ST段抬高与Ⅲ／Ⅱ〉1对急性下后壁并右室梗塞诊断价值研究

目的：对急性下后壁心肌梗塞患的心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联ST段抬高特点以右室梗塞的早期诊断。方法：将70例急性下后壁心肌梗塞患分为有右室梗塞组（29例）和无可室梗塞组（41例），分析其心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联ST段抬高＞1mm, Ⅲ导联ST段抬高幅度大于Ⅱ导联（STⅢ/Ⅱ＞1）比值，旨在对急性下后壁心肌梗塞时并右室梗塞的早期诊断价值，达到早期定位、定性、早期诊断、治疗，提高阳性发现率，减少漏诊率的目的。结果：Ⅲ导联ST段抬高＞1mm伴STⅢ/Ⅱ＞1时，与国外尸检相吻合^[1]。本29例右室梗塞中检出26例（89．66％），对照组41例中检出15例（36．59％），其敏感性、特异性分别为89．66％、63．41％，阳性预告值和阴性预告值分为63．41％、36．6％。两组间ST段抬高Ⅲ/Ⅱ＞1检出率比较有非常显差异（P＜0．00）。结论：根据急性下后壁心肌梗塞患的心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联ST段抬高特点，特别是当发现伴有右心功能障碍，应高度怀疑同时存在右室梗塞，此时应仔细分析心电图，捕捉相应导 联特异改变，为及时准确诊断右室梗塞提供最佳线索。     

肝硬化合并急性胆囊炎和胆管炎的外科治疗

目的：探讨肝硬化合并发急性胆囊炎和胆管炎的外科治疗。方法：回顾分析38例肝硬化合并急性胆囊炎和胆管炎的病例资料。结果：36例痊愈，治愈率94．7％，好转1例（2．65％），死亡1例（2．65％）。结论：做好围手术期处理，术中精细操作，肝硬化合并急性胆囊炎和胆管炎患者仍可取得盘好的效果。     

手术治疗高龄急性胆囊炎46例

本院2000年1月至2008年5月间共急诊收治高龄（70岁以上老年人）急性胆囊炎患者61例，其中46例行手术治疗，占同期高龄患者急性胆囊炎住院总数的75．4％，现分析如下。     

中青年急性非结石性胆囊炎48例保守治疗效果分析

目的探讨中青年急性非结石性胆囊炎保守治疗方法及效果。方法回顾性分析48例非结石性胆囊炎中青年患者的临床资料。结果经保守治疗治愈32例，有效15例，死亡1例，治疗有效率为97．9％。结论中青年急性非结石性胆囊炎保守治疗效果确切。     

经颅彩色多谱勒与DSA对比研究颅内动脉瘤的诊断价值

目的：评价经颅彩色多谱勒（TCCS）诊断颅内动脉瘤的临床价值。方法：采用TCCS对43例临床怀疑脑血管病患者进行检测,观察颅内主要动脉走行、形态,检测各项血流参数,盲法与DSA结果进行对比分析。结果：TCCS诊断颅内动脉瘤灵敏度71％,特异度83％,准确度79％,假阳性率17％,假阴性率29％,阳性预告值67％,阴性预告值86％,阳性似然比4．2,阴性似然比0．35,约登指数0．54。结论;TCCS对颅内动脉瘤的诊断具有较高的实用价值,可作为早期筛检性诊断。     

142例老年急性胆囊炎的手术治疗

目的：提高老年急性胆囊炎的治疗水平。方法：对142例病人进行回顾性分析。结果：142例中129例(90．84％)完全治愈，11例(7．74％)好转，2例(1．42％)死亡。结论：老年急性胆囊炎发病率高、病程进展快、患者并存症多、病情严重，术后并发症发生率高；宜加强围手术期处理，力争早期手术治疗。     

彩色多普勒血流显像对良恶性骨肿瘤的诊断价值

为了判断良、恶性骨肿瘤，本文利用临床流行病学方法，对４２例骨肿瘤患者行彩色多普勒血流显像及病理对照研究，结果显示，彩色多普勒血流显像对良、恶性骨肿瘤的诊断灵敏度９４．２９％、特异度８５．７１％、准确度９２．８６％、假阳性率１４．２９％、假阴性率５．７１％、阳性预告值９７．０６％、阴性预告值７５．００％、阳性似然比６．６、阴性似然比０．０６７、约登指数０．８。表明彩色多普勒血流显像是一种简便的术前判断良、恶性骨肿瘤的临床诊断方法     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎458例

