吲哚美辛和美洛昔康对脂多糖诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NF-κB的抑制作用

目的　研究非甾体抗炎药吲哚美辛 (indomethacin)和美洛昔康 (meloxicam)对细菌脂多糖 (LPS)诱导表达的C5 7小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞核转录因子NF κappaB(NF κB)的抑制作用。 方法　NF κB的测定采用电泳迁移率改变法。结果　小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞经LPS诱导后细胞NF κB含量明显增高。Indomethacin和meloxicam在 10 -5- 10 -7mol·L-1浓度下可明显降低LPS激活的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NF κB活化。结论　Indomethacin和meloxicam对NF κB活化的抑制作用可能是两者的抗炎作用机理之一。     

烫伤小鼠巨噬细胞内细胞因子变化与ERK信号的关系

目的:观察烫伤后腹腔巨噬细胞内肿瘤坏死因子(TNF α mRNA)、活化蛋白 1(AP 1)变化及给予MEK1/2特异性阻断药PD98059后TNF α mRNA、AP 1的改变,阐明丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号途径中的细胞外信息调节蛋白激酶(ERK)信号通路是否调控烫伤后TNF α mRNA的生成.方法:以15%体表面积Ⅲ度烫伤小鼠为模型,收集腹腔巨噬细胞,采用逆转录 多聚酶链式反应(RT PCR)测TNF α mRNA的表达,电泳迁移率改变分析法(EMSA)测AP 1的活性.结果:烫伤后巨噬细胞内TNF α mRNA于烫伤后2,12 h表达较强,以后呈降低趋势.AP 1于烫伤后被激活.与单纯烫伤相比,PD98059组的AP 1活性明显被抑制,而TNF α mRNA表达量无明显变化.结论:严重烫伤后巨噬细胞内TNF α mRNA的过量表达反映了烫伤后巨噬细胞的功能紊乱,而MAPK信号途径于烫伤后被激活,其中TNF α mRNA的表达可能不受ERK信号途径调控.     

地塞米松治疗大鼠重症急性胰腺炎肺损伤的实验研究

目的:探讨地塞米松治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)肺损伤的作用机制,观察核因子 κB(NF κB)在SAP时动态表达,探讨NF κB在SAP炎症反应中的信号传导过程以及NF κB的活化与SAP的关系.方法:108只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(SO组)、SAP组(阻断肝门部胆管,向胰管逆行注入5%牛磺胆酸钠0.001 mL•g 1)及SAP地塞米松处理组(DEX组,即给SAP大鼠腹腔注射DEX 0.01 mL•g 1),每组36只.采用免疫组织化学的方法检测肺脏NF κB活性,同时测定血淀粉酶(AMS)及肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)和白细胞介素 6(IL 6)水平,并于光镜下观察胰腺及肺脏病理改变.结果:SAP组术后1 h NF κB开始表达,TNF α和IL 6开始升高,3 h达高峰,6 h后下降.地塞米松明显下调NF κB的表达,抑制TNF α和IL 6的产生,减轻肺组织的损伤程度,使SAP病情明显缓解.结论:信号转录因子NF κB参与了大鼠SAP时肺组织的炎症反应,地塞米松发挥明显的抗炎作用,减轻SAP时肺组织损伤,这与其对NF κB表达的抑制及细胞因子的调节作用密切相关.     

白介素-1受体相关激酶-2反义寡核苷酸对白介素-1和肿瘤坏死因子激活核因子-κB的不同影响

目的　研究白介素 1受体相关激酶 2 (IRAK 2 )在白介素 1(IL 1)与肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)激活核因子 κB(NF κB)过程中的作用。方法　IRAK 2反义寡核苷酸转染人胚肾细胞 (2 93细胞 ) ,阻断IRAK 2的表达 ,用IL 1及肿瘤坏死因子刺激细胞后 ,用夹心ELISA方法检测NF κB活性。结果　以IRAK 2反义寡核苷酸预处理可明显减弱IL 1诱导的NF κB活性 ,此效应强度存在时间和浓度依赖性 ,但I RAK 2反义寡核苷酸对肿瘤坏死因子诱导的NF κB活性无影响。结论　IRAK 2反义寡核苷酸对IL 1和TNF激活NF κB有不同影响。IRAK 2在IL 1诱导的NF κB信号转导通路中起关键作用     

