性别因素对复合右美托咪定时舒芬太尼抑制患者气管插管反应的影响

目的评价性别因素对复合右美托咪定时舒芬太尼抑制患者气管插管反应的影响。方法气管插管全麻下择期手术患者,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～64岁,BMI<30 kg/m2,根据性别分为男性组(M组)和女性组(F组)。静脉输注右美托咪定0.4 μg/kg 5 min。10 min后TCI丙泊酚3 μg/ml和舒芬太尼。2组初始舒芬太尼靶浓度为0.35 ng/ml,根据是否发生气管插管反应确定下一例舒芬太尼靶浓度,相邻靶浓度比值为1.2。采用序贯法计算舒芬太尼抑制气管插管反应的半数有效浓度(EC50)及95%可信区间。结果 M组26例,F组28例。M组EC50(95%可信区间)为0.264 0(0.240 9～0.289 3)ng/ml;F组EC50(95%可信区间)为0.158 9(0.138 2～0.182 6)ng/ml。F组EC50低于M组(P<0.05)。结论复合右美托咪定时,舒芬太尼抑制气管插管反应的效应存在性别差异。     

右美托咪定复合不同剂量舒芬太尼对脊柱手术患者术后镇痛的影响

目的观察右美托咪定复合不同剂量舒芬太尼对脊柱手术患者术后镇痛的影响。方法择期行脊柱手术患者60例,年龄18~70岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机均分为三组,术后镇痛分别给予舒芬太尼3μg/kg(S1组)、右美托咪定1.5μg/kg+舒芬太尼2μg/kg组(S2组)和右美托咪定1.5μg/kg+舒芬太尼1μg/kg组(S3组)。三组麻醉诱导:静注咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg、依托咪酯0.3mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.8μg/kg,于手术结束前30 min连接静脉镇痛泵行患者自控静脉镇痛(patientcontrolled intravenous analgesia,PCIA),背景输注流速3 ml/h,单次追加药量0.5 ml,锁定时间15min,总容量150ml。分别记录三组患者术后2h(T0)、4h(T1)、8h(T2)、12h(T3)、24h(T4)、48h(T5)的VAS疼痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分和术后不良反应的情况。结果 T1~T5时S2组和S3组VAS评分均明显低于S1组(P0.05);三组Ramsay镇静评分、恶心、呕吐、嗜睡、心动过缓等不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。结论复合1.5μg/kg右美托咪定用于脊柱骨科手术术后镇痛可显著减少舒芬太尼的用量,同时降低其恶心呕吐等不良反应的发生率且无心动过缓和嗜睡发生。     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇对舒芬太尼用于老年病人术后镇痛的节俭作用

目的 评价酮咯酸氨丁三醇对舒芬太尼用于老年妇科手术病人术后镇痛效果的影响.方法 择期妇科开腹手术病人60例,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,年龄≥65岁,体重指数18～24 kg/m2,采用随机数字表法,将病人随机分为2组(n=30):舒芬太尼组(S组)和酮咯酸氨丁三醇混合舒芬太尼组(T组).采用静吸复合全身麻醉下,术后采用静脉病人自控镇痛,T组镇痛药为酮咯酸氨丁三醇和舒芬太尼,负荷剂量酮咯酸氨丁三醇30 mg(手术结束前15 min时静脉注射),酮咯酸氨丁三醇180 mg混合舒芬太尼100μg稀释至100 ml,背景输注速率1.5 ml/h,PCA剂量1.6 ml,锁定时间20 min;S组镇痛药物为舒芬太尼,负荷剂量5μg(手术结束前15 min时静脉注射),舒芬太尼100μg稀释至100 ml,背景输注速率1.5 ml/h,PCA剂量1.6 ml,锁定时间20 min.术后48 h内维持临床有效镇痛(静态和动态VAS评分在3分以下),记录术后48 h舒芬太尼用量和不良反应的发生情况.结果 与S组比较,T组术后48 h舒芬太尼用量减少,不良反应发生率降低(P＜0.05).结论 酮咯酸氨丁三醇可减少舒芬太尼用于老年妇科手术病人术后镇痛的用量,产生显著的节俭作用,提高镇痛的安全性.     

