闭合性四肢主干动脉损伤的早期显微外科诊治

目的 探讨闭合性四肢主干动脉损伤的早期诊断与治疗方法,减少并发症的发生. 方法 早期发现和采用显微外科手段治疗闭合性四肢主十动脉损伤34例,及时恢复了肢体血运,避免了严重并发症的发生. 结果 术后随访6个月～5年,34例患者中27例痊愈,功能良好,4例术后遗留有缺血性肌肉挛缩行跟腱延长术,2例因足下垂畸形而行踝关节融合恢复行走,肢体功能恢复优良率为88.2%. 结论 早期发现及采用显微外科手段及技术治疗闭合性四肢主干动脉损伤是保存肢体,防治严重并发症的有效方法.     

四肢动脉损伤的早期临床表现与诊断(附69例分析)

目的：探讨四肢主干动脉损伤的早期临床表现与诊断。方法：回顾性分析五年间69例四肢主干动脉损伤的早期临床表现、诊断与治疗结果。结果：69例中开放性损伤55例，闭合性损伤14例。开放性损伤有大出血史占94．5％，活动性出血54．5％，远端动脉搏动消失84．1％，仍有15．9％触及动脉搏动；肢端苍白、冰冷72．5％；有低血压及失血性休克表现62．3％；较少表现肢端疼痛、麻痹与感觉障碍。根据临床表现早期诊断58例，手术探查确诊3例，早期漏诊8例；治疗后肢体成活68例，截肢1例。平均随访2．5年，优良率77．1％。结论：重视四肢主干动脉损伤，综合分析各项临床表现，可早期诊断、早期治疗，恢复患良好功能。     

无骨折闭合性四肢主干动脉损伤的早期诊断及治疗

目的研究无骨折闭合性四肢主干动脉损伤的早期诊断和治疗。方法1998年5月一2008年7月,对24例无骨折闭合性四肢主干动脉损伤的患者,在入院后,进行体格检查,结合脉搏血氧饱和度监测仪监测,做出早期诊断,并急诊手术探查,修复损伤动脉。结果23例均一次修复成功,1例术后发生栓塞,术后4h再次探查修复后,动脉获得通畅。术后随访6个月～2年。22例患肢血液循环恢复良好,肢体功能恢复满意。1例经2次手术后,出现中度缺血性肌挛缩,1例合并肘关节半脱位的患者出现轻度肘关节伸直障碍。结论体格检查结合脉搏血氧饱和度监测仪监测,可对无骨折闭合性四肢主干动脉损伤做出早期诊断,及时修复损伤动脉,是挽救受伤肢体,减轻伤残的有效手段。     

四肢主要动脉损伤诊治体会

目的 探讨四肢主要动脉损伤的早期诊断方法和治疗效果。方法 对1991年1月～2003年10月36例四肢主要动脉损伤患者，分别采用端端吻合、血管修补、自体大隐静脉移植、残端结扎等方式修复损伤血管。结果1例血管吻合重建血循环后因肢体损伤严重，广泛坏死而截肢，其余35例全部存活。结论 ①早期诊断是肢体抢救成活的关键，诊断明确或疑有血管损伤者应尽早手术探查；②血管修补缝合术，血管端端吻合术是主要修复方法，血管缺损2cm以上者应行自体静脉移植术；③动脉血管修复的时限可根据伤情及全身情况适当延长。     

创伤性腘动脉损伤诊断与治疗体会

目的探讨创伤性腘动脉损伤诊断、手术方法及并发症处理。方法回顾性分析新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院血管外科2008年1月至2013年12月手术治疗28例腘动脉损伤患者的临床资料,行动脉端端吻合5例,自体静脉移植21例,动脉裂口缝合1例,腔内治疗1例。结果无1例患者死亡。9例患者出现骨筋膜室综合征行骨筋膜室切开;随访时间1～3个月,6例因患肢严重缺血坏死及感染行截肢术。结论早期诊断,及早重建血流、防治并发症是降低创伤性腘动脉损伤截肢率的关键。     