青藤碱对佐剂性关节炎大鼠滑膜细胞因子表达的影响

目的:观察青藤碱对佐剂性关节炎大鼠滑膜细胞核因子 κB(NF κB)活性及TNF α mRNA、IL 1β mRNA、IL 10 mRNA的影响,阐明该药治疗类风湿关节炎的可能机制.方法:以佐剂性关节炎大鼠为模型,收集滑膜细胞,采用电泳迁移率改变分析法检测NF κB的活性,反转录 PCR检测TNF α mRNA、IL 1β mRNA、IL 10 mRNA的表达.结果:佐剂性关节炎大鼠滑膜细胞内NF κB活性与TNF α mRNA、IL 1β mRNA、IL 10 mRNA的表达均显著升高,青藤碱在一定的浓度范围内呈浓度依赖性抑制NF κB活性与TNF α mRNA 、IL 1β mRNA的表达,而对IL 10 mRNA的抑制效应与浓度无关.结论:青藤碱可能通过抑制NF κB活性而降低滑膜细胞内TNF α mRNA及IL 1β mRNA的表达.     

吸入不同浓度一氧化氮对急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织炎症反应的影响

目的　探讨吸入一氧化氮 (NO)对急性肺损伤 (ALI)小鼠肺组织炎症反应的影响。方法　脂多糖 (LPS)腹腔注射诱导小鼠ALI模型 ,吸入不同浓度NO ,测定肺组织核因子 (NF) κB活性及肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)α、白介素 (IL) 1 0mRNA的表达。结果　与LPS组 (A组 )比较 ,LPS +吸入NO 5 ppm(B组 )、LPS +吸入NO 2 0 ppm(C组 ) 1 2小时湿重 /干重 (W /D)显著降低 ,LPS +吸入NO4 0ppm(D组 )无明显差异。LPS注射后肺组织NF κB活性明显增强 ,6小时达到峰值 4 0 6± 6 2 ,显著高于LPS注射前 (45± 31 ,P <0 0 5 )。吸入NO 5 ppm和 2 0 ppm 6小时后 ,NF κB活性明显低于LPS组 (P <0 0 5 )。但吸入 4 0ppmNF κB活性在 3小时、6小时明显下降后 ,1 2小时又明显升高。B组和C组肺组织TNF α和IL 1 0浓度及mRNA表达在 3～ 1 2小时均明显降低 ,但D组吸入NO 4 0 ppm1 2小时 ,TNF α表达与LPS组无显著差异。吸入NO后各组IL 1 0表达均降低。结论　吸入 5 ppm和 2 0ppmNO可抑制LPS介导的NF κB活化 ,下调炎症因子表达 ,改善ALI ,但吸入 4 0 ppmNO加重肺损伤。     

丹参对大鼠肝星状细胞核因子-κB活性和肿瘤坏死因子-α的影响

目的 探讨丹参对大鼠肝星状细胞(HSC)的作用机制。方法分离大鼠HSC，采用不同浓度的丹参处理后，分别应用MTT法、凝胶迁移率法、ELISA法和Northern blot检测大鼠HSC的增殖、核转录因子κB(NF κB)活性和肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)蛋白和mRNA的表达。结果 丹参对大鼠HSC生长具有较强的抑制作用。丹参可明显抑制大鼠HSC的NF κB活性，并能下调TNF α蛋白和mRNA的表达，并且呈剂量依赖性。结论丹参对大鼠HSC增殖具有很强的抑制作用，可能与抑制NF κB活性和下调TNF α表达有关。     