右美托咪啶复合小剂量舒芬太尼对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者麻醉诱导期间血液动力学的影响

目的 评价右美托咪啶复合小剂量舒芬太尼对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者麻醉诱导期间血液动力学的影响.方法 拟行非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者75例,性别不限,年龄46～ 72岁,体重59～86 kg,ASA分级Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级,NYHA心功能分级Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级,左室射血分数≥45％.采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为3组(n=25):右美托咪啶复合小剂量舒芬太尼组(DS组)、小剂量舒芬太尼组(S1组)和大剂量舒芬太尼组(S2组).DS组以60ml/h的速率静脉输注右美托咪啶0.8 μg/kg(溶于15 ml生理盐水中)15 min;S1组和S2组给予等容量生理盐水.麻醉诱导:静脉注射咪达唑仑0.08mg/kg和哌库溴铵0.12 mg/kg;在静脉注射总量1/3的咪达唑仑和总量1/8的哌库溴铵后,DS组、S1组和S2组分别静脉注射舒芬太尼0.5、0.5和0.8 μg/kg(用生理盐水稀释至10 ml),再静脉注射余量的咪达唑仑;当BIS值≤75时,静脉注射余量哌库溴铵;当BIS值≤55时行气管插管,机械通气,维持PETCO2 30～ 35 mm Hg.记录麻醉诱导期间心血管不良事件的发生情况以及药物干预的情况.结果 与S2组比较,S1组高血压和心动过速的发生率升高,S1组和DS组低血压发生率降低,DS组药物干预率降低(P＜0.05);与S1组比较,DS组高血压、低血压和心动过度的发生率降低,心动过缓发生率升高,药物干预率降低(P＜0.05).结论 右美托咪啶(0.8 μg/kg)复合较小剂量舒芬太尼(0.5μg/kg)有利于稳定非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者麻醉诱导期间的血液动力学.     

产妇分娩时舒芬太尼或芬太尼混合罗哌卡因病人自控硬膜外镇痛的效应

目的比较产妇分娩时舒芬太尼或芬太尼混合罗哌卡因病人自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)的效应。方法无产科及硬膜外阻滞禁忌证的阴道分娩单胎初产妇120例,随机分为2组(n：60)：舒芬太尼混合罗哌卡因PCEA组(S组)和芬太尼混合罗哌卡因PCEA组(F组)。当产妇宫口开至3cm时,L_(2,3)间隙硬膜外穿刺置管,S组硬膜外注射0．15%罗哌卡因和0．5μg/ml舒芬太尼混合液试验剂量5 ml,随后追加上述混合液10 ml,30min后以0．1%哌卡因和0．5μg/ml舒芬太尼的混合液行PCEA；F组混合液中以2μg/ml芬太尼替代0．5μg/ml舒芬太尼,其他用药情况均与S组同。两组PCA剂量为6 ml,锁定时间为15 min。记录产妇视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)、下肢运动神经阻滞程度、生命体征、产程、分娩方式、不良反应及新生儿Apgar评分。结果两组镇痛期间VAS评分均降低,S组镇痛20～60 min VAS评分均低于F组。两组镇痛起效时间、达最高镇痛平面的时间、最高绝对平面、PCA实际按压次数、有效按压次数差异均无统计学意义。S组皮肤瘙痒的发生率高于F组,舒芬太尼、芬太尼用量分别为16±8、(70±28)μg,比率为1：4．4。两组产程和分娩方式构成比差异无统计学意义。结论产妇分娩时等效剂量的舒芬太尼或芬太尼混合罗哌卡因PCEA均可提供良好的镇痛效果。     