四肢主干血管损伤的诊治

目的探讨四肢主干血管损伤的早期诊断、治疗方法以及临床效果。方法2001年1月-2006年6月，收治72例四肢主干血管损伤患者。男50例，女22例；年龄5～60岁，中位年龄39岁。开放性损伤44例，闭合性损伤28例。动脉损伤部位：锁骨下动脉1例，股动脉23例，胭动脉20例，尺桡动脉同时损伤12例，肱动脉11例，腋动脉3例，胫前后动脉同时损伤2例。伤后至入院时间30min～27d。术中血管破口直接修补3例，端端吻合39例，自体大隐静脉移植修复30例，移植长度3～8cm。结果67例肢体成活，5例截肢。48例获6个月～5年随访，彩色多普勒血流仪检查血流速度及血管口径与健侧无明显差异。40例肢体功能恢复满意，8例残留不同程度功能障碍，其中4例行矫形或功能重建手术，功能及外形得到改善。结论了解损伤机制及受伤情况，认真体检，综合分析，是主干血管损伤早期诊断的关键；显微外科修复是提高血管通畅率的保障；术后筋膜间室综合征及肢体缺血时间超过4h的肱动脉、胭动脉以上的血管损伤，及时行筋膜间室切开是恢复肢体功能、避免伤残的有效手段。     

自体大隐静脉移植修复四肢主干动脉损伤

目的总结自体大隐静脉移植修复四肢主干动脉损伤经验。方法采用自体大隐静脉移植修复96例四肢主干动脉损伤患者。结果大隐静脉移植2～18 cm。96例肢体主干动脉损伤患者中,3例因合并其他重要脏器损害死亡,2例截肢,91例肢体保留。91例随访时间6个月～3年。91例肢体血液循环正常,84例功能恢复正常,5例遗留下肢跛行及髋部活动度下降等功能障碍,2例肘关节活动受限。结论早期诊断、及时手术对保存肢体至关重要。采用自体大隐静脉移植修复四肢主干动脉损伤手术方便,成本低,血管吻合通畅率高,治疗效果好,有助于降低截肢率。     

四肢动脉损伤诊治体会

目的探讨四肢动脉损伤的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾分析我院1996年1月至2006年7月共诊治的23例四肢动脉损伤患者的临床资料。分别采用直接动脉修补、动脉结扎、端端吻合、自体大隐静脉移植及人工血管吻合。术中取栓6例,合并静脉损伤修复8例。结果截肢3例(13.0%)。获得随访12例,随访时间3个月～5年,11例多普勒超声证实损伤血管血流通畅,下肢肌肉挛缩1例;下肢血供不足1例。结论早期诊断是提高肢体存活率和避免假性动脉瘤发生的关键。手术方式的合理选择、Fogarty导管常规取栓和早期筋膜切开可提高治愈率。     

四肢血管损伤漏诊及再手术的原因探讨

目的探讨四肢血管损伤漏诊及再手术的原因。方法回顾性分析了149例四肢血管损伤病人的诊断和治疗方法,寻找漏诊及再手术的原因。结果漏诊8例,漏诊率5.4%,其中彩超诊断错误1例,因肢端皮温好漏诊4例,因可触及动脉搏动漏诊2例,因锐器割伤裂口自行封闭漏诊1例。再手术(再次血管探查)23例,再手术率15.4%,其中,19例因血管栓塞再次手术,4例因所移植的大隐静脉破裂再次手术。结论彩超并非绝对可靠,肢端皮温好不能排除动脉主干断裂,动脉搏动减弱或消失者主张早期探查血管。早期修复血管、正确熟练的镜下操作是手术成功的关键,对大段血管缺损者建议用人造血管移植修复。     

四肢主要动脉损伤的临床治疗

目的：总结四肢主要动脉损伤的诊治经验。方法：1989—2000年68例四肢主要动脉损伤患者，分别采用断端吻合、血管修补、自体静脉移植、残端结扎等方式修复损伤血管。结果：随访2--11年，62例肢体存活，6例截肢，2例出现轻度缺血性肌挛缩。结论：早期诊断是肢体抢救成活的关键，损伤动脉应尽可能在6—8h内进行修复，根据不同的损伤类型，分别采用不同的血管修复方法。积极治疗多发伤、及时处理并发症。     

Long-term results with autogenous tissue repair of traumatic extremity vascular injuries.

With extensive vascular injuries in which a vascular conduit is required, there is controversy as to whether an autogenous or prosthetic graft is preferable. The authors reviewed their experience with 91 extremity arterial injuries in which autogenous tissue was used to repair vascular injuries of the extremities. Twenty-two patients also had concomitant repair of associated venous injuries with autogenous vein grafts. Ten patients required amputations, despite patent grafts in five patients, because of severe muscle necrosis. Two patients had thrombosis of their vein grafts develop in the early postoperative period but did not require amputation. The authors identified only one late vein graft failure in a patient in whom an infected pseudoaneurysm developed. Three patients with extensive soft tissue injuries had infection develop in vein grafts, with subsequent massive bleeding that ultimately required arterial ligation. Among the 22 patients with repair of their venous injuries, occlusion of popliteal vein repairs was documented in two patients and suspected in three others. The remainder of patients had satisfactory results. The excellent results obtained in the vast majority of the authors' patients with extremity vascular injuries reinforces their preference for using autogenous tissue whenever a vascular conduit is required. Exceptions include patients with extensive soft tissue loss precluding adequate graft coverage, the repair of large vessels, and life-threatening emergencies when there is insufficient time to harvest and prepare a vein.     