目的探讨腹腔镜治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的手术适应证、手术技巧及并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析6160例LC中458例急性结石性胆囊炎。结果全组LC成功率94．98％，中转开腹率5．02％，并发症发生率0．437％，全组无死亡率。结论腹腔镜治疗急性结石性胆囊炎对有丰富的LC临床经验及技术的外科医师是安全、适合的；急性结石性胆囊炎，包括发病时间超过72h者，目前已成为LC的适应证。     

快速免疫色层法—库力斯伯法测定血清幽门螺杆菌抗体

研究快速免疫色层法－库力斯伯法试验对中国人血清幽门螺杆菌抗体测定的临床价值。方法：用库力斯伯法测定１６７例上消化道症状患者血清中的Ｈｐ抗体，并与组织学检查对照。结果：库力斯伯法测定的敏感度为９４．６８％；特异度为８９．０４％；阳性预告值为９１．７５％；阴性预告值为９２．８６％；与组织学检查的符合度为９２．２２％。     

腹腔镜和开腹胆囊切除术对急性结石性胆囊炎患者胃肠功能和CRP的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜和开腹胆囊切除术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎后对胃肠功能和CRP的影响。方法将80例急性结石性胆囊炎行胆囊切除术患者,随机分为两组：腹腔镜组：40例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术;开腹组：行开腹胆囊切除术。对两组患者术后进行胃肠功能评价和CRP检测,进行对比分析。结果急性结石性胆囊炎术后胃肠功能评价：腹腔镜组40例患者,Ⅰ级8例占20．0％、Ⅱ级15例占37．5％、Ⅲ级17例占42．5％;开腹组40例患者,Ⅰ级5例占12．5％、Ⅱ级13例占32．5％、Ⅲ级22例占55．0％。急性结石性胆囊炎术后CRP检测评价：腹腔镜组40例患者,正常6例占15．0％、轻度升高11例占27．5％、中度升高16例占40．0％、重度升高7例占17．5％;开腹组40例患者,正常2例占5．0％、轻度升高13例占32．5％、中度升高14例占35．0％、重度升高11例占27．5％。结论腹腔镜手术时间明显低于开腹手术,避免了开腹后腹腔脏器的暴露,有利于手术后的胃肠功能快速恢复。腹腔镜手术创伤后较开腹手术机体免疫反应轻。     

Prospective evaluation of the sonographic murphy sign in suspected acute cholecystitis

The sonographic Murphy sign, the presence of maximal tenderness elicited over a sonographically localized gallbladder, has been considered useful in the evaluation of patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. We prospectively evaluated this sign in 427 consecutive patients referred for evaluation of acute cholecystitis. The overall accuracy of the sonographic Murphy sign in the 219 patients with sufficient confirmation to be included in the statistical analysis was 87.2%. Sensitivity was 63% and specificity was 93.6%. The predictive value of a positive sign was 72.5%, while the predictive value of a negative sign was 90.5%. The sonographic Murphy sign is a useful, albeit imperfect, adjunct in the assessment of patients with suspected acute cholecystitis.     

全身免疫炎症指数对急性胆囊炎的预测价值

目的 探讨术前全身免疫炎症指数（systemic immune-inflammation index,SII）预测急性胆囊炎的临床价值。方法 收集2020年8月至2023年11月于复旦大学附属金山医院行胆囊手术的297例胆囊炎患者数据,分为包括轻重度胆囊炎的急性胆囊炎组以及慢性胆囊炎组,进行组间比较。绘制ROC曲线评估SII以及NLR（neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR）的预测价值。结果 与轻度胆囊炎组相比,重度胆囊炎组SII及NLR显著升高（P＜0.001）,最佳截断值为1056.59时,SII预测重度胆囊炎的AUC为0.768,敏感性为77%,特异性为67.5%。最佳截断值为4.65时,NLR预测重度胆囊炎的AUC为0.779,敏感性为82.3%,特异性为62.3%。SII对重度胆囊炎的预测性能与NLR无明显差异（Z=0.789,P=0.430)。与慢性胆囊炎组相比,急性组SII及NLR显著升高（P＜0.001）,最佳截断值为797.96时,SII预测急性胆囊炎的AUC为0.847,敏感性为73.2%,特异性为86.7%。最佳截断值为3.65时,NLR预测急性胆囊炎的AUC为0.869,敏感性为74.2%,特异性为89.5%。SII预测急性胆囊炎的性能与NLR无明显差异（Z=1.715,P=0.086)。结论 SII是一种良好的预测急性胆囊炎的血液学指标,与NLR预测能力相似。     

