重组腺相关病毒载体2型转染骨髓间充质干细胞的体外实验

背景：目前应用于基因治疗的病毒载体中，重组腺相关病毒载体2型载体与腺病毒和反转录病毒载体比较，由于其无致病性，引起学者们的关注。目的：观察体外重组腺相关病毒载体2型转染骨髓间充质干细胞，并用其作为携带基因表达的载体进行急性髓性白血病基因治疗的可能性。设计：开放性实验。单位：南方医科大学南方医院的血液科。材料：实验于2004-02／07在南方医科大学南方医院的血液科实验室完成。本实验所用的骨髓间充质干细胞来自急性髓性白血病6例初发患者和4名健康成年志愿者的第3～5代传代细胞。方法：从初发的急性髓性白血病患者和正常健康志愿者髂后上棘做骨髓穿刺抽取6～10mL肝素抗凝的骨髓，分离培养出间充质干细胞，用包含增强型绿色荧光蛋白的重组腺相关病毒载体2型感染间充质干细胞，将获取的骨髓间充质干细胞加入含一定感染复数(感染复数：1&;#215;10^2．1&;#215;10^3，1&;#215;10^4，1&;#215;10^5，1&;#215;10^6，1&;#215;10^7)的增强型绿色荧光蛋白的重组腺相关病毒载体2型病毒载体的不完全培养液，10～14d后在相差荧光显微镜下或用流式细胞仪观测绿色荧光蛋白的表达。在体外培养条件下观察绿色荧光蛋白在经过重组腺相关病毒载体2型转导的骨髓间充质干细胞中的表达。体外观察经增强型绿色荧光蛋白的重组腺相关病毒载体2型转导并被新霉素筛选后绿色荧光蛋白在被转导的骨髓间充质干细胞中的表达。通过相差荧光显微镜下确证绿色荧光蛋白表达后，在BD流式细胞仪上检测绿色荧光蛋白的表达。主要观察指标：①增强型绿色荧光蛋白的重组腺相关病毒载体2型对骨髓间充质干细胞的转染率分析。②在转染后的不同时间点用相差荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪观察绿色荧光蛋白的表达情况。结果：①转染率分析：增强型绿色荧光蛋白的重组腺相关病毒载体2型对来源于健康志愿者和急性髓性白血病患者的骨髓间充质干细胞的转染率均不高，转染率在0．3％～1．4％。转染后10～14d绿色荧光蛋白开始表达，一般感染条件绿色荧光蛋白阳性骨髓间充质干细胞所占比例为(1．030&;#177;0．034)％，重复3轮感染条件下为(1．140&;#177;0．036)％，脂质体协助感染条件下为(1．380&;#177;0．054)％，改变转染条件(包括重复感染，延长感染时间，增加感染复数，脂质体协助转染)亦不能明显增加转染率(P&;gt;0．05)，而增强型绿色荧光蛋白的重组腺相关病毒载体2型却能高效的转染其包装细胞293细胞。②绿色荧光蛋白在体外长期稳定表达分析：实验观察61d内，绿色荧光蛋白保持低水平长期稳定表达，在转染后的12～33d，绿色荧光蛋白阳性的骨髓间充质干细胞从起始时的1．16％下降到0．5％～0．6％，33～61d一直维持在这一水平；经过新霉素筛选30d后，表达绿色荧光蛋白的骨髓间充质干细胞达到6．6％左右，在体外继续传代培养，在体外观察的100d中，表达绿色荧光蛋白的骨髓间充质干细胞一直维持在6％的水平。结论：重组腺相关病毒载体2型介导的基因转导的优势是安全、无免疫反应，目的基因能够长期稳定表达。重组腺相关病毒载体和骨髓间充质干细胞可用于体外基因治疗，其将来可能成为全身基因治疗的良好载体。     

