年龄>10岁,一次性后路节段性椎弓根钉系统矫形内固定植骨融合术.(2)二次手术组(5例):患者年龄≤10岁,一期手术行可自行延长的节段性椎弓根钉系统矫形手术,4～6年后行二期矫形内同定植骨融合术.结果 术前冠状面主弯Cobb角平均66.5°(32°～121°);术后平均22.6°(0°～78°),平均矫正率69.4%(31%～100%);平均随访58.4(13～113)个月,末次随访时冠状面主弯Cobb角3°～78°,平均25.9°.最终矫正率63.9%.6例随访时出现追加现象,其中5例融合下端椎没有融合至稳定椎.术后出现腹壁反射消失1例,浅感觉减退范围扩大1例,未予处理.结论 对于伴发未经治疗的非扩张型脊髓窄洞的脊柱侧凸,如果术前无或仅伴随轻微神经损害症状,可以直接采用后路节段性椎弓根钉系统进行矫形治疗.建议对这类脊柱侧凸远端应融合至稳定椎.     

脊柱侧凸伴脊髓内异常治疗进展

随着影像学技术的提高和手术的开展,伴发Chiari畸形、脊髓空洞、脊髓纵裂等脊髓内结构异常的脊柱侧凸病例并非罕见.脊髓内结构异常均属严重脊髓病变,有时可引起严重神经并发症,若无明显的神经损害临床症状往往意味着对这些病变不需处理,但对脊柱侧凸的矫形构成威胁.若不先处理脊髓神经病变而首先矫正脊柱侧凸,可能加重神经损害,因而给外科干预带来更大的困难和危险.这类病人的诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗有一定的特殊性.该文就脊柱侧凸伴Chiari畸形、脊髓空洞、脊髓纵裂等脊髓内结构异常与脊柱侧凸的相关性、影像学特点及治疗现状作一综述.     

成人胸腰段或腰段脊柱侧凸合并Chiari畸形和脊髓空洞症的三维矫形及融合策略

[目的]探讨合并Chiari畸形和脊髓空洞症的成人胸腰段或腰段脊柱侧凸的三维矫形及融合策略.[方法]回顾性研究2002年1月～2008年5月本科收治的13例合并Chiari畸形和脊髓空洞症的成人胸腰段或腰段脊柱侧凸,全部采用后路椎弓根螺钉系统三维矫形,并根据侧凸结构性特点选择内固定及融合节段.测量术前、术后、末次随访时冠状面Cobb' s角、侧凸矫正率、骨盆倾斜、顶椎旋转度、顶椎偏距、躯干偏移、矢状面胸椎后凸角和腰椎前凸角.[结果]冠状面Cobb' s角从46.8°减少到9.2°,侧凸矫正率80.7%;骨盆倾斜从9.9°减少到3.2°;顶椎旋转度从1.9°减少到0.3°;顶椎偏距从3.6 cm减少到0.8 cm;躯干偏移从16.8 cm减少到1.6 cm;胸椎后凸角从18.2°增加到23.5°;腰椎前凸角从37.4°增加到41.8°.术后平均随访22.2个月,无明显矫形丢失、躯干失平衡、假关节形成,且未发生原有神经症状加重及新的不可逆性神经功能损害.[结论]后路椎弓根螺钉系统三维矫形及融合术治疗合并Chiari畸形和脊髓空洞症的成人胸腰段或腰段脊柱侧凸效果满意.     

经前路松解联合后路固定治疗特发性脊柱侧凸

目的:评价经前路松解联合后路矫形对特发性脊柱侧凸的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析我院收治的51例(男16例,女35例;年龄8～17岁,平均13.2岁)特发性脊柱侧凸行前路松解及后路脊柱畸形矫形植骨融合术患者的临床资料及治疗结果。结果:本组中行前路松解、植骨,阻滞椎间盘平均2.4个。联合后路椎弓根钉(钩)-棒系统内固定,植骨、融合。术后特发性脊柱侧凸Cobb角<90°者额状平面平均矫正率为57%,矢状面后凸平均矫正率为50%;Cobb角>90°者额状平面平均矫正率为71%,矢状面后凸平均矫正率为74%。术后随访10～35个月,平均随访21.6个月,无矫正度的丢失及其他神经系统及血管损伤并发症。结论:脊柱前路松解安全、有效,联合后路相适应内固定系统矫形、植骨治疗特发性脊柱侧凸可获得满意治疗效果。     