Selective Use of Ultrasonography for the Detection of Pneumoperitoneum

OBJECTIVE: Whether ultrasonography is superior to plain radiography for the detection of pneumoperitoneum is unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the value of ultrasonography for the detection of pneumoperitoneum. METHODS: One hundred thirty-two patients with suspected hollow-organ perforation were prospectively selected for study. All 132 patients received ultrasonography, upright chest radiography, and left lateral decubitus abdominal radiography examinations. The diagnostic accuracies of chest and abdominal radiographs for the detection of pneumoperitoneum were compared with corresponding values from ultrasonography. RESULTS: Of the 125 patients who underwent laparotomy, 121 patients had hollow-organ perforation, three patients had perforated appendicitis, and one patient had acute cholecystitis. For the diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum, ultrasonography demonstrated a sensitivity of 93%, a specificity of 64%, a positive predictive value of 97%, a negative predictive value of 44%, and an accuracy of 90%. Plain radiography revealed a sensitivity of 79%, a specificity of 64%, a positive predictive value of 96%, a negative predictive value of 21%, and an accuracy of 77%. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography is a more sensitive diagnosing modality than plain radiography for the diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum. The authors suggest that ultrasonography was a useful diagnostic modality when plain radiographs failed to reveal pneumoperitoneum among patients with suspected hollow-organ perforation.     

Diagnostic values of gallbladder hyperperfusion and the rim sign in radionuclide angiography and hepatobiliary imaging

The diagnostic values of hyperperfusion to the gallbladder fossa and the rim sign were retrospectively evaluated in 24 histopathologically proven cases of gallbladder disease. Although 12 of 13 patients (92%) with acute cholecystitis had nonvisualization of the gallbladder, the positive predictive value with this finding was 71%. However, when the finding was associated with hyperperfusion to the gallbladder fossa or the rim sign, the positive predictive value with both (90%) was markedly increased compared to the prevalence ratio of 54%. Such a combination could be useful for preserving a high positive predictive value in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.     

Ultrasonography by emergency physicians in patients with suspected cholecystitis

This article investigates the use of bedside abdominal ultrasonography (BAU) performed by emergency physicians (EPs) to screen patients for cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. In this prospective study EPs performed BAU on 116 patients. Agreement between BAU and formal abdominal ultrasound (FUS) performed in the radiology department for detecting cholelithiasis and cholecystitis was determined using Kappa statistics. Test characteristics of BAU for detecting cholelithiasis and acute cholecystitis were calculated. Agreement between BAU and FUS was 0.71 for cholelithiasis and 0.46 for acute cholecystitis. Test characteristics of BAU for cholelithiasis were sensitivity 92%, specificity 78%, positive predictive value (PPV) 86%, negative predictive value (NPV) 88%. Test characteristics of BAU for acute cholecystitis compared with clinical follow-up were sensitivity 91%, specificity 66%, PPV 70%, NPV 90%. BAU may be used to exclude cholelithiasis and is sensitive for cholecystitis. However, when EPs with limited experience identify cholecystitis a confirmatory test is warranted before cholecystectomy.     

Further observations on the usefulness of the sonographic Murphy sign in the evaluation of suspected acute cholecystitis

A positive sonographic Murphy sign, the presence of maximal tenderness elicited over a sonographically localized gallbladder, has been reported to be a helpful adjunctive finding in patients with proven acute cholecystitis who are evaluated with ultrasonography. We evaluated 200 patients with right upper quadrant pain, thought to be acute cholecystitis. Results of ultrasound examinations and subsequent follow-up were tabulated. The sensitivity of the sonographic Murphy sign in acute cholecystitis was 86% with a specificity of 35%, positive predictive value of 43%, and negative predictive value of 82%. The sensitivity of the sonographic findings, including stones, gallbladder wall edema, and pericholecystic fluid collections, was 93%, a specificity of 53%. The combination of the Murphy sign accompanied by gallstones yielded a specificity of 77%. The large number of false positives, and only moderate improvement in specificity when accompanied by gallstones, makes this sign unreliable in separating acute from chronic cholecystitis. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Association of clinical and laboratory variables with ultrasound findings in right upper quadrant abdominal pain

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine how laboratory values and physical examination findings correlate with ultrasound findings in the setting of right upper quadrant pain. METHODS: Patients undergoing emergent ultrasound for the evaluation of biliary disease between November 1999 and April 2000 were included. Physical examination findings, laboratory data, and ultrasound results were variables. Logistic regression was performed. Ultrasound diagnosis of acute cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and normal biliary tract were end points. One hundred seventy-seven patients were enrolled. RESULTS: Forty-two percent were diagnosed with acute cholecystitis, 30.5% with cholelithiasis, and 27.1% with normal biliary tract. Alkaline phosphatase, Murphy sign, white blood cell count, and total bilirubin were statistically significant predictors of acute cholecystitis. A Murphy sign was defined as arrest of inspiration with pressure over the right upper quadrant. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study allow clinicians to apply objective significance to laboratory data and physical examination findings in patients with suspected gallstone disease. The data can be applied to create a predictive model.     