重组9型腺相关病毒转染小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞

背景：重组9型腺相关病毒对心肌细胞具有良好的亲和力,是目前研究基因治疗心肌梗死的理想载体。目的：观察携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因的重组9型腺相关病毒（r AAV9-e GFP）对小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的转染效率。方法：将携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因的重组9型腺相关病毒以不同感染复数（1×105,1×106,1×107）转染体外培养的第4代小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,并在转染后1-7 d连续用荧光倒置显微镜观察骨髓间充质干细胞中增强型绿色荧光蛋白阳性表达情况,寻找最佳感染条件;采用流式细胞仪检测最佳感染复数下携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因的重组9型腺相关病毒对小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的转染效率。结果与结论：转染后第1天,感染复数为1×107组可见增强型绿色荧光蛋白开始表达,转染后第2天,感染复数为1×105、1×106组开始表达;各组增强型绿色荧光蛋白表达强度随感染复数值的增高而增强,同时增强型绿色荧光蛋白的表达强度随着时间延长而逐渐增强;转染后第5天达到高峰,此时感染复数为1×107组转染效率约8%,结果表明携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因的重组9型腺相关病毒对小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞转染效率较低。     

重组腺相关病毒介导增强型绿色荧光蛋白在骨髓间充质干细胞中的表达

目的:重组腺相关病毒是携带治疗目的基因的有效载体.骨髓间充质干细胞则可作为外源基因的载体和表达场所实验选择携带绿包荧光蛋白的腺相关病毒体外转染骨髓间充质干细胞,观察转染效果。方法:实验于2006-01/12在咸宁学院心血管疾病研究所和武汉大学心内科实验室完成清洁级成年SD大鼠6只.由武汉大学医学院试验动物中心提供,实验过程中对动物的处置符合动物伦理学标准。携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白的重组腺相关病毒载体由北京本元正阳基因技术公司提供,基因启动子为CMV,有效滴度4×10~(11)v.g/mL。全骨髓法分离大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,于体积分数为0.1的胎牛血清中培养.扩增纯化至第3代。按感染复数分别为10~2.10~3.10~4,10~5 v.g/cell加入携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白的重组腺相关病毒。于4,8,24、48 h倒置相差荧光显微镜下观察腺相关病毒感染骨髓间充质干细胞的状态,随机记录200个细胞中增强型绿色荧光蛋白阳性表达率.计算感染效率。结果:①骨髓间充质干细胞转染效率:感染复数为10~3.10~4,10~5 v.g/cell时.转染8 h后骨髓间充质干细胞内可见绿色荧光蛋白的表达.其中105 v.g/cell感染效果最佳.于转染48 h时荧光强度达最高值.感染效率约28%②骨髓间充质干细胞经G418筛选后检测增强型绿色荧光蛋白阳性细胞率达98%。结论:介导绿色荧光蛋白的腺相关病毒转染骨髓间充质干细胞简便易行,感染复数为10~5v.g/cell时效果较佳,目的基因表达稳定,用于后续基因治疗具备一定的可行性。     

Ad5-增强型绿色荧光蛋白和rAAV2-增强型绿色荧光蛋白转染脂肪间充质干细胞的对比

背景:利用基因转染技术诱导脂肪间充质干细胞成软骨细胞已有报道,但腺病毒和腺相关病毒转染脂肪间充质干细胞各有不同,且腺相关病毒载体能否转染脂肪间充质干细胞众说不一.目的:观察Ad5-增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP)和Raav2-EGFP转染脂肪间充质干细胞后增强型绿色荧光蛋白的表达及转染后细胞增值能力的变化.方法:脂肪组织来源于6月龄新西兰大白兔颈背部.机械消化和酶消化法分取脂肪间充质干细胞,体外培养扩增.分别采用腺病毒载体(Ad5-EGFP)和腺相关病毒载体(Raav2-EGFP)转染脂肪间充质干细胞,并观察EGFP的表达.Raav2-EGFP转染后,需加入2 Μl丁酸钠(1 mol/L).采用MTT法检测基因转染对脂肪间充质干细胞增殖能力的影响.结果与结论:体外培养的脂肪间充质干细胞呈扁平状和长梭形,细胞形态均一,传代稳定.Ad5-EGFP组和Raav2-EGFP组均能观察到较多荧光细胞,转染效率分别达到88%和83%.腺病毒和腺相关病毒载体均能转染脂肪间充质干细胞,且转染效率很高.腺相关病毒需要借助丁酸钠来提高其基因表达水平.     