阿芬太尼或舒芬太尼复合咪达唑仑与丙泊酚在无痛胃肠镜检查的效果

目的 探讨阿芬太尼或舒芬太尼复合咪达唑仑和丙泊酚在无痛胃肠镜检查的效果。方法 选择行无痛胃肠镜检查患者150例,男62例,女88例,年龄30～60岁,体重45～90 kg, ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。按照随机数字表法分为两组：阿芬太尼+咪达唑仑组(AM组)、舒芬太尼+咪达唑仑组(SM组),每组75例。AM组静脉注射咪达唑仑0.02 mg/kg、阿芬太尼6μg/kg, SM组静脉注射咪达唑仑0.02 mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.06μg/kg。静脉注射丙泊酚1～2 mg/kg至改良警觉/镇静(MOAA/S)评分为0分时停止注射丙泊酚,立即开始胃肠镜操作。记录丙泊酚首次剂量、总消耗量、追加次数。记录起效时间、操作时间、意识恢复时间和PACU停留时间。记录胃镜插入咽喉部(T₁)、结肠镜插入肛门(T₂)、过脾曲(T₃)、过肝曲(T₄)时改良非插管患者行为疼痛量表(BPS-NI)评分。记录患者和内镜医师满意率,低血压、低氧血症、心动过缓、心动过速、呛咳等不良反应发生情况。结果 与SM组比较,AM组丙泊酚首次剂量明显减少(P...     

低浓度利多卡因局麻复合丙泊酚镇静在乳腺局部病灶切除术中的应用

目的 探讨低浓度利多卡因局麻复合丙泊酚镇静在乳腺局部病灶切除术中的应用效果.方法 乳腺局部病灶切除术患者182例,随机分为三组,Ⅰ组(n=82)静脉输注舒芬太尼、咪达唑仑后靶控输注(TCI)丙泊酚,同时行低浓度(0.25%)利多卡因局麻;Ⅱ组(n=50)静脉输注舒芬太尼、咪达唑仑后行低浓度(0.25%)利多卡因局麻;Ⅲ组(n=50)仅行0.5%～0.1%利多卡因局麻.术中维持OAA/S评分2～4分.记录术中局麻药用量、镇痛效果、术后恶心呕吐等.结果 Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组镇痛优良率分别为94%和90%,明显高于Ⅲ组的54%(P<0.05),Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组局麻药用量明显低于Ⅲ组(P<0.05).Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组恶心呕吐、影响呼吸明显低于Ⅱ组(P<0.05).结论 静脉输注舒芬太尼、咪达唑仑后TCI丙泊酚联合低浓度(0.25%)利多卡因局麻在乳腺局部病灶切除术应用效果良好,但需密切观察呼吸功能等不良反应.     

硬膜外混合不同浓度舒芬太尼分娩镇痛时罗哌卡因的半数有效浓度

目的测定产妇硬膜外分娩镇痛时不同浓度舒芬太尼混合罗哌卡因的半数有效浓度(EC50),寻找舒芬太尼混合罗哌卡因的适宜浓度。方法100例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级的足月初产妇,妊娠37～42周,随机分为2组:0.4μg/ml舒芬太尼混合罗哌卡因组(A组)(n=45)和0.6μg/ml舒芬太尼混合罗哌卡因组(B组)(n=55)。2组均在宫口扩张至2～3 cm时行硬膜外穿刺,置管。2组第1例产妇罗哌卡因浓度均为0.12%,随后的罗哌卡因浓度按序贯法确定:即前1例若镇痛有效(注药后30 min时VAS评分≤3分)。则下1例接受的药物降低一个浓度梯度,若镇痛无效,则上升一个浓度梯度,浓度梯度0.01%。若镇痛效果可疑,则下1例接受的药物维持原浓度,计算罗哌卡因的EC50及其95%可信区间。观察镇痛期间发生的不良反应。结果A组、B组皮肤瘙痒发生率分别为11.9%、29.4%(P< 0.05),A组、B组各有1例发生恶心呕吐(P>0.05)。A组罗哌卡因的EC50为0.059%(95%可信区间为0.056%～0.062%),B组罗哌卡因的EC50为0.054%(95%可信区间为0.053%～0.055%)。结论硬膜外混合0.4、0.6μg/ml舒芬太尼分娩镇痛时,罗哌卡因的EC50分别为0.059%、0.054%;舒芬太尼的推荐浓度为0.4μg/ml。     