后路全脊椎切除折顶椎管三维同心闭合矫形治疗重度脊柱角状后凸畸形

目的:评价后路全脊椎切除折顶矫形治疗重度脊柱角状后凸畸形的安全性和临床初步效果.方法:2004年6月至2008年5月,收治重度脊柱角状后凸畸形患者11例.男4例,女8例,年龄16-42岁,平均27.9岁:其中先天性椎体形成不良6例,胸腰椎结核3例,陈旧性脊柱骨折2例,神经纤维瘤病1例.术前矢状面角状后凸Cobb角82°～150°,平均107.0°;10例合并侧凸畸形,冠状面侧凸Cobb角11°～128°,平均52.7°;6例先天性椎体发育不良中有1例合并神经损害,3例结核中有1例合并神经损害,根据Frankel分级均为D级.均采用顶椎全脊椎切除折顶椎管三维同心闭合矫形术治疗,随访观察治疗效果.结果:手术时间为7.9～14.7h.平均11.1h.术中出血2400～5100ml,平均3866ml.脊髓短缩1.6～2.7cm,平均2.1cm.融合同定节段为8～14节椎体,平均12.5节.矢状面Cobb角由术前平均107.0°矫正至26.1°矫正率75.6%.冠状面Cobb角由术前平均52.7°矫正至12.3°,矫正率76.7%.躯干矢状偏移距离平均矫正率76.4%.术前2例神经损害者,术后Frankl分级恢复到E级,随访9～61个月,平均25.9个月.所有患者获得良好的骨质愈合,无脊髓损伤,也无矫正度的丢失.结论:全脊椎切除折顶复位术矫正重度脊柱角状后凸畸形疗效满意,椎管三维同心闭合技术保证了截骨面椎管在矢状面、冠状面及水平面的安全闭合.     

后路全脊椎截骨术治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形

目的评价后路全脊椎截骨术治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的临床效果。方法 2007年8月至2009年12月,采用后路全脊椎截骨术治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形病例21例,男7例,女14例;年龄7～32岁,平均16.3岁;胸段19例,腰段2例;伴发脊髓纵裂7例,脊髓空洞1例,不全瘫3例。所有病例均行后路一期全脊椎截骨、矫形植骨融合固定术。测量术前、术后及随访时站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片,记录冠状面和矢状面Cobb角、顶椎偏移;记录术中出血量、手术时间及围手术期并发症。结果所有患者切口均一期愈合,随访时间16～38个月,平均22.4个月。本组病例手术时间平均为694.5min,术中出血量平均2429ml,冠状面Cobb角由82.9°矫正到36.0°,平均矫形率56.6%,矢状Cobb角由82.5°矫正到39.8°,平均矫形率51.8%,顶椎偏移由27.1mm矫正到11.1mm,矫正率59.0%。1例术后神经诱发电位示右胫后神经SEP降低,2周后恢复,无其他神经系统并发症,椎体间植骨病例随访时均获得融合,无内固定松动、断裂等并发症。结论后路全脊椎截骨椎体切除可直接去除致畸原因,在冠状面和矢状面上均可获得良好的矫形,并可获360°减压,是目前治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形较为有效的方法。     

合并Chiari畸形Ⅰ型和脊髓空洞症的脊柱侧凸与特发性脊柱侧凸影像学特征和矫形效果比较

目的 比较合并Chiari畸形Ⅰ型和脊髓空洞症的脊柱侧凸与特发性脊柱侧凸（IS）患者的影像学特征和矫形效果。 方法 回顾性分析2007年1月—2015年6月在昆明医科大学第二附属医院接受一期后路脊柱融合术治疗的合并Chiari畸形Ⅰ型和脊髓空洞症的22例脊柱侧凸患者资料（研究组）,并与年龄、性别、主弯位置、侧凸数量、冠状面影像学参数1∶1配对的22例IS患者（IS组）进行比较。记录所有患者手术时间、预估出血量、融合节段数、螺钉密度等。在手术前后站立位脊柱全长正侧位X线片上测量并计算冠状面影像学参数（主弯Cobb角、侧曲角、柔韧性、顶椎位置、冠状面平衡）、矢状面后凸角、胸椎后凸角（TK）、腰椎前凸角（LL）、矢状位垂直轴（SVA）、畸形角度比（DAR）、矫形率及矫形丢失率。 结果 所有手术顺利完成,研究组随访（6.2±1.2）年,IS组随访（6.2±1.1）年。2组患者手术时间、预估出血量、融合节段数、螺钉密度差异均无统计学意义（P ＞ 0.05）。2组患者手术前后影像学参数差异均无统计学意义（P ＞ 0.05）。所有患者均未发生螺钉松动、断裂、术后神经功能损伤等并发症。 结论 术前年龄、性别、主弯位置、侧凸数量、冠状面影像学参数相匹配的情况下,伴发Chiari畸形Ⅰ型和脊髓空洞症的脊柱侧凸患者与IS患者具有相似的矢状面影像学参数和主弯柔韧性,且在一期后路脊柱融合术治疗后可获得相似的矫形效果。     

