The treatment study group of the BSSO. A case report

Orthodontic treatment succeeded in correcting the incisor relationship by a combination of retroclination of the lower labial segment by 2 degrees with a reduction of 1.5 mms in APo and a proclination of the upper labial segment by 7 degrees. There would appear to have been little change in the underlying skeletal pattern. The increase from 1 to 4 in the WITS analysis appears to be related to the downward and anterior change in inclination of the functional occlusal plane. Apart from a possible slight increase, there appeared to be little change in the Skeletal III pattern during retention and the subsequent 33 months. The incisor relationship held with a compensatory proclination of the upper labial segment. The functional occlusal plane reverted partially to its original inclination with a reduction in the WITS analysis to 2.     

Three-dimensional finite-element analysis of a central lower incisor under labial and lingual loads

IntroductionThe aim was to evaluate the differences between labial and lingual application of an orthodontic force. This was achieved using a three-dimensional CAD design software model of a real lower incisor surrounded by a prismatic representation of the mandibular bone. This model was subjected to various loading conditions, with finite-element analysis.Materials and methodsCone-beam computed tomography scanning was used to create a three-dimensional geometric model of a lower incisor, together with its simulated periodontal ligament. This model was then meshed and analysed with commercial finite-element code. Various single and combined forces and moments were applied to each side of the simulated lower incisor at the centre of the clinical crown. To evaluate the effects of the various forces considered, the instantaneous displacement and stress generated in the bone and the periodontal ligament were measured, as a comparison of the labial and lingual loading sites.ResultsDental movement was only influenced by the side of the force application when an intrusive component was present. The simulations showed larger displacement when a vertical force was present at the lingual surface. In general, this movement was of the tipping type when the combined forces were applied, while there was greater intrusion upon application of combined forces and an anticlockwise moment to the labial surface.ConclusionsApplication of an intrusive lingual force to a lower incisor appears to generate bodily movement, while the same intrusive labial force appears to lead to labial tipping. Subject to further study, this should be taken into consideration when devising treatment plans for fixed appliances.     

On the part played by the socket in tooth support

Transducers of movement were used to detect the direction and amount of displacement of the alveolar margins of fifteen teeth in two adult monkeys. Controlled horizontal and intrusive thrusts were applied manually. Bone displacement started in response to forces appreciably less than 100 g and occurred in a linear manner with forces up to 1 kg. Horizontal forces of more than about 50 g tended to cause the labial and lingual alveolar plates to be displaced in the same direction as the applied force. The distance the bone was displaced and subsequently recoiled was less than the displacement and recoil of the root in the linear phase of movement. This implies increasing tissue compression on the side to which the tooth was moved and decreasing pressure in the membrane on the other side with elastic deformation of the socket. Intrusive force caused dilatation of the socket. The conclusion is reached that force to a tooth cause compression and tension in the periodontal membrane.     

A comparison of the effects of rectangular and round arch wires in leveling the curve of Spee.

A prospective randomized clinical study was designed to evaluate the effects of full continuous arch wires, rectangular in cross section, on the axial inclination of lower incisors. The intention of rectangular arch wires is to counteract the labial crown moment usually produced during leveling the curve of Spee with full arch mechanics. Patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Group 1 (N = 12) received round arch wires throughout the leveling stage. Group 2 (N = 16) started with flat 0.016 x 0.022 nickel titanium arch wires progressing to 0.016 x 0.022 stainless steel. The preadjusted 0.018 x 0.025 edgewise appliance was used in all cases. Lateral cephalometric radiographs and mandibular study models were taken before treatment and when the curve of Spee was leveled (or in some cases when the overbite was considered clinically acceptable). In group 1, the lower incisor proclined a mean of 6.75 degrees +/- 4.85 degrees (P <.01) and in group 2 it proclined a mean of 6.10 degrees +/- 3.95 degrees (P <.01). However, no significant difference in proclination was detected between the 2 groups. Statistically significant, but low, correlations were demonstrated between change in lower incisor axial inclination and relief of crowding r = 0.45) and change in mandibular arch depth r = 0.54), which was in turn inversely correlated with change in intercanine width r = -0.45). In both groups, the lower incisors proclined with uncontrolled tipping that can probably be attributed to the intrusive force introduced by the arch wire being labial to the center of resistance of the lower incisors. The ability of the rectangular arch wires to control labial proclination following leveling of the curve of Spee, as used in this study, was not supported.     

