Indications for surgical treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.

The authors report a series of 71 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: 57 underwent surgery and 14, although suitable candidates for surgery, refused operation. The results are assessed in relation to the site of the hemorrhage, mode of onset, and interval between accident and operation.     

高血压脑出血的手术治疗

目的:总结67例高血压脑出血的手术治疗经验。方法:根据不同病情需要采用骨瓣成形或颞肌下减压血肿}I{J_除及钻孔抽吸引流术。结果:血肿清除组存活29例,清醒24例,植物生存5例,死亡14例,钻孔引流组,存活19例,消醒17例,2例植物生存,肢体偏瘫恢复15例,死亡5例,结论:高血压脑出血主张超早期手术治疗,重视并发症的及时诊断及处理,提高生存率,降低死亡率。     

Diagnostic imaging for intracerebral hemorrhage

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an excellent tool for the diagnosis and evaluation of intracerebral hemorrhage with its unique specificity to hemoglobin degradation products in different stages. Computed tomography (CT) remains the diagnostic test of choice in the setting of acute intracerebral hemorrhage because of its exquisite sensitivity and specificity for small amounts of intracerebral hemorrhage (although there is emerging evidence that MRI may be as sensitive as CT). The effects of the biochemical evolution of intracerebral hemorrhage on the temporal MRI signal changes are described. This article discusses imaging features of the common causes of intracerebral hemorrhage.     

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

We report on 146 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage treated in the period between 1984 and 1988. The aim of this retrospective study was to point out factors for operative respectively conservative treatment.Looking for etiology, age, unconsciousness, localization and extension of hematoma as well as bleeding into the ventricles our results showed that patients over 70 years of age and/or in coma III and IV (Brussels Coma Scale) have a bad prognosis as well as patients with intraventricular bleeding. Patients seem to benefit from operation if hematoma is located in the hemisphere or cerebellar and the extension ranges from 3 to 5 cm.     

Hematologic causes of intracerebral hemorrhage and their treatment.

Spontaneous ICH is an unusual and potentially disastrous event that may complicate primary and secondary hemostatic abnormalities. Among the primary abnormalities, deficiencies of coagulation factors I, VII, VIII, IX and XIII as well as von Willebrand factor have been clearly associated with ICH. Specific factor replacement or supportive management to normalize the hemostatic defect is indicated in each case. Among secondary alterations in hemostasis, thrombocytopenia, platelet function abnormalities, or factor consumption contribute to the risk of ICH in patients with ITP, TTP, disseminated intravascular coagulation, myeloproliferative or myelodysplastic disorders, and exposure to certain medications. The precise incidence of spontaneous hemorrhage among these disorders is unknown but low. Platelet transfusion and fibrinogen replacement are appropriate in specific cases; however, treatment of the underlying cause is usually required. The association of hemorrhage with antithrombotic agents in several settings is better defined. Cessation of the medication is required in each instance. Fibrinogen replacement may be required after the use of fibrinolytic agents. In all cases, an assessment of the precise hemostatic defect is recommended.     

小骨窗开颅显微手术治疗高血压性脑出血

目的评价小骨窗开颅显微手术治疗高血压性基底节区脑出血的手术疗效及安全性.方法自1992年2月～2002年7月,70例高血压性基底节区脑出血病例被同期分为小骨窗开颅组与传统大骨窗开颅组,行显微手术治疗.比较两组在显露及清除血肿方面、对出血动脉止血方面、对周围脑组织保护和手术减压方面的效果,同时对两组的术中出血、手术所用的时间、术后平均住院时间、远期疗效进行统计学分析,通过测量总结小骨窗开颅的适宜尺寸.结果小骨窗开颅组39例,开颅窗最大径(3.20±0.42)cm;传统大骨窗开颅组31例,开颅窗最大径为(7.95±0.47)cm.两组在术前一般情况、术前意识状态、血肿部位及血肿量、手术时机方面差异无显著性(P＞0.05),手术方面,两组在血肿显露、清除及对出血动脉止血方面差异无显著性(P＞0.05),小骨窗开颅组血肿清除术后减压满意.小骨窗开颅组有手术时间短、出血较少、平均住院时间短等优点((P＜0.01),在远期效果方面小骨窗组也优于传统开颅组(P＜0.05)结论对高血压性基底节区脑出血的显微手术,小骨窗开颅术可达到传统大骨窗开颅手术的疗效及安全性标准.由于小骨窗开颅设计建立在术前对病变精确的空间定位基础上,以最适宜的手术入路、最适合的开颅尺寸进行血肿清除,所以,与传统大骨窗开颅手术相比较,显微手术既能减小手术创伤,减少术中出血,又能使血肿清除术后减压满意.     