稳定转染增强型绿色荧光蛋白大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞系的建立

背景：利用间充质干细胞或含有治疗因子的干细胞进行有选择性的杀伤肿瘤细胞是一种有前途的治疗方法。目的：建立含稳定转染增强型绿色荧光蛋白的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞系。方法：通过脂质体介导慢病毒质粒pVector-EGFP、pHelper、Envelope共转染293T细胞完成载体病毒构建,以实时荧光定量PCR检测慢病毒滴度;取对数生长期的SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,以复感染指数MOI值0,5,10,15,20加入携带报告基因增强型绿色荧光蛋白的慢病毒载体稀释液,72h后观察各组增强型绿色荧光蛋白的表达效率及阳性转染率。结果与结论：携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白的慢病毒载体系统转染293T细胞能够正确表达,滴度为1×108TU/mL。包装好的病毒颗粒转染大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞二三天后,各孔均有增强型绿色荧光蛋白的表达。MOI值从0增至10,细胞的阳性表达率逐渐提高（P〈0.05）,MOI值为10的组能获得〉70%的转染率,但MOI值从10增至20,转染率变化不明显。说明以MOI值为10的滴度将慢病毒载体可将外源基因高效转入大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞内,建立含稳定转染增强型绿色荧光蛋白的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞系。     

5和5/F35型腺病毒载体对人骨髓间充质干细胞转染效率的比较

背景:在以人骨髓间充质干细胞为基础的基因治疗中,提高腺病毒载体对人骨髓间充质干细胞的转染效率尤为重要.目的:对比观察5和5/F35型腺病毒载体对体外培养的人骨髓间充质干细胞的转染效率.设计、时间及地点:对比观察,于2008-03/10在解放军北京军区总医院血液科实验室完成.材料:骨髓来源于解放军北京军区总医院血液科异基因造血干细胞移植中健康供者,均无造血系统疾病.方法:采用密度梯度离心和贴壁筛选的方法体外分离培养人骨髓间充质干细胞,传至第3代后用流式细胞仪检测人骨髓间充质干细胞表型;按1×104/孔密度接种于24孔板,细胞贴壁后分别换用成骨、成脂诱导液培养,以碱性磷酸酶、油红O染色检测其分化特性.用不同滴度编码增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因的腺病毒载体Ad5增强型绿色荧光蛋白和Ad5/F35增强型绿色荧光蛋白按5,20,100,400感染复数转染体外培养的人骨髓间充质干细胞,荧光显微镜下观察.主要观察指标:流式细胞仪检测增强型绿色荧光蛋白阳性表达率,并用锥虫蓝拒染法检测不同病毒滴度感染后人骨髓间充质干细胞活细胞比例.结果:人骨髓间充质干细胞表面CD166、CD29、CD73、CD31、CD45、CD34和CD14阳性率分别为95.08%、99.53%、72.26%,1.50%,2.02%,3.80%和4.94%.人骨髓间充质干细胞成骨诱导后14 d碱性磷酸酶染色为阳性,成脂诱导后14 d油红O染色均为阳性.Ad5增强型绿色荧光蛋白和Ad51F35增强型绿色荧光蛋白按5,20,100,400感染复数分别感染人骨髓间充质干细胞,2 d后前者增强型绿色荧光蛋白阳性牢分别为(0.72±0.14)%,(4.97±0.46)%,(9.80±3.43)%和(45.53±6.32)%:后者增强型绿色荧光蛋白阳性率分别为(24.31±10.55)%,(55.19±13.73)%,(87.68±9.5)%和(96.57±5.64)%.在5,20,100的感染复数,各组细胞存活率均在95%以上.在400的感染复数,细胞存活率明显降低,在90%以下.结论:Ad5/F35对体外培养的人骨髓间充质干细胞的转染效率明显优于Ad5载体.     

转化生长因子β3基因转染兔骨髓间充质干细胞诱导其向软骨表型的分化

背景:内源性诱导软骨分为就是通过一定的载体将目的基因整合入干细胞内,使其自行分泌诱导因子诱导自身进行分化.目的:观察将转化生长因子β3 通过腺相关病毒载体转染诱导兔骨髓间充质干细胞向软骨表型转化的能力.方法:取体外培养的第3 代骨髓间充质干细胞进行重组腺相关病毒转染,将转染后3,6,9,12 d 细胞裂解提取蛋白进行酶联免疫检测目的蛋白转化生长因子β3 的体外表达.RT-PCR,免疫印迹western blot 分别从基因和蛋白水平上检测1,2 周Ⅱ型胶原的表达,甲苯胺蓝染色检测1,2 周蛋白多糖的表达.结果与结论:重组腺相关病毒转染后,骨髓间充质干细胞可以较稳定的表达目的蛋白转化生长因子β3,并且转染成功的骨髓间充质干细胞较阴性对照组能够更好的向软骨表型转化.证实转化生长因子β3 可以腺相关病毒为载体转染骨髓间充质干细胞并诱导其向软骨表型分化.     

