降钙素基因相关肽对HaCaT细胞表达血管内皮生长因子的调控

目的 探讨降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对角质形成细胞表达和分泌血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的调控.方法 用实时定量PCR(RT-PCR)方法检测CGRP、CGRP1型受体拮抗剂CGRP8-37、细胞外信号调节激酶ERK1/2特异性的抑制剂PD98059、p38MAPK特异性拮抗剂SB203580对HaCaT角质形成细胞表达VEGFmRNA水平的影响;用酶联免疫吸附方法检测HaCaT细胞分泌至培养液中VEGF蛋白的水平.结果 CGRP时间依赖性地促进HaCaT细胞表达VEGFmRNA和分泌VEGF蛋白;CGRP8-37和PD98059均可明显抑制CGRP刺激的HaCaT细胞表达和分泌VEGF,SB203580不能减弱CGRP刺激的VEGF表达和分泌.结论 CGRP可以上调HaCaT细胞表达和分泌VEGF,CGRP1型受体及其相关的ERK1/2信号通路参与其调控.     

K17反义寡核苷酸对角质形成细胞增殖和K17表达的影响

目的研究脂质体介导角蛋白17(K17)反义寡核苷酸对培养人角质形成细胞增殖和K17表达的影响。方法利用脂质体将人工合成的正义、反义及错配K17寡核苷酸基因片段导入体外培养的人角质形成细胞系HaCaT,应用MTT法检测其对HaCaT细胞增殖的影响,以逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测K17mRNA水平的变化,并以蛋白质印迹法、免疫荧光细胞化学结合激光扫描共聚焦显微镜检测K17蛋白水平的改变。结果脂质体介导的K17反义寡核苷酸转染HaCaT细胞后,细胞增殖受到明显抑制,同时细胞中K17mRNA和蛋白的表达明显下降,而正义寡核苷酸组、错义寡核苷酸组及空白对照组均无明显变化。结论应用反义技术封闭K17基因,可以阻遏角蛋白K17基因和蛋白的表达,抑制角质形成细胞的体外生长和增殖能力。     

CD147在角质形成细胞分化过程中的表达和作用

目的 明确CD147在正常角质形成细胞和鳞状细胞癌细胞分化过程中的表达和作用。方法 运用免疫组化法检测不同分化水平的寻常疣以及良性、癌前和恶性表皮肿瘤中CD147的表达。运用免疫印迹法观察CD147在培养角质形成细胞(HaCaT)和鳞状细胞癌细胞(HSC-5)钙诱导分化过程中的表达变化。并观察高钙培养和CD147抗体对HaCaT和HSC-5细胞分化相关形态学的影响。结果 寻常疣及脂溢性角化病的CD147表达方式与正常表皮相同。光线性角化病及Bowen病中部分病例阳性。鳞状细胞癌中CD147的表达随分化降低而显著升高。HaCaT及HSC-5细胞中CD147的表达均随钙诱导的分化过程而降低。CD147抗体可与高钙培养一样诱导HaCaT及HSC-5细胞的分化。结论 CD147分子是一种新的低分化角质形成细胞标志蛋白,并可能抑制正常角质形成细胞和鳞状细胞癌细胞的分化。     

反义寡核苷酸阻遏角蛋白14的表达

目的 研究脂质体介导角蛋白K14反义寡核苷酸(ASODN)阻遏人角质形成细胞K14基因和蛋白的表达及抑制体外增殖活性的效果.方法 人表皮角质形成细胞原代培养,3~10代用于实验,利用脂质体将人工合成的正义、反义及错配K14寡核苷酸基因片段导入角质形成细胞,应用流式细胞仪、逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和免疫组化(SABC)方法检测反义寡核苷酸对角质形成细胞的细胞周期、K14基因和蛋白表达的影响.结果 脂质体介导的K14反义寡核苷酸转染角质形成细胞后,能有效地抑制角质形成细胞中K14基因的表达;48h后可阻遏K14蛋白表达;流式细胞仪检测见反义寡核苷酸处理组细胞周期发生明显改变,G₁期细胞百分率上升,S期细胞百分率下降.而正义寡核苷酸1组、错义寡核苷酸组及空白对照组均无此变化.结论 应用反义技术封闭K14基因,可以阻遏角蛋白K14基因和蛋白的表达,并可以抑制体外培养的角质形成细胞的增殖.     