微植体支抗滑动法内收上颌前牙的三维有限元研究

目的探讨不同微螺钉种植体植入高度以及不同牵引钩高度对微植体支抗滑动法内收上颌前牙的生物力学效应的影响。方法采用高精度螺旋CT扫描结合MIMICS快速三维重建的方法建立微植体－直丝弓上颌前牙内收力系的三维有限元模型,并在准确构建托槽、牙齿、弓丝、微种植体的力学关系基础上计算当微种植体植入高度为4、8 mm时以及牵引钩高度为1、4、7、10 mm时上颌前牙的初始移动情况。结果随着牵引钩高度的增加,上颌前牙内收时逐渐从冠舌向倾斜移动变为冠唇向移动;微种植体高位植入更有利于上颌前牙内收时的压入移动。结论通过微种植体植入高度和牵引钩高度的变化可以有效控制上颌前牙内收的牙齿移动方式。     

下颌中切牙唇倾度与牙槽骨厚度关系的锥形束CT分析

目的应用锥形束CT（CBCT）测量分析下颌中切牙不同唇倾度与牙槽骨厚度的关系。方法选择60例患者的头颅侧位片和CBCT影像资料,按照下颌中切牙-下颌平面角（L1-MP）分为3组,即舌倾组L1-MP<85.6°;正常组L1-MP为85.6°~99.6°;唇倾组L1-MP>99.6°。三维重建CBCT,在矢状面图像上沿下颌中切牙长轴,选择牙槽骨截面最大的图像,将牙根从釉牙骨质界到根尖点平均分为4段,测量唇、舌侧牙槽骨厚度并合计得到总厚度,观察计数骨开窗及骨开裂发生情况。采用SPSS17.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果舌侧及总牙槽骨厚度在各测量位点间的差异均有统计学意义。根中1/2、根尖1/4及根尖处牙槽骨厚度唇侧均小于舌侧。舌侧牙槽骨厚度在各测量位点均为舌倾组小于唇倾组, 牙槽骨总厚度在根尖、根尖1/4、根中1/2处舌倾组比唇倾组薄。唇倾组和舌倾组的骨开裂发生率均高于正常组,差异显著(P<0.05)。结论下颌中切牙舌侧及总牙槽骨厚度从根尖区到根颈区逐渐变小,舌倾组舌侧及牙槽骨总厚度比唇倾组薄,下颌中切牙牙轴过度唇倾或舌倾易发生骨开裂。     

A comparative evaluation of different compensating curves in the lingual and labial techniques using 3D FEM.

Because adults dislike the visibility of orthodontic appliances, the use of the lingual orthodontic technique has increased over time. But few studies compare tooth movement of the lingual technique with that of the labial technique. In this study, human mandibular left teeth were aligned, and a 3-dimensional finite element model was made (consisting of 19382 nodes and 12150 elements). To compare the effect of compensating curves on canine retraction between the lingual and the labial orthodontic techniques, the compensating curve was increased on the.016-in stainless steel labial or lingual archwire, and a 150-g force was applied distally on the canine. The relative direction and the amount of tooth displacement of the finite element model were compared on a schematic displacement graph (magnified 10,000 times), and the compressive stress distributed on the root surface was observed. The pattern of tooth movement (with or without a compensating curve) was different between the labial and the lingual techniques. As the amount of compensating curve increased (0, 2, and 4 mm) in the archwire, the rotation and the distal tipping of the canine was reduced. The antitip and antirotation action of compensating curve on the canine retraction was greater in the labial archwire than in the lingual archwire.     

双钥匙曲整体内收上前牙的三维有限元研究

目的：探讨双钥匙曲整体内收上前牙的过程中不同的加力方式对上颌前牙生物力学效应的影响。方法：采用 CBCT采集患者上颌骨以及上牙列数据信息,利用 Mimics 软件进行三维重建,建立双钥匙曲整体内收上前牙的三维有限元模型;在ANSYS 软件中分别分析①末端回弯、②结扎丝加力以及③结扎丝加力联合双钥匙曲顶部连扎3种工况下上颌前牙的初始位移。结果：从工况1到工况3,矢状方向上：中切牙冠根位移差值由4．19E －03 mm 变为－8．85E －03 mm,表现为舌侧倾斜移动到整体移动后转变为唇侧倾斜移动。而侧切牙冠根位移差由7．99E －03 mm 减小到5．84E －04 mm,尖牙由9．47E －03 mm 变为8．54E －03 mm,显示侧切牙和尖牙由倾斜移动向整体移动转变;垂直方向上：切牙由伸长移动趋势变为压低,而尖牙的压低量也逐渐变大。结论：不同的加力方式上颌前牙的移动趋势不同,结扎丝加力和顶部连扎使前牙趋向于整体移动。     