应用Isola内固定系统矫治重度脊柱侧凸

目的:探讨Isola脊柱内固定系统矫治重度脊柱侧凸的方法并评价其疗效。方法:1998年6月至2003年1月应用Isola脊柱内固定系统治疗重度脊柱侧凸32例,其中特发性脊柱侧凸25例,神经纤维瘤病性脊柱侧凸3例,神经肌肉性脊柱侧凸4例。冠状面主弯Cobb角92.1°±11.4°(75°～116°)。根据不同的侧凸类型、侧凸角度、柔韧性等采用一期前后路联合矫形、分期前后路联合矫形或单纯后路矫形手术,术中运用悬臂技术产生的平移力进行矫形,同时应用椎板下钛缆固定。比较术前、术后冠状面和矢状面的畸形程度,并通过躯干侧移(LT)值分析躯干平衡的重建。结果:随访6~48个月,平均18个月,全组患者术后冠状面矫形效果明显,Cobb角术后与术前相比有显著性差异(P<0.01),主弯平均Cobb角矫正率为53.8%,末次随访冠状面Cobb角平均丢失3.3°±3.8°。矢状面上81.3%的患者恢复了胸椎生理性后凸(30°~50°),84.4%的患者恢复了腰前凸(40°~60°)。术后LT值矫正率为67.1%,与冠状面Cobb角的矫正率呈正相关。结论:应用Isola内固定系统矫治重度脊柱侧凸,利用悬臂技术产生的平移力尤其与椎板下钛缆矫形固定相结合,可获得冠状面上较高的矫正率,同时可获得矢状面的矫正并达到躯干平衡。     

后路全脊椎截骨术治疗合并脊髓空洞重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形的安全性及疗效分析

目的探讨后路全脊椎截骨术(Posterior Vertebral Column Resection,PVCR)治疗合并脊髓空洞的重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸的安全性及临床疗效。方法回顾分析2009-10-2013-03在我院接受PVCR手术治疗的合并脊髓空洞的重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者16例;其中同时伴发Chiari畸形I型患者在脊柱畸形截骨矫行前均先于神经外科进行后颅凹减压术;对于单纯合并脊髓空洞患者,直接进行脊柱截骨畸形矫治;记录手术时间、出血量及围手术期并发症情况。结果手术前、后冠状面及矢状面主弯Cobb角比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);手术后与末次随访时冠状面及矢状面主弯Cobb角比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于合并脊髓空洞的重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形,采用PVCR进行治疗,可获得安全、有效的临床结果。     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI及病理表现

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI和病理特点。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和2例肝内胆管囊腺癌的影像及临床病理资料，将病变的影像表现与其病理大体形态及组织学表现作对照分析。结果6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤，女4例、男2例；2例肝内胆管囊腺癌均为女性病人；8例病人平均年龄55岁。所有病灶均表现为多房囊性肿块，肿瘤囊腔各分房内常为多种液体成分，在CT上可表现为不同密度、在MRI上可表现为不同信号强度。囊内出现多发大小不等的壁结节在胆管囊腺癌内更常见，囊内有分隔但无壁结节只见于胆管囊腺瘤。在7例CT扫描中，4例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌可见囊壁或分隔上钙化，囊壁、囊内分隔及囊内结节均为轻、中度延迟增强。肿瘤中出现卵巢样间质见于3例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌，且均为女性病人。结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌是肝脏不常见的囊性肿瘤，影像上多房、囊内有分隔且各分房囊内密度或信号不一致，高度提示肝内胆管囊腺瘤或囊腺癌的诊断，如囊内伴有多发大小不等的结节，则进一步提示囊腺癌的可能。但影像学表现不能区分肿瘤中有无卵巢样间质。