维胺酯对HaCaT细胞增殖和分化的影响

目的 探讨维胺酯对体外培养角质形成细胞(HaCaT细胞)增殖和分化的影响.方法 将浓度为2,5,10,15,20,25,30 μg/mL的维胺酯作用于培养的HaCaT细胞,采用MTT法检测维胺酯对HaCaT细胞体外增殖的影响,流式细胞仪测定细胞周期及凋亡率变化,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)半定量检测分化标记物角蛋白10及内披蛋白mRNA的表达水平.结果 2 μg/mL维胺酯处理的HaCaT细胞,48 h时表现出对细胞增殖的抑制作用,随着时间延长和药物剂量加大,抗增殖作用愈明显;当药物质量浓度达到30 μg/mL时,48 h和72 h时的抑制率分别为57.67%和82.00%.与对照组相比,经维胺酯作用48 h后,细胞G₁期比例显著增加,S期与G₂期比例则显著下降,并可抑制G₁/G₂期转换,但对细胞凋亡无影响.细胞内披蛋白mRNA表达水平随维胺酯处理浓度增高而上升,药物浓度达30μg/mL时,表达水平由对照组的40.80%增高至156.12%;而角蛋白10 mRNA表达水平则下降,由96.46%降至14.60%.结论 维胺酯具有抑制角质形成细胞增殖及诱导其分化的作用.     

UVB与钙离子对体外培养人角质形成细胞表达天疱疮抗原的影响

目的 研究中波紫外线(UVB)照射以及不同钙离子浓度对角质形成细胞表达天疱疮抗原的影响.方法 通过改变培养基中的钙离子浓度以及采用不同剂量UVB照射体外培养的人角质形成细胞,在不同时间段以寻常型天疱疮(PV)或落叶型天疱疮(PF)血清作为一抗进行免疫荧光检测,观察寻常型天疱疮抗原(PVA)和落叶型天疱疮抗原(PFA)的表达情况;提取细胞或皮肤表皮组织蛋白质,用PV和PF血清进行免疫印迹检测.结果 无论是否增加钙离子浓度,体外培养人角质形成细胞间隙均可以检测到PV血清特异性着色.只有增加培养基中钙离子浓度后,形成的复层化角质形成细胞间隙才可以检测到PF血清特异性荧光着色.不同剂量UVB照射后的角质形成细胞均不产生PF血清的特异性着色.PF血清与160000条带反应,PV血清可与130000和160000两条带反应.结论 体外培养的单层或复层角质形成细胞均可以表达PVA,提高培养基中钙离子浓度可以诱导培养人角质形成细胞复层化并表达PFA,而UVB照射不能促使人角质形成细胞在体外培养条件下表达PFA.     

血管内皮生长因子受体家族在HaCaT细胞中的表达

目的 探讨血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR)家族在角质形成细胞系HaCaT细胞的表达。方法 RT-PCR法检测HaCaT细胞中VEGFR家族中VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2、VEGFR-3及neuropilin (NRP)-1、NRP-2的mRNA表达,蛋白免疫印迹法检测VEGFR家族蛋白质的表达,同时免疫荧光法定位VEGFR家族在HaCaT细胞中的表达情况。结果 RT-PCR发现VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2、VEGFR-3及NRP-1、NRP-2 mRNA在HaCaT细胞中均有表达;蛋白免疫印迹发现VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2、VEGFR-3蛋白质相对分子质量均为180 000,NRP-1、NRP-2为140 000。HaCaT细胞膜及细胞质内检测到较强的VEGFR家族荧光信号,以细胞膜表达为强。结论 在mRNA及蛋白质水平,HaCaT细胞均表达VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2、VEGFR-3及NRP-1、NRP-2。     