咪达唑仑、丙泊酚复合舒芬太尼清醒镇静在整形外科手术中的应用

目的 观察咪达唑仑、丙泊酚复合舒芬太尼清醒镇静在短小整形外科手术中的应用.方法 采用完全随机分组法选取2009年1月至2010年1月,中国医学科学院整形外科医院81例拟在清醒镇静下行整形外科手术的患者,静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05 mmg· kg-和舒芬太尼0.1 ug·kg-1后,连续输注咪达唑仑、丙泊酚、舒芬太尼复合液(咪达唑仑5 mmg+丙泊酚200 mg+舒芬太尼10μg,共计23 ml).输注初始速度为0.2 ml·kg-1 ·h-1,其后根据OAA/S评分调节输注速度,每次增加20％,维持镇静深度在OAA/S评分11分左右.记录患者的血流动力学和呼吸的变化、并发症(低氧血症、呼吸暂停、躁动、恶心呕吐)、麻醉时间和各药物的用量.术毕前5～10 min停止药物输注,术后次日随访患者对麻醉处理的满意度,以及今后类似手术是否愿意选择相同的麻醉方法.结果 静脉注射咪达唑仑、舒芬太尼后,OAA/S评分从20.0±0下降至11.9±2.6(P ＜0.05),术中维持在10.5～11.1,手术结束时恢复至16.0±2.2,但仍明显低于术前基础值(P＜0.05).镇静诱导后SBP、DBP明显下降(P＜0.05),HR无明显改变(P＞0.05),手术结束时恢复至术前水平(P＞0.05).术中有11例次出现低氧血症,5例次出现呼吸暂停,2例躁动明显,但均未出现恶心呕吐现象.麻醉时间为(101.1±42.5) min,咪达唑仑、丙泊酚和舒芬太尼用量分别为(8.4±3.7) mg、(189.1±88.7) mg和(18.2±5.6)μg.术后次日随访,96％(78/81)的患者对麻醉表示满意,并愿意再次接受相同的麻醉处理.结论 咪达唑仑、丙泊酚复合舒芬太尼清醒镇静适用于短小整形外科手术的麻醉,镇静、镇痛效果确切,患者舒适度高、恢复快.     

不同剂量咪达唑仑与异丙酚催眠效应的相互作用

目的 评价不同剂量咪达唑仑与异丙酚催眠效应的相互作用.方法 择期全麻病人120例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～60岁,体重40～80 kg,随机分为4组(n=30),各组分别随机分为6个亚组,M组和P组各亚组分别静脉注射咪达唑仑0.04、0.06、0.08、0.10、0.12、0.15 mg/kg、异丙酚0.8、1.0、1.2、1.5、1.8、2.2 mg/kg;MP1组和MP2组各亚组分别按咪达唑仑与异丙酚ED50等效比1:13(咪达唑仑剂量分别为0.022、0.028、0.033、0.039、0.044、0.055 mg/kg)和临床常用比例1:10(咪达唑仑剂量分别为0.03、0.04、0.045、0.05、0.055、0.06 mg/kg)行麻醉诱导.M组、P组、MP1组和MP1组分别于注药后3、1,1、1 min时行警觉,镇静(OAA/S)评分,催眠有效标准:OAA/S评分≤2分.采用加权概率单位法计算半数有效剂量(ED50)及其95%可信区间(95%CI);采用等辐射分析法判断两药催眠效应的相互作用.结果 M组、MP1.2组咪达唑仑催眠效应的ED50及其95%CI分别为0.088(0.066～0.110)、0.031(0.026～0.036)、0.045(0.040～0.049)mg/kg;P组、MP1.2组异丙酚催眠效应的ED50及其95%CI为1.142(0.933～1.350)、0.421(0.343～0.480)、0.450(0.399～0.491)mg/kg.结论 麻醉诱导时咪达唑仑与异丙酚按ED50等效剂量比1:13给药,两药催眠效应为协同作用;按临床常用剂量比1:10给药时两药催眠效应为相加作用.     