尾加压素II诱导心肌细胞肥大及对ERK/NF-κB通路的影响

目的探讨尾加压素II（UⅡ）对心肌细胞肥大及细胞外调节蛋白激酶/核转录因子 κB（ERK/NF κB）通路的影响。方法培养1 d龄乳鼠心肌细胞,免疫荧光法测定心肌细胞体积,Lowry’s法测定心肌细胞蛋白含量,［3H］ 亮氨酸掺入法测定蛋白合成速率,免疫印记法测定NF κB（p65）表达及其抑制物（I κBα）磷酸化水平,凝胶电泳迁移率分析测定NF κB体外活性,免疫沉淀法并ERK试剂盒测定ERK活性。结果与对照组比较,UⅡ能显著提高心肌细胞体积、细胞蛋白含量、蛋白合成速率;明显提高ERK活性,显著提高胞核NF κB（p65）表达,提高细胞质I κBα磷酸化,并显著上调NF κB体外活性。结论UⅡ可以诱导体外培养的乳鼠心肌细胞肥大,机制与上调ERK/NF κB通路活性有关。     

芬太尼对人外周血NF-κB活性的影响

目的　验证芬太尼是否影响免疫炎症反应中的某些因素 ,如同吗啡。方法　外周血取自 7个正常志愿者 ,实验分为正常对照组、芬太尼 ( 2 0 μg·L-1和 2mg·L-1)组、模型组(脂多糖 ,LPS组 )和治疗组 (芬太尼 2 0 μg·L-1+LPS、芬太尼 2mg·L-1+LPS)。用流式细胞术检测人外周血中性粒细胞和单核细胞中核因子(NF κB)活性 ,用ELISA检测血清中肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)和白介素 6(IL 6)含量。结果　芬太尼组NF κB活性及TNF α和IL 6含量与正常对照组比较 ,均无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。治疗组 (芬太尼 2 0 μg·L-1+LPS、芬太尼 2mg·L-1+LPS)中NF κB的活性分别为 81 .9% ,76.1 % (中性粒细胞 )和 78.6% ,72 .6%(单核细胞) ,明显低于模型组 88.9%和 85 .1 % (P <0 .0 1 )。TNF α含量在治疗组 (芬太尼 2 0 μg·L-1+LPS、芬太尼 2mg·L-1+LPS)为 45 9和 3 5 7ng·L-1,IL 6为 796和 72 0ng·L-1,两者均低于模型组 (其中TNF α为 1 2 2 6ng·L-1,IL 6为 1 5 63ng·L-1) (P <0 .0 1 )。结论　芬太尼对NF κB的活性及TNF α和IL 6的含量无影响 ,但可抑制LPS诱导的NF κB的活性及TNF α和IL 6的含量 ,且高剂量芬太尼的抑制作用大于低剂量芬太尼的作用     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Deoxynivalenol in cereals in Russia

A survey of the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in wheat, rye, barley and maize harvested in 1989-2001 in several regions of Russia has been conducted. A total of 5652 samples of cereals were analysed for DON and ZEN by using TLC and normal-phase HPLC with UV-detector. DON was detected in 69% of 2166 samples from Krasnodar region which is considered to be the major Fusarium endemic region of Russia. The contamination levels ranged from 0.1 till 8.6 ppm, MTEL was exceeded in 37% of these samples. The positive correlation between DON concentration and a percentage of Fusaria-damaged wheat kernels has been shown. DON occurrence and contamination levels were much lower that for wheat. Based on the results of monitoring and the data of average actual consumption of wheat products in Russia, the estimated daily intake of DON per 1 kg of body weight (EDI)was calculated. EDI varied from 0.07 ug in 1990-1991 till 1.40 ug in 1992. Although average EDI were lower than adopted tolerable daily intake (TDI, 3 ug/kg body weight) EDIs for the North-Caucasian region in some cases exceeded TDI.