人骨形成蛋白4基因腺相关病毒及绿色荧光蛋白基因腺相关病毒体外诱导成骨的比较

背景:由于骨形成蛋白的释放速度与新骨生长速度不匹配,单纯应用骨形成蛋白的效果尚不理想,因此,应有合适的载体来调节骨形成蛋白的释放速度.目的:观察重组人骨形成蛋白4基因腺相关病毒及绿色荧光蛋白基因腺相关病毒诱导兔骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨方向分化的作用.方法:全骨髓法培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞,分别应用人骨形态形成蛋白4基因腺相关病毒载体及绿色荧光蛋白基因腺相关病毒转染兔骨髓间充质干细胞,设定感染复数值为5×104,观察两组细胞形态改变,分别行碱性磷酸酶染色、Von Kossa染色、茜素红染色及碱性磷酸酶含量测定,比较两组成骨活性差异.结果与结论:人骨形态形成蛋白4基因腺相关病毒组转染骨髓间充质干细胞后,细胞形态呈现典型的成骨改变,碱性磷酸酶染色及Von Kossa染色、茜素红染色均出现成骨的特征性改变.绿色荧光蛋白基因腺相关病毒组未观察到上述改变.人骨形态形成蛋白4基因腺相关病毒组碱性磷酸酶含量高于绿色荧光蛋白基因腺相关病毒组(P<0.01).提示人骨形态形成蛋白4基因腺相关病毒转染骨髓间充质干细胞后,骨髓间充质干细胞表现出更加明显的成骨活性改变.     

骨髓间充质干细胞基因工程改造方法的比较

目的:对脂质体介导、反转录病毒载体介导、腺相关病毒载体介导这3种常用的基因转染方法进行比较,寻找一种适合于骨髓间充质干细胞的基因转移方法。方法:实验于2004-10/2005-06在首都医科大学北京神经科学研究所完成。①在脂质体介导下,将增强的绿色荧光蛋白基因导入骨髓间充质干细胞,然后通过G418抗性筛选,观察转染效率。②反转录病毒介导的基因转染,首先利用LipofectAMINETM 2000转染包装细胞系PT67,获得重组反转录病毒上清,然后用病毒上清直接感染骨髓间充质干细胞。转染后的细胞同样用G418筛选,得到阳性克隆后进行定点消化、扩增。③在腺相关病毒介导的基因转染过程中,首先通过磷酸钙沉淀法转染包装细胞系HEK293,得到重组AAV-LacZ病毒颗粒直接感染骨髓间充质干细胞,1周后进行β-gal染色,计算转染效率。结果:①脂质体介导的基因转染24h后在荧光显微镜下观察,可见少量细胞呈现绿色荧光蛋白阳性,阳性率大约为5%。抗生素筛选3周后细胞全部死亡,经过多次试验均未得到阳性细胞克隆。②反转录病毒感染后,在荧光显微镜下观察可见少量骨髓间充质干细胞表达增强的绿色荧光蛋白。当加入G418筛选后,大量细胞死亡,1周后仅有极少数细胞存活。继续培养3～4周后,细胞形成克隆,定点消化细胞克隆,扩增后95%的细胞表达绿色荧光蛋白。③腺相关病毒上清感染骨髓基质细胞1周后,用β-gal染色估计骨髓间充质干细胞转染效率大约为75%。但传代后阳性细胞所占比例明显下降,大约2%。结论:骨髓间充质干细胞易于接受外援基因。3种基因转移方法相比:脂质体转染法转染效率最低,不适合骨髓间充质干细胞;反转录病毒载体法感染效率最高,最适用于骨髓间充质干细胞;而腺相关病毒载体法感染效率较高,但该载体系统没有抗生素筛选,所以无法使阳性细胞得到纯化和扩增,其可能更适合于体内基因直接感染。     