Discrimination of gangrenous from uncomplicated acute cholecystitis: Accuracy of CT findings

In acute cholecystitis, the presence of gangrene is associated with higher morbidity and mortality and necessitates open surgical intervention rather than laparoscopic cholecystectomy. As Murphy’s sign may be absent, gangrene may not be detected ultrasonographically. This retrospective study evaluated indications of acute gangrenous cholecystitis on computed tomography (CT) in 25 patients, who were proven as having acute cholecysitis surgically and pathologically within 3 days of pre-operative CT. The CT images were reviewed by two board-certified radiologists blind to the initial CT report. Acute gangrenous cholecystitis was significantly correlated with the CT signs of perfusion defect (PD) of the gallbladder wall (P = 0.02), pericholecystic stranding (PS) (P = 0.028), and no-gallstone condition (No-ST) (P = 0.026). The presence of PD was associated with acute gangrenous cholecystitis with a relatively high accuracy (80%), a sensitivity of 70.6%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 61.5%. The combination CT signs of PD or No-ST improved the accuracy for acute gangrenous cholecystitis to 92%, with a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 88.2%, 100%, 100%, and 80%, respectively. Other CT signs were highly specific for acute gangrenous cholecystitis but of low sensitivity, including mucosal hemorrhage, mucosal sloughing, wall irregularity, pericholecystic abscess, gas formation, and portal venous thrombosis. CT was found to accurately diagnose acute cholecystitis, with the presence of PD, PS, or No-ST significantly correlated with that of gangrenous change. Thus, CT is useful in the preoperative detection of acute gangrenous cholecystitis.     

Efficacy of Superb Microvascular Imaging for Diagnosing Acute Cholecystitis: Comparison with Conventional Ultrasonography

We evaluated the diagnostic performance of ultrasonography (US) plus superb microvascular imaging (SMI) compared with conventional US alone for diagnosing acute cholecystitis. We included 54 patients with suspected biliary disease. The SMI pixel count showing flow signal was measured in the region of interest of the gallbladder bed of the liver. Two radiologists independently evaluated imaging features and rated five-point diagnostic likelihood level before versus after the additional SMI using the cutoff SMI pixel count. The SMI pixel count was significantly higher in acute than in non-acute cholecystitis (169.84 vs. 27.48, p < 0.001). The optimal SMI cutoff pixel count for predicting acute cholecystitis obtained by receiver operating characteristic curve was 56.67(82.8% sensitivity, 92.0% specificity). The area under the curve value was significantly higher after the additional SMI than before (0.798–0.863 vs. 0.701–0.736, p < 0.05). US plus SMI could objectively improve diagnostic performance compared with conventional US for acute cholecystitis.     

Gangrenous cholecystitis: prediction with CT imaging

The aim of this study is to determine the usefulness of different patterns of gallbladder mucosal enhancement on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) for differentiating between gangrenous and uncomplicated acute cholecystitis. This retrospective evaluation involved 56 patients with histopathologically proved acute cholecystitis (32 with gangrenous and 24 with uncomplicated acute cholecystitis) who had preoperative contrast-enhanced CT imaging. CT in 38 patients showed a gallbladder mucosal enhancement pattern that could be categorized into continuous, discontinuous, and/or irregular categories. In the other 18 patients, the mucosal enhancement pattern could not be classified due to lack of mucosal enhancement or inadequate mucosal enhancement. On contrast-enhanced CT evaluation, continuous and discontinuous and/or irregular mucosal enhancement patterns were seen in 20 and 18 patients, respectively. Among the 20 patients with continuous mucosal enhancement, 17 had uncomplicated acute cholecystitis. Seventeen of the 18 patients with discontinuous and/or irregular mucosal enhancement had gangrenous cholecystitis. The sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of discontinuous and/or irregular mucosal enhancement in the diagnosis of gangrenous cholecystitis were 30.3% and 94.4% (17 of 18), respectively. The sensitivity and PPV of continuous mucosal enhancement in the diagnosis of uncomplicated acute cholecystitis were 30.3% and 85.5% (17 of 20), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference (p=0.0005) between the PPV of discontinuous and/or irregular (94.4%) and that of continuous (15%) mucosal enhancement for predicting gangrenous cholecystitis. The pattern of gallbladder mucosal enhancement on CT can be used as a reliable criterion for distinguishing acute, uncomplicated cholecystitis from gangrenous cholecystitis.