人乳头瘤病毒6/11型体外感染HaCaT细胞的研究

目的 研究人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)6/11型病毒颗粒体外感染HaCaT细胞后的感染标志表达及检测方法。方法 从临床尖锐湿疣标本中提取HPV6/11病毒颗粒,用于感染单层培养的HaCaT细胞,以FQ-PCR监测病毒悬液与感染后HaCaT细胞的病毒DNA载量;用引物原位延伸标记方法原位检测感染后HaCaT细胞中HPV DNA的存在及分布;以免疫组化法检测HPV的衣壳抗原表达。结果 在病毒悬液中HPV DNA达到10~5拷贝/ml以上时,病毒处理后的HaCaT细胞FQ-PCR检测结果呈稳定阳性;PRINS方法可检测到呈灶状分布的胞核阳性染色的细胞;免疫组化法未能检测到HPV衣壳蛋白的表达。结论 一定浓度的HPV6/11可以在体外培养系统中感染HaCaT细胞,在其细胞核内出现HPV DNA,但无衣壳蛋白表达。     

芦荟甙对中波紫外线辐射HaCaT细胞表达诱导型一氧化氮合酶及核因子κB的影响

目的 探讨芦荟甙对中波紫外线(UVB)辐射HaCaT细胞诱导核因子kB(NF-KB)及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达的抑制作用。方法 采用MTT法测定HaCaT细胞的增殖变化,生化比色法检测培养细胞上清液中NO含量,RT-PCR法检测HaCaT细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)mRNA的表达变化,免疫荧光细胞化学染色测定NF-kB P65的激活表达。结果 30 mJ/cm² UVB辐射HaCaT细胞,细胞的增殖明显下降,NO的合成分泌增加,iNOS mRNA表达显著增加,同时NF-kB被激活,从细胞浆易位到细胞核。芦荟甙对HaCaT细胞的增殖有显著促进作用。用不同浓度芦荟甙预处理HaCaT细胞,可以显著抑制UVB辐射诱导的NF-kB激活,下调iNOS mRNA表达及NO合成分泌。经统计学分析,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 芦荟甙通过抑制UVB辐射诱导的NF-kB P65激活,下调iNOS mRNA表达,减少NO合成分泌,发挥防护紫外线辐射损伤的作用,在炎症性皮肤病防治中可能发挥重要作用。     

羟氯喹及没食子酸酯对HaCaT细胞光照射的影响

目的 探讨羟氯喹和绿茶活性成分表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)对中波紫外线(UVB)损伤永生化角质形成细胞株(HaCaT细胞)的保护作用及其机制。方法 采用UVB定时及定量照射培养的HaCaT细胞,分别加入羟氯喹和EGCG干预处理,以RT-PCR法检测各受试组p53、p21、c-fos基因表达水平。结果 UVB照射后可明显增加HaCaT细胞中p53,p21,c-fos mRNA表达,羟氯喹和EGCG可不同程度地下调上述基因表达水平。结论 羟氯喹和EGCG的光保护作用在HaCaT细胞可能与其抑制p53,p21,c-fos基因表达有关。     

Effects of high glucose on NO synthesis in human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT)

BACKGROUND: There is a possibility that alteration of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by high glucose leads to a variety of diabetic complications. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we examined whether NO synthesis is altered by high glucose in spontaneously immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) that have three isoforms of NO synthases (NOS). METHODS: We measured NO end product nitrite in the culture medium using the Griess reagent and analyzed mRNA expression of three isoforms of NOS in HaCaT cells by RT-PCR. RESULTS: High glucose enhanced constitutively produced NO production in HaCaT cells, which persisted for 10 days and was attenuated by an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), without altering eNOS/nNOS mRNA levels. Cytokine stimulation induced iNOS mRNA in HaCaT cells. Pretreatment with high glucose for 24 h enhanced cytokine-induced NO production in HaCaT cells. However, when these cells were exposed to high glucose for 10 days, cytokine treatment did not induce iNOS mRNA and nitrite production. CONCLUSION: These diverse alterations in NO production by high glucose may be involved in impaired host-defense and wound healing in the skin of diabetic patients.     