转化生长因子β3基因转染兔骨髓间充质干细胞诱导其向软骨表型的分化

背景：内源性诱导软骨分为就是通过一定的载体将目的基因整合入干细胞内,使其自行分泌诱导因子诱导自身进行分化。目的：观察将转化生长因子β3通过腺相关病毒载体转染诱导兔骨髓间充质干细胞向软骨表型转化的能力。方法：取体外培养的第3代骨髓间充质干细胞进行重组腺相关病毒转染,将转染后3,6,9,12d细胞裂解提取蛋白进行酶联免疫检测目的蛋白转化生长因子β3的体外表达。RT-PCR,免疫印迹westernblot分别从基因和蛋白水平上检测1,2周Ⅱ型胶原的表达,甲苯胺蓝染色检测1,2周蛋白多糖的表达。结果与结论：重组腺相关病毒转染后,骨髓间充质干细胞可以较稳定的表达目的蛋白转化生长因子β3,并且转染成功的骨髓间充质干细胞较阴性对照组能够更好的向软骨表型转化。证实转化生长因子β3可以腺相关病毒为载体转染骨髓间充质干细胞并诱导其向软骨表型分化。     

2型重组腺相关病毒对人脐血CD34+造血干/祖细胞的转导效率研究

为探讨 2型重组腺相关病毒 (rAAV 2 )载体能否有效地转导脐血CD34+造血干 /祖细胞 ,采用rAAV 2 /GFP感染经免疫磁珠法分离的脐血CD34+造血干 /祖细胞 ,在荧光显微镜下观察GFP的表达。结果显示 ,转导 19小时后感染复数 (MOI)为 2× 10 5时 ,CD34+细胞GFP基因的表达率为 4 3%。结论 :rAAV 2能有效地转导脐血CD34+造血干 /祖细胞。     

Transduction of green fluorescent protein increased oxidative stress and enhanced sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs in neuroblastoma cell lines

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is employed as a selection marker for gene transduction and to track tumor cells. Transduction of enhanced GFP (eGFP) into human neuroblastoma cell lines via a lentiviral vector significantly sensitized CHLA-20 (wild-type and functional TP53), and to a lesser extent CHLA-90 cells (multidrug-resistant, mutant, and nonfunctional TP53) to carboplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide, or melphalan, relative to cells transduced using the cell surface antigen CD80 as a selection marker. Total glutathione (GSH) was significantly up-regulated (1.8- to 2.8-fold) after eGFP (but not CD80) transduction in cell lines with, but not in those lacking, functional p53. Cytotoxicity of GSH depletion by buthionine sulfoximine in CHLA-20 (but not in CHLA-20-eGFP) was diminished by hypoxia (2% O(2)). Thus, oxidative stress produced by GFP selects for cells with up-regulated GSH in a p53-dependent manner, and also enhanced the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs in neuroblastoma cell lines. Our data suggest caution when employing GFP-transduced cells to assess drug sensitivity and that using a cell surface antigen as a selection marker for gene transduction may perturb cells less than GFP.     

Herpes simplex virus type 1 amplicon vector-mediated gene transfer to muscle.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) amplicon vectors were evaluated for feasibility in gene therapy of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD). An amplicon vector expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) was examined for transduction efficiency and cytotoxicity in cultured muscle cells, and for transduction efficiency, duration of transgene expression, and immunogenicity in tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of neonatal mice. Transduction efficiencies in murine and human myoblasts were 60-90 and 50-60%, respectively, when myoblasts were transduced at multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of 1-5. Similar transduction efficiencies were observed in myotubes of both species. No cytotoxic effects were noticed at an MOI of 10, the highest MOI tested. An amplicon vector, HyMD, containing the full-length mouse dystrophin cDNA and its muscle creatine kinase (MCK) promoter-enhancer, with a total size of 26 kb, was constructed and used to transduce mdx mouse myotubes. The expression of dystrophin in these cells was demonstrated by immunocytochemistry. After injecting 4-6 x 10(5) transduction units (TU) of HSVGN amplicon vectors, 10-50% of myofibers in the injected TA muscles expressed GFP. Although transgene expression was attenuated over time, significant improvement in long-term transgene expression and persistence of vector DNA was achieved, when compared with the first generation of recombinant HSV-1 vectors. Immunohistochemistry showed a modest CD4(+) lymphocyte infiltration in the vicinity of the injection. A gradually developed CD8(+) lymphocyte infiltration was also seen, most likely related to the antigenicity of the transgene product, GFP. We conclude that the HSV-1 amplicon vector is a promising vehicle for gene delivery in DMD. However, new strategies need to be evaluated to increase the stability of transgene expression.     