唇、舌侧正畸中上颌中切牙转动中心的研究

目的从生物力学的角度，分析比较唇侧和舌侧正畸中的上中切牙转动中心与M／F的关系方法通过有限元法技术，建立较理想的上颌骨、上切牙及牙周膜的三维有限元模型；进而分析唇、舌侧正畸中的上中切牙转动中心与M／F的关系，比较两者的异同。结果1．建立了较理想的上颌骨、上切牙及牙周膜的三维有限元模型2．本研究，上中切牙阻力中心在距牙槽嵴顶0．43倍根长处。3．唇舌侧正畸中，上中切牙在相同的M／F加载下。转动中心的位置不同。若要产生牙齿的整体移动的效果，唇舌侧正畸所需的M／F比值分别为-8．87和12．38。结论舌侧正畸中，内收切牙的同时要加大根舌向转矩，不能根据唇侧加力的经验来做判断。     

Evaluation of the biomechanical behavior of maxillary central incisors restored by means of endocrowns compared to a natural tooth: a 3D static linear finite elements analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed at evaluating different restoring configurations of a crownless maxillary central incisor, in order to compare the biomechanical behavior of the restored tooth with that of a sound tooth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 3D FE model of a maxillary central incisor is presented. An arbitrary static force of 10 N was applied with an angulation of 125 degrees to the tooth longitudinal axis at level of the palatal surface of the crown. Different material configurations were tested: composite, syntered alumina, feldspathic ceramic endocrowns and glass post resorations with syntered alumina and feldspathic ceramic crown. RESULTS: High modulus materials used for the restoration strongly alter the natural biomechanical behavior of the tooth. Critical areas of high stress concentration are the restoration-cement-dentin interface both in the root canal and on the buccal and lingual aspects of the tooth-restoration interface. Materials with mechanical properties underposable to that of dentin or enamel improve the biomechanical behavior of the restored tooth reducing the areas of high stress concentration. SIGNIFICANCE: The use of endocrown restorations present the advantage of reducing the interfaces of the restorative system. The choice of the restorative materials should be carefully evaluated. Materials with mechanical properties similar to those of sound teeth improve the reliability of the restoartive system.     

Delayed eruption of mandibular primary central incisors in a child with severe lingual inclination and their spontaneous movement to appropriate positions

We previously reported a quite uncommon case of delayed eruption of primary mandibular bilateral incisors with severe lingual inclination identified in a Japanese girl aged 2 years 8 months. An intraoral examination demonstrated the tooth crown morphology of the primary mandibular incisors in the lingual submucosal area, while radiographic examinations of the affected teeth revealed what appeared to be a standard root morphology and the permanent successors located close to the affected teeth. We decided to perform periodical examinations at least until the roots of the permanent successors were sufficiently formed and here report recent findings in this case. At 2Y10M, the edge of the tooth crown of the primary mandibular left central incisor had emerged into the oral cavity and one-third of the tooth crown was identified at 2Y11M. Thereafter, the tooth crown of the primary mandibular right central incisor was identified under the mucosa at 3Y1M. A periapical radiograph taken at 3Y7M demonstrated formation of the permanent successors under development. At 3Y10M, nearly the entire part of the tooth crowns of both affected teeth had emerged and then they started to move gradually in a labial direction. At 4Y2M, the crowns of the affected were nearly within the dental arch, while periapical radiograph images showed straight roots for the affected teeth and the developing permanent successors. We intend to continue to perform periodical examinations to follow the development of the permanent successors until eruption.     