TNF-α和IL-1β对HaCaT细胞诱生型一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的　探讨炎症性细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子 α(tumornecrosisfactor α ,TNF α)协同白细胞介素 1β(inter leukin 1β ,IL 1β)对体外培养角质形成细胞 (keratinocye ,KC)株HaCaT细胞诱生型一氧化氮合酶 (induciblenitricoxidesyn thase ,iNOS)mRNA和蛋白表达的调节作用 ,以及地塞米松对TNF α和IL 1β作用的影响。 方法　用RT PCR、Westernblotting和免疫组织化学 (SP)方法检测HaCaT细胞iNOSmRNA和蛋白表达情况。结果　正常培养HaCaT细胞iNOS微弱表达或不表达 ,TNF α协同IL 1β显著上调HaCaT细胞iNOSmRNA和蛋白表达 ,地塞米松可显著抑制TNF α和IL 1β的作用。结论　推测TNF α和IL 1β可能通过上调角质形成细胞表达iNOS合成释放的一氧化氮 (niricoxide ,NO)参与皮肤免疫和炎症反应 ;地塞米松的治疗效应可能部分与其能抑制iNOS表达有关。     

长波紫外线照射对HaCaT细胞iNOS/NO表达的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量长波紫外线 （UVA） 照射HaCaT细胞后不同时间点诱导型一氧化氮合成酶（iNOS）的表达情况。方法 1 J/cm2、5 J/cm2和10 J/cm2 UVA照射HaCaT细胞后继续培养24 h、48 h和72 h,倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞形态的变化;分别用RT-PCR、Western印迹和Griess法检测HaCaT细胞iNOS mRNA、蛋白及NO的表达。结果 所有UVA剂量组HaCaT细胞iNOSmRNA在光照后24 h有表达,48 h达高峰,72 h后下降,各时间点间表达量差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;1 J/cm2 UVA照射后3个时间点均未见iNOS蛋白表达,而5 J/cm2和10 J/cm2 UVA照射后iNOS蛋白在24 h增加,48 h达高峰且显著高于24 h（P < 0.05）,照射后72 h无iNOS蛋白表达。所有UVA剂量组HaCaT细胞NO表达量在24 h升高,48 h显著升高,72 h平稳升高,3个时间点NO表达量均比正常对照组明显增加（P < 0.05）。对照组HaCaT细胞无iNOS mRNA和蛋白表达,NO表达量低。结论 HaCaT细胞iNOS和NO的表达变化与UVA照射存在时间和剂量关系。     

Neuropeptide (calcitonin gene-related peptide) induction of nitric oxide in human keratinocytes in vitro

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule in both the central nervous system and the periphery, where it is involved in neurotransmission, vascular and bronchial tone, inflammation, and cutaneous immune function. More recently, NO has been implicated in intracellular signaling and may have a role in cellular differentiation, cytokine expression, and apoptosis. The experiments described herein examined the effect of calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP), a cutaneous nerve neuropeptide, on NO production in human keratinocytes in vitro. CGRP stimulated two distinct increases in NO production: one within 30 minutes and a second at 24 hours. CGRP stimulated a modest increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) at 3-6 hours. Experimental evidence suggested that CGRP stimulated both constitutive NOS activity and generation of NO via nitrosothiol degradation within the first hour. Production of NO was paralleled by a decrease in nitrosothiol levels for 2 hour, suggesting that immediate NO release may originate from pre-existing stores. Nitrosothiols are ubiquitous molecules that comprise an important NO pool and have intracellular regulatory roles, particularly linked to oxidative stress. The present data indicate that, in addition to its known cAMP signaling pathway, CGRP may act to regulate keratinocyte biology through intracellular NO by modulation of S-nitrosothiol stores and stimulation of NOS activity.     

Expression of nitric oxide synthases in keratinocytes after UVB irradiation

The importance of nitric oxide (NO) in mediating vasodilation, neurotransmission, and immune and inflammatory responses has been demonstrated. Human keratinocyte express inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the neuronal constitutive isoform of NOS (ncNOS). We established an in vitro model in keratinocytes to investigate changes in NO, iNOS and ncNOS expression after UVB exposure. We demonstrated a large induction of NO after UVB exposure and that the source of NO produced in UVB-exposed keratinocytes was increased expression of iNOS and ncNOS. The increased NO production with increased expression of iNOS and ncNOS may contribute to the pathological and physiological features of UVB-induced erythema and skin inflammation.     