Vascular trauma as a result of therapeutic procedures for the treatment of malignancy

Twenty-two iatrogenic vascular injuries caused by resection of tumors with local recurrences or adjuvant chemotherapy were treated over a 42-month period in 11 female and 8 male patients with cancer (58% had documented metastases). Sixteen of 22 vascular injuries were caused by intraarterial administration of chemotherapy (8 emboli; 8 direct catheter trauma), and six were caused by resection of tumors with local invasion. The injuries were extremity ischemia (15 extremities in 13 patients), pseudoaneurysm (4), expanding hematoma (3 injuries in 2 patients). Twenty-two surgical repairs included bypass of severely damaged arteries in five, embolectomy in five, interposition grafts in three, pseudoaneurysm resection and primary repair in three, primary repair of three vascular injuries, and one patch angioplasty. Leg amputation was required in two patients. Seventeen of 19 patients had successful vascular repairs with resolution of preoperative indications for vascular repair without intraoperative or postoperative deaths. Long term follow-up (mean, 17 months) showed no recurrence of vascular problems; however, two patients died of metastatic cancer at 6 and 24 weeks after vascular repair. This study supports an aggressive approach to the management of vascular injuries caused by therapeutic interventions for malignancy despite the presence of metastatic disease.     

下肢血管开放性损伤的诊治(附25例报告)

目的 总结下肢血管开放性损伤的临床特点，以提高其诊断和治疗水平。方法 回顾性分析我院1999—2001年收治的25例下肢血管开放性损伤患者的临床表现、辅助检查以及手术处理等特点，讨论下肢血管开放性损伤的诊治。结果 25例患者经急诊手术修补或重建血管，其中动脉损伤18例，动、静脉联合伤7例；修复动脉缺损时5例使用大隐静脉，5例使用人造血管。24例痊愈(96％)，l例术后40天血管闭塞并失去随访。结论 下肢血管开放性损伤应尽早明确诊断并行手术修补或重建血管，以降低死亡率及致残率。     

Extra-anatomic bypass of failed traumatic arterial repairs

Arterial injuries are best treated by primary repair or anatomically placed interposition grafts. Occasionally, these repairs fail due to adverse local factors, such as soft-tissue infection or enteric contamination. In these instances, limb salvage may require extra-anatomic arterial reconstruction. Between 1979 and 1989, 13 extra-anatomic bypasses were performed in ten male patients following nine failed primary repairs and one ligation of a traumatic arterial injury. The sites of arterial injury were: aorta (two), iliac (five), femoral (two), popliteal (one). Enteric contamination was present at initial operation in six patients; the remaining four had sustained massive soft-tissue injury. Reoperation was required for hemorrhage (seven), pseudoaneurysm (two), and arteriovenous fistula (one). All patients had developed local wound problems that militated against another anatomic repair. Extra-anatomic bypasses performed were: axillo-femoral (three), femoro-femoral (four), obturator (one), and two extra-anatomic femoral to popliteal saphenous vein grafts routed around an infected field. A second extra-anatomic reconstruction was performed for recurrent hemorrhage in three patients, (axillo-femoral--two, obturator--one). One patient with a neuropathic extremity and a functioning graft underwent amputation at 2 months following the initial injury. Two patients died of systemic sepsis. Seven patients (70%) have functional extremities with intact pulses at 2 to 24 months post bypass (mean, 7 months). Limb salvage after secondary disruption of secondarily infected arterial repairs can be achieved by appropriate extra-anatomic arterial reconstruction. In such cases, limb loss is due to soft-tissue sepsis or neuro-skeletal injuries and not vascular insufficiency.     

Revascularization of the limbs using vein grafts after vascular injuries

We report on 32 patients with vascular injury of a limb undergoing a total of 41 revascularization procedures with interposition vein grafts. A combined arterial and venous injury was present in nine cases, an isolated venous injury in four, and an isolated arterial injury in 19 cases. Eighteen per cent of patients with arterial injuries had normal distal pulses on initial examination. Preoperative arteriography was performed in 12 cases, and intraoperative arteriography in four. All venous injuries were diagnosed at operation. In most cases, the contralateral greater saphenous vein was used for grafting. Four patients had postoperative thrombosis after arterial reconstruction resulting in below knee amputation in two cases. Two patients suffered from postoperative swelling caused by venous insufficiency, one after ligation of an injured axillary vein, and the other one following venous thrombosis of a superficial femoral vein repair. It is concluded that revascularization of arterial and venous injuries of the extremities with interposition vein grafts is successful in most cases resulting in low amputation rates, and should be attempted in all major vascular injuries in viable limbs.     