弓丝形变对微种植体舌侧内收上前牙影响的三维有限元分析

目的:对舌侧矫治系统中,内收弓丝形变及微种植体植入位置对上前牙三维方向移动的影响进行生物力学评价。方法:建立舌侧矫治三维有限元模型,当弓丝为可变形体及刚性体滑动法内收时,微种植体的植入位置设置为距离第二前磨牙与第一磨牙之间的牙槽嵴顶0、3、5、7 mm,分析上前牙的初始位移和牙周膜静水压的大小。结果:舌侧矫治系统中,使用可变形体弓丝内收上前牙,加力瞬间弓丝发生形变,牙初始位移受弓丝形变的作用发生舌向倾斜移动;随着微种植体高度的增加,上颌侧切牙牙冠的初始位移増大。弓丝为刚性体内收时,上前牙发生冠舌向倾斜移动;随着微种植体高度的增加,其位移趋势未发生明显变化。弓丝为可变形体时,上前牙的牙周膜静水压值超过毛细血管压的上限值。弓丝为刚性体时,上前牙的牙周膜静水压值小于毛细血管压的上限值。结论:弓丝形变对牙初始位移及牙周膜静水压影响较大。临床上可考虑使用刚性高的内收弓丝并减小内收力值,以降低牙根吸收风险。     

舌侧矫治上颌第一磨牙近中移动的有限元分析

目的：用有限元方法研究舌侧矫治上颌第一磨牙近中移动的规律,并与颊侧矫治相比较。方法：通过三维激光扫描,运用CAD软件CATIAV5和有限元软件MSC.PATRAN,建立上颌第一磨牙、牙周膜、牙槽骨及矫治器的有限元模型,分别对其进行不同方式的加载和位移计算。结果：近中水平力作用下,舌侧加载牙近中倾斜伴远中舌向旋转,颊侧加载牙近中倾斜伴近中舌向旋转,其中颊侧加载的倾斜度及旋转度大于舌侧加载。欲使水平向整体移动时,颊侧加载Mt/F=8.1∶1,Mr/F=8∶1。舌侧加载Mt/F=6.9∶1,Mr/F=7.1∶1,且舌侧加载的位移大于颊侧加载。结论：近中整体移动上颌第一磨牙时,舌侧加载效率高于颊侧加载。     

Clinical evaluation of the centre of resistance of the upper incisors during retraction

The aim of this study was to evaluate the movement of anterior teeth during retraction with a force applied through the assumed centre of resistance (CRe).Twenty-two subjects with a Class I or II malocclusion were included. Each subject had the two upper first premolars extracted, resulting in a symmetrical extraction space of at least 3 mm between the upper laterals and canines. The force was applied through the assumed CRe, located 9 mm gingival to the lateral tooth bracket. To examine the type of anterior tooth movement, 10 parameters were measured. A Wilcoxon test was used to determine the differences between pre- and post-retraction values, and a Mann-Whitney U-test to determine the mean differences between groups.In spite of the force application through the CRe, tipping of the anterior teeth was observed in 19 subjects and parallel movement in three patients. Consequently, the subjects were divided into two groups according to the location of the centre of rotation (CRo). In group 1 (nine cases), the CRo was located coronal to the root apex, and in group 2 (13 cases), apical to the root apex.Both groups showed a significant decrease in inclination (P < 0.01) and posterior crown movement (P < 0.01 for group 1 and P < 0.001 for group 2) of the anterior teeth. A significant posterior movement of the root apex was observed in group 2 (P < 0.001). Significant differences were found between the groups for anterior tooth inclination (P < 0.05) and root apex movement (P < 0.001). The reasons for these differences could not be conclusively determined.Even though experimental studies provide information regarding CRe location, factors such as bone support, root morphology and incisor inclination should be taken into consideration. The observation of tooth movement occurring during treatment and changes in treatment mechanics would be helpful in obtaining desired tooth movement.     

Biting efficiency in relation to incisal angulation

Previous studies suggest the orientation of the incisor teeth to the path of jaw movement pronouncedly affects their efficiency of action. To test this hypothesis, upper and lower incisal portions of a study model with ideal Asian occlusion were mounted on a mechanical tester and impressed into rectangular blocks made of 15.3% w/w starch gels or Cheddar cheese. At varying angulations of attack between the long axis of the teeth (defining the orientation of the tooth crown) and force direction, the teeth were driven into the blocks for 4-6mm until fractures had grown in the foods. Both the angle of attack and the work divided by fractured area produced in the food, termed 'work to fracture', were measured. The food type (cheese or gel), incisal type (upper or lower pair) and angle of inclination were significant effects on the works to fracture. The minimal work was for angles slightly proclined to the vertical, although only angles of proclination >40 degrees were significantly higher than all other angles. Retroclination or large angles of proclination made little difference to the work done, but produced markedly off-axis cracks. It is suggested that human incisors act most efficiently at small gapes and that orthodontic corrections will thus offer definite functional benefits.     