P物质对HaCaT细胞一氧化氮合成的影响

目的 观察P物质、NK1受体拮抗剂和一氧化氮合酶（NOS）抑制剂对体外培养的人永生化角质形成细胞株HaCaT细胞一氧化氮（NO）分泌和诱生型NOS（iNOS）表达的影响。方法 用不同浓度P物质（10-9 ～ 10-6 mol/L）或联合应用10-8 mol/L P物质和3 × 10-7 mol/L spantide、10-7 mol/L氨基胍、10-6 mol/L 7-硝基吲唑、10-5 mol/L L-NAME处理HaCaT细胞24 h,硝酸还原酶法测定培养上清液中NO含量。HaCaT细胞中加入10-8 mol/L P物质,1 h、24 h、48 h后用RT-PCR检测iNOS mRNA表达。结果 10-9 ～ 10-6 mol/L P物质可诱导HaCaT细胞分泌NO,其中以10-8 mol/L P物质效应最明显。Spantide在各个时间点上（30 min及1、3、6、12、24 h）均可明显抑制P物质诱导的HaCaT细胞NO合成（P < 0.01）,L-NAME组在3个时间点上（30 min、1 h、24 h）、7-硝基吲唑组在30 min、1 h后HaCaT细胞NO水平明显低于P物质组（P < 0.05）,但氨基胍组与P物质组在各个时间点上差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。10-8 mol/L P物质处理HaCaT细胞后24 h、48 h,iNOS mRNA表达量分别为0.199 ± 0.018、0.516 ± 0.030,两个时间点之间差异有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。结论 P物质可通过激活细胞上NK1受体促进HaCaT细胞分泌NO,但iNOS可能不是P物质诱导HaCaT细胞分泌NO的主要来源。     

Immunohistochemical Localization of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Normal Human Skin: Expression of Endothelial-type and Inducible-type Nitric Oxide Synthase in Keratinocytes

Nitric oxide (NO) is a critical mediator of various biological functions. NO is generated from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which has three isoforms; endothelial-type NOS (eNOS) and brain-type NOS (bNOS) are constitutive enzymes, and inducible-type NOS (iNOS) is expressed after stimulation. We investigated the expression of NOS in normal human skin by an immunohistochemical technique and western blotting analysis. In human skin, epidermal keratinocytes and the outer root sheath were labeled with not only eNOS antibody but also with iNOS antibody. Both eNOS and iNOS protein in epidermal keratinocytes were confirmed by western blotting. eNOS immunoreactivity was observed in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, the arrector pili muscle, apocrine secretory gland, eccrine coiled duct, and eccrine secretory gland. bNOS immunoreactivity was observed in mast cells. No staining with anti-bNOS antibody was observed in any other cell type. Our present findings suggest that epidermal keratinocytes in normal human skin contain both eNOS and iNOS.     

Serum factors regulate the expression of the proliferation-related genes α5 integrin and keratin 1, but not keratin 10, in HaCaT keratinocytes

Abstract In the highly coordinated programme of gene expression during keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, ·5 integrin and keratins 1 and 10 (K1/K10) may play important regulatory roles. We were interested in seeing whether, in continuously growing, immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes, similar to normal keratinocytes, the expression of ·5 integrin and K1/K10 was related to cell proliferation and differentiation. After release from cell quiescence the expression of ·5 integrin, both at the mRNA and protein levels, was upregulated in the cells. At the same time, K1/K10 mRNA and protein expression decreased dramatically, while the mRNA for D1 cyclin became detectable, and the cells became highly proliferative. These findings indicate that ·5 integrin and K1/K10 are involved in the regulation of HaCaT proliferation and differentiation, as in normal keratinocytes. However, HaCaT cells are different from normal keratinocytes in their ability to lose K1/K10 expression. There is no evidence that the expression of K1/K10 can be reversed in normal keratinocytes. This ability of dedifferentiation might be a unique feature of HaCaT cells and may be a key component of their immortalized nature. We also found that serum factors regulate mRNA expression of ·5 integrin and K1, but not of K10, in HaCaT cells. This information could be relevant to the understanding of normal epidermal differentiation. Received: 28 August 2000 / Revised: 27 October 2000 / Accepted: 3 February 2001