Modern treatment options for Zenker's diverticulum: indications and results

Conventional transcervical therapy of Zenker's diverticulum comprises diverticulectomy, invagination, diverticulopexy and myotomy, which may be combined with the aforementioned methods. Transoral diverticuloesophagostomy is performed by diathermy, lasers or staplers through a rigid esophagoscope, or more recently by diathermy applied via a flexible endoscope. Morbidity of transcervical procedures ranges between 3 (myotomy) and 23 % (diverticulectomy + myotomy). The percentage of patients with at least significantly improved symptoms is 92 % or more, while recurrences occur in 5.7 (diverticulectomy alone) to 21 % (invagination). Transoral procedures have a morbidity of 9 (stapler) to 26 % (Laser), while symptoms improve in 91 (diathermy through rigid esophagoscope) to 99 % (diathermy via flexible endoscope), however in up to 64 % of patients reoperations are necessary. Small diverticula (Brombart I/II) can be treated by diverticulectomy (with/without myotomy) or flexible endoscopy, larger diverticula in general by all methods. Patients younger than 60 years should undergo diverticulectomy, elderly multimorbid patients should be treated by transoral procedures.     

Aneurysmal intracerebral hemorrhage.

Approximately 20% of all massive nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhages are caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysms. The possibility for repeated and catastrophic rebleeds, potentially reversible increased intracranial pressure effects, and the need for cerebral vasospasm treatment make the early identification of this cause of hematoma mandatory.     

Iatrogenic intracerebral hemorrhage.

Intracerebral hemorrhage as a result of a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure is a rare but potentially devastating event. The fear of hemorrhagic complications influences neurosurgical decision making. The incidence of iatrogenic intracerebral hemorrhage and risk factors for this complication are reviewed for neurosurgical procedures as well as for non-neurosurgical procedures with a known risk of intracerebral hemorrhage.     

显微镜下直切口锁孔微创治疗高血压性脑出血

目的探讨显微镜下直切口锁孔微创治疗高血压性脑出血的价值。方法根据CT提示血肿在头皮的投影设计手术切口部位，通过4～5cm皮肤直切口，直径2cm的骨窗，切开皮层到达血肿腔清除血肿。结果血肿完全清除17例，18例清除率达到90％，4例清除率达到80％。术后再出血2例。4例术后3周内死亡：2例死于循环呼吸功能衰竭，1例死于脑干功能衰竭，1例死于消化道出血，手术死亡率10．2％（4／39）。35例随访0．5—3年，平均2．1年，术后6个月ADL分级：1级9例，2级12例，3级9例，4级4例，5级1例，死亡4例。结论显微镜下直切口锁孔微创技术是一种快速、有效和安全的治疗高血压性脑出血的手术方法，可以解除血肿的占位压迫效应，有效止血，防止再出血，效果满意。     

高血压脑出血136例外科治疗分析

目的探讨高血压脑出血外科治疗的适应证、手术方法和疗效。方法对我院136例高血压脑出血住院手术患者的临床资料进行了回顾性分析。结果采用骨瓣开颅加用去骨瓣减压及小骨窗开颅术,治愈83例,残障13例,植物生存14例,死亡26例。结论正确运用微创技术和个体化治疗原则,可有效提高外科手术高血压脑出血的治愈率,降低死亡率、致残率。     

The future. Prospects of innovative treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.

Aggressive surgical as well as medical management strategies have had limited success with improving outcomes from spontaneous intracerebral hematomas. Future prospects of treatment will undoubtedly focus on less invasive, better tolerated procedures to remove hematomas in select patients. Some success has been achieved with a coupling of stereotactic technology, fibrinolytic agents, and mechanical devices, which can remove solid portions of hematoma through narrow probes. Newer technology also has involved laser endoscopic and small ultrasonic probes to facilitate morcellation and subsequent aspiration without the problems associated with a major intracranial procedure.     

Estrogen therapy for experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rats

OBJECT: The aims of this study were to determine the following: whether there are sex differences in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) induced brain injury in rats, whether delayed administration of 17beta-estradiol can reduce ICH-induced brain damage, and whether these effects are estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent. METHODS: Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received an infusion of 100 microl autologous whole blood into the right basal ganglia. Twenty-four hours later the rats were killed. The effects of 17beta-estradiol on ICH-induced brain injury were examined by measuring brain edema and neurological deficits. Both ER-alpha and hemeoxygenase (HO)-1 were investigated through Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. Brain edema was significantly less severe in female compared with that in male rats. The ER antagonist ICI 182,780 exacerbated ICH-induced brain edema in female but not in male rats, indicating that ER-alpha activation during ICH is protective in female rats. Administration of exogenous 17beta-estradiol in male, but not in female, rats significantly attenuated brain edema, neurological deficits, and ICH-induced changes in HO-1 when given 2 hours after hemorrhage. The effects of exogenous 17beta-estradiol occurred through an ER-independent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: Results in this study indicate that 17beta-estradiol could be a potential therapeutic agent for ICH.