Anterior tooth morphology and its effect on torque

This study was undertaken to determine the variation in crown-root angle (CRA) of the upper incisors and canines as well as the variation in their labial contour. In addition, the influence of the variability of the labial contour and of different bracket heights on torque was evaluated. Proximal radiographs were taken of 160 extracted maxillary teeth (81 incisors and 79 canines). They were digitized and analysed with Jasc Paint Shop Pro 7TM and Mathcad 2001 Professional. The incisal edge, the centre of the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ), and the root apex were digitized to define the crown and root long axis. For all teeth the CRA was measured. At several heights of the labial surface a tangent was determined, enabling measurement of the inclination of the labial surface.The CRA had great variability, ranging from 167 to 195 degrees for the canines (mean value 183 degrees) and from 171 to 195 degrees for the incisors (average 184 degrees). The mean inclinations of the labial surfaces for the incisors varied greatly. Between 4 and 4.5 mm from the incisal edge the standard deviations (SD) were the smallest and between 2 and 4.5 mm from the incisal edge the labial surface angle differed by approximately 10 degrees. For the canines the mean inclinations of the buccal surface also varied. This angle differed by around 10 degrees between 2 and 4.5 mm from the incisal edge, but the SD were much larger than for the incisors.It can be concluded that placement of a bracket on a tooth at varying heights, still within a clinically acceptable range, results in important differences in the amount of root torque.     

Pulp-dentine complex changes and root resorption during intrusive orthodontic tooth movement in patients prescribed nabumetone

Pulpitis, external root resorption, and pain may be experienced during orthodontic movement. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been suggested to control these changes. The purpose of this study was to observe pulp-dentinal reactions, root resorption, tooth pain, and tooth movement after the application of a 4-ounce intrusive orthodontic force to human maxillary first premolars in patients given the NSAID nabumetone. Thirty-four maxillary first premolars were evaluated. A placebo was prescribed to 17 patients after an intrusive force was activated and reactivated for an 8-week period on the right side. The same procedure was repeated on the left side after patients were given nabumetone. Pulp-dentinal reactions and external root resorption were evaluated by histology. Pain and movement were also evaluated. Nabumetone was found to be useful in reducing pulpitis, external root resorption, and pain caused by intrusive orthodontic movement, without altering tooth movement in response to the application of orthodontic force.     

Holographic determination of centers of rotation produced by orthodontic forces

A new tool for measuring tooth movement--laser holography--offers an accurate, noninvasive approach for determining movement in three dimensions. This in vitro study is designed to establish the required force system applied on the crown of a maxillary incisor that would produce different centers of rotation, as in lingual tipping, translation, and root movement. The relationship between moment-to-force ratios and centers of rotation is shown. The experimental data are compared to theoretic approaches. With respect to the location of the center of resistance and centers of rotation, force systems needed to produce different centers of rotation are given for a central incisor of average root length.     

Alveolar bone thickness and height changes following incisor retraction treatment with microimplants:: A cone beam computed tomography study

ObjectivesTo evaluate alveolar bone remodeling following incisor retraction treatment with microimplants and to examine the relationship between crown/root distal movement and thickness/height changes of the alveolus.Materials and MethodsA total of 24 patients (mean age, 19.29 ± 4.64 years) with bialveolar protrusion treated by incisor retraction with microimplants were included. The distances of the crown and root tip movements as well as the thickness (alveolar bone thickness [ABT]; labial, lingual, and total) and vertical level (vertical bone level [VBL]; labial and lingual) of the alveolar bone were assessed using cone-beam computed tomography images obtained before treatment (T1) and after treatment (T2). All T1 and T2 variables were compared, and further comparisons of alveolar bone changes were conducted between the two groups based on the distance of the crown (low-crown-movement and high-crown-movement groups) and root movements (low-root-movement and high-root-movement groups). To determine the correlation of the crown or root movement with the variables of alveolar bone changes, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated.ResultsSignificant differences were found in all VBL and ABT variables after treatment in both jaws but not in total ABT. Based on the crown and root movements, alveolar bone change significantly differed between the root-movement groups, whereas there was no significant difference between the crown-movement groups. In addition, root movement showed significant correlations with the variables.ConclusionsRemarkable changes in the height and thickness of alveolar bone were found after microimplant-aided incisor retraction treatment in all groups except for total ABT. Root movement was significantly correlated with the alveolar bone changes.