Efficient gene delivery to human and rodent islets with double-stranded (ds) AAV-based vectors

Transplantation of allogeneic pancreatic islets is an effective approach to treat type 1 diabetes. To bypass the need for systemic administration of immunosuppression drugs following transplantation, approaches to genetically modify allogeneic islets to express anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, or antiapoptotic proteins prior to transplantation are being developed. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) based vectors have been used for gene transfer to islets, but the efficiency of functional transduction is low. Recently, double-stranded (ds) or double-copy (dc) based AAV vectors have been developed that allow for more rapid and efficient AAV-mediated transgene expression following transduction. Here we demonstrate that intact human and murine islets can be transduced with dsAAV2-eGFP efficiently compared to single-stranded AAV2-eGFP. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that murine islets transduced with dsAAV2-eGFP have normal islet glucose responsiveness, viability, and islet insulin content. Transplantation of the dsAAV2-eGFP transduced islet restored normal glycemia in diabetic mice without eliciting an immune response. Significant dsAAV2-mediated eGFP expression was observed in the islet grafts for at least 6 months post-transplant. Finally, we demonstrated that dsAAV serotypes 2, 6, and 8 infect human islets efficiently. Taken together, these results suggest that dsAAV based vectors are highly appropriate for gene transfer to islets to facilitate transplantation.     

Efficient and sustained transgene expression in human corneal cells mediated by a lentiviral vector

The development of vectors and techniques able to transfer potentially therapeutic genetic information to corneal tissues efficiently may have broad clinical applications. Although a variety of vectors have been tested for their ability to transduce corneal tissue, these systems have been ineffective at transducing all cell types or have been associated with a relatively short duration of transgene expression. Towards the implementation of efficient, long-term transgene expression in all corneal cell types, we have studied the ability of a recombinant lentiviral vector, containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), to mediate gene transfer into human corneal tissue in vitro and in situ. Human primary keratocytes, cultured in vitro, were efficiently transduced by a lentiviral vector as determined by fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and by fluorescent microscopy. Transduction efficiency was found to be dependent upon multiplicity of infection (MOI); 92% of keratocytes were transduced at an MOI of 1000. The proportion of eGFP-positive cells remained unchanged throughout continuous culture for 60 days, indicating stable expression and a lack of selective pressure for or against transduced cells. Human corneal tissue, obtained at the time of penetrating keratoplasty, demonstrated efficient in situ transduction with this vector. Endothelial cells, epithelial cells and stromal keratocytes at the exposed cut edge of the corneal tissue in situ demonstrated eGFP expression. Underlying stromal cells not in direct contact with vector-containing media, were not transduced, implying that virus-cell contact is required for transduction. Transduced corneal tissues expressed eGFP in situ for the life of the corneal button in extended organ culture (60 days). These results imply that lentiviral vectors may prove to be useful tools, able to transduce corneal tissue efficiently, and that transgene expression is temporally stable. Gene Therapy (2000) 7, 196-200.     

rAAV1-Luc病毒制备及体外转染大鼠心肌细胞的研究

【目的】制备携带萤火虫荧光素酶基因的重组AAV1病毒（rAAV1-Luc）,观察该病毒载体体外转染大鼠心肌细胞培养细胞。【方法】通过“一株载体细胞／一株辅助病毒”的双因素包装策略制备出rAAV1-Luc,AAV1-Luc按转染复数（MOI）1×10^2、1×10^3、1×10^4、1×10^5、1×10^6、2×10^6v．g.／cell转染大鼠心肌细胞（H9C2细胞）96h后,检测荧光素酶的表量,并在光镜下观察转染后细胞生长形态。【结果】成功的制备了重组AAV1-Luc;rAAV1-Luc能有效地转染H9C2细胞,转染后,细胞生长及形态正常;一定范围内,随着rAAV1-Luc转染细胞的MOI（即每个细胞感染的病毒基因组数）值增高,荧光素酶的表达水平也增高,MOI为1×10^6但表达量达到最高,更高的MOI（大于10^7）反而使荧光素酶的表达水平下降。【结论】本研究为开展rAAV1载体介导转移心肌细胞的基因治疗打下了良好的基础。     