Noniatrogenic pediatric vascular trauma

Twenty-four noniatrogenic pediatric vascular injuries in 20 patients (75% male; mean age, 14 years) were treated during a 3-year period. Of 18 arterial and six venous injuries, 65% were penetrating and 35% were blunt injuries. Eighty percent of all patients had significant associated injuries that required repair. Angiography was performed in 13 of 20 patients, with four performed during surgery. Repair methods were ligation in two of six venous injuries and three of 18 arterial injuries, primary repair in three of six venous injuries and six of 18 arterial injuries, and autogenous saphenous vein graft in seven of 18 arterial injuries. Exploration and debridement, thrombectomy, and nonoperative management were used in one arterial injury each. Fasciotomy was employed in six of 13 arterial injuries in the extremities. There was one operative death, no reoperations, and no early or late amputations. Mean follow-up of 27 months demonstrated normal palpable and Doppler pulses (by noninvasive testing) distal to all arterial repairs. This study supports an aggressive approach to the diagnosis and treatment of noniatrogenic pediatric vascular trauma, emphasizing the liberal use of fasciotomy and meticulous vascular repair for the successful management of these challenging injuries.     

Traumatic vascular injuries: Methods and results of repair

An analysis of thirty-six civilian traumatic arterial injuries was performed to determine the frequency, site, and mechanism of injury. The mechanism of injury was evenly divided between penetrating (nineteen) and blunt injuries (seventeen). Blunt trauma from motor vehicle accidents and penetrating injuries from gunshot wounds accounted for approximately 85 per cent of the injuries. Four of fifteen repairs in lower extremity arterial injuries resulted in amputation. Prolonged ischemia and massive soft tissue injury were the major causes of amputation. Eleven upper extremity arterial injuries were repaired with return of distal pulses in ten patients whereas one patient required subclavian artery ligation after rupture of a saphenous vein graft repair. Approaches for exposure, means of repair, and results are discussed.     

Causes of limb loss in civilian arterial injuries

Progress in the management of complex vascular injuries of the extremities has not eliminated the necessity for amputation. An analysis of 100 consecutive patients treated at the Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center during 1974-1980 disclosed that five amputations followed 24 instances of blunt trauma, but only one minor amputation of toes was required in 76 patients after repair of arterial injuries associated with penetrating wounds. Extensive skeletal, muscular and skin loss at the sites of blunt trauma precluded salvage of two limbs. Physicians' failure to suspect arterial injury on admission in three patients with blunt trauma caused delay in the diagnosis and management of occlusive arterial injury that ultimately led to three amputations. In contrast, limited soft tissue damage accompanying penetrating wounds and high index of suspicion resulted in expeditious repair, accounting for the minimal risk of limb loss. Amputation may be obligatory in the presence of extensive skeletal and soft tissue destruction. However, limb loss due to delay in diagnosis is preventable. In every instance of blunt trauma to extremities, we advocate the same suspicion of vascular injuries as in penetrating trauma, with early liberal use of angiography whenever pulses are not absolutely normal, and prompt revascularization of ischemic limbs.     

四肢主干动脉损伤的诊治

目的 探讨四肢主干动脉损伤的诊断与治疗。方法 1999年9月～2002年6月，收治129例176条动脉损伤，应用显微外科方法修复122例162条动脉。结果 患肢成活116例154条血管，总成活率89．9％；血管再通率95．06％。结论 认真细致的体格检查和血管多普勒探测仪检测可避免漏诊；早期应用显微外科技术进行血管修复，可成功地挽救肢体。     

Vascular trauma to the lower extremity: the Lebanese war experience

The authors' experience with 386 patients who were operated on for vascular injuries to the lower extremities is reviewed. Of these, 118 had popliteal injuries, 252 had femoral injuries and 16 had tibial injuries. The overall mortality rate was 2.33% with no mortality in the popliteal and tibial injuries group whereas there were nine deaths in the femoral injuries group. The overall amputation rate was 5.95%, with 3.17% amputation rate for the femoral injuries group versus 11.86% for the popliteal injuries group and 6.25% for the tibial injuries group. Delay in repair (more than 6h from injury), associated femoral fractures and shocked condition on admission led to increased amputation rate. Prompt surgical repair, arterial as well as venous repair for popliteal and femoral injuries especially if femoral fracture is present, external skeletal fixation and/or traction, and fasciotomy when necessary led to improved limb salvage.