In vivo gene transfer to the rat retina using herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-based amplicon vectors

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the transduction profiles of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-based amplicon vectors following subretinal injection in the rat. Two amplicon vectors were tested, pHy-CMVGFP and pHy-RPEGFP, both carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) ubiquitous promoter or the RPE65-specific promoter, respectively. For the two amplicon vectors, the GFP reporter gene was efficiently expressed in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells but not in the adjacent photoreceptors. GFP expression was maximum as early as 2 days post-administration but decreased over time to become almost undetectable at 6 weeks postinjection. Super-transduction with a second amplicon vector, pHSVlac, reactivated expression of GFP in approximately 10% of the cells initially transduced at 2 days postinjection of pHy-CMVGFP or pHy-RPEGFP. Reactivation of transgene expression was transient, no GFP signal was detected 8 days after pHSVlac injection. In conclusion, HSV-1 amplicon vectors allow rapid and efficient, but transient, gene transfer in RPE cells following subretinal injection.     

增殖诱导配体基因短发夹RNA慢病毒表达载体的构建

目的 构建针对人的增殖诱导配体(a proliferation-inducing ligand,APRIL)基因的短发夹RNA(small hairpin RNA,shRNA)慢病毒表达载体,并在感染293T细胞后检测病毒滴度及适合的感染复数(multiplicity of infection,MOI)值.方法 以人APRIL基因为靶点,筛选出3条shRNA靶序列:shAPRIL1210、shAPRIL1754、shAPRIL1604;各自合成靶序列的Oligo DNA,退火形成双链DNA后分别与经酶切的pGEL-GFP载体连接,构建3个慢病毒表达载体LV-shAPRIL1210、LV-shAPRIL1754、LV-shAPRIL1604;将连接产物分别转化到DH5α感受态细胞,经PCR及DNA测序鉴定.再用LV-shAPRIL与包装质粒pHelper 1.0、pHelper 2.0共转染293T细胞,包装产生慢病毒,以293T细胞绿色荧光蛋白的表达水平确定病毒滴度及适合的MOI值.结果 PCR和测序结果与构建的3个慢病毒载体LV-shAPRIL1210、LV-shAPRIL1754、LV-shAPRIL1604的预期结果一致,经包装产生的慢病毒滴度分别为5×107、6×107、4×107转导单位(TU)/ml;适合高效感染的MOI值为5.结论 成功构建人APRIL基因3个慢病毒表达载体LV-shAPRIL,为后继的在相关靶细胞中诱导特异性的APRIL基因沉默奠定基础.     

Stable rAAV-mediated transduction of rod and cone photoreceptors in the canine retina

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are attractive candidates for the treatment of inherited and acquired retinal disease. Although rAAV vectors are well characterized in rodent models, a prerequisite to their clinical application in human patients is the thorough evaluation of their efficacy and safety in intermediate animal models. In this study, we describe rAAV-2-mediated expression of GFP reporter gene in retinal cells following local vector delivery in dogs. Subretinal delivery of rAAV.CMV.GFP was performed unilaterally in eight normal dogs from 6 weeks of age. The area of retinal transduction was maximized by the optimization of surgical techniques for subretinal vector delivery by pars-plana vitrectomy and the use of fine-gauge subretinal cannulae to create multiple retinotomies. rAAV-2 vectors mediated efficient stable reporter gene expression in photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial cells. We found efficient transduction of cone photoreceptors in addition to rods in both the canine retina and after subretinal vector delivery in another intermediate animal model, the feline retina. GFP expression in dogs was confined to the area of the retinal bleb and was sustained in cells at this site for at least 18 months. Electroretinography demonstrated a modest reduction in global rod-mediated retinal function following subretinal delivery of rAAV.CMV.GFP. Three of the eight animals developed delayed-onset intraocular inflammation, in two cases associated with a serum antibody response to GFP protein. We conclude that rAAV-2 vectors mediate efficient sustained transgene expression in rod and cone photoreceptors following subretinal delivery in this intermediate animal model. The possibility of adverse effects including intraocular immune responses and reduced retinal function requires further investigation prior to clinical applications in patients.