术后硬膜外镇痛对肺癌根治术病人细胞免疫功能的影响

目的 观察术后硬膜外镇痛对肺癌根治术病人细胞免疫功能的影响.方法 择期行肺癌根治术病人30例,年龄30～64岁,随机分为2组(n=15):术后静脉镇痛组(Ⅰ组)和术后硬膜外镇痛组(E组),术后分别行病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)和病人自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)72 h.E组麻醉诱导前于T4,5间隙行硬膜外置管.Ⅰ组药物成分为:芬太尼20 μg/ml、咪达唑仑0.1 mg/ml和托烷司琼0.04mg/ml,背景输注速率2 ml/h,PEA剂量1 ml,锁定时间20min;E组硬膜外注射0.25%布比卡因5 ml后行PCEA,药物成分为:0.125%布比卡因、芬太尼2.4μg/ml和咪达唑仑0.05 mg/ml.术后记录VAS评分、Ramsay镇静评分和不良反应的发生情况.分别于麻醉诱导前、术后2 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d时测定皮质醇浓度、CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+、自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)及细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞(CIK细胞)水平.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,E组VAS评分及恶心呕吐发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),Ramsay镇静评分和皮质醇浓度降低,CD3+、CD4+、NK细胞和CIK细胞水平升高(P＜0.05),CD8+、CD4+/CD8+差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 术后硬膜外镇痛可改善肺癌根治术病人细胞免疫功能,其效果优于术后静脉镇痛.     

Sedation guidelines for midazolam infusion during combined spinal and epidural anesthesia

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the adequate infusion dose regimen of midazolam to induce sedation with the Ramsay score 4 with rapid onset during combined spinal and epidural anesthesia DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. SETTING: Operating room of a university hospital. PATIENTS: 80 ASA physical status I and II patients aged 30 to 70 years, undergoing combined spinal and epidural anesthesia. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to four groups of 20 patients each at random. After starting surgery, an infusion of midazolam 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, or 1.2 mg/kg/hr was started. When patients closed their eyes spontaneously, the infusion dose was decreased to one half of the initial dose. At 2.5 and 5 minutes after decrease the dose and at 5-minute intervals for the first 30 minutes then at 15-minute intervals thereafter until the end of surgery, infusion dose was adjusted by decreasing to one half or increasing to twice to keep the Ramsay score 4. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The number of patients who required oxygen was significantly larger in the groups received 0.9 and 1.2 mg/kg/hr. Eleven patients with 0.9 mg/kg/hr and 17 patients with 1.2 mg/kg/hr at 5 minutes, but no patients with 0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg/hr showed Ramsay score 6 (heavy sedation). Amnesia was observed in all patients. Time to eye closure was dose dependently faster with the larger doses. CONCLUSIONS: During combined spinal and epidural anesthesia, midazolam 0.6 mg/kg/hr given until closing of the eyes (for 1.6 min) followed by midazolam 0.15 mg/kg/hr provides rapidly induced sedation, with a Ramsay score of 4 and amnesia with stable hemodynamics and respiration.     

右美托咪啶对原发性高血压病人术后舒芬太尼自控静脉镇痛效果的影响

目的 探讨右美托咪啶对原发性高血压病人术后舒芬太尼自控静脉镇痛效果的影响.方法 择期拟行经腹子宫全切术的原发性高血压病人60例,年龄42～63岁,体重48～72 kG,高血压分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将病人随机分为3组(n=20):对照组(C组)、不同剂量右美托咪啶组(D1组和D2组).术后24 h内行舒芬太尼PCIA,舒芬太尼100μg+托烷司琼5 mg+生理盐水100ml,背景输注速率2 ml/h,PCIA剂量0.5ml,锁定时间15 min.D1组和D2组在PCIA同时分别以0.2和0.3μg·kg-1·h-1的速率静脉输注右美托咪啶,C组在PCIA同时以0.1 ml·kg-1 的速率静脉输注生理盐水.术后24h内记录总按压次数、舒芬太尼用量和硝苯地平、麻黄碱的使用情况及呼吸抑制和呕吐的发生情况,术后24h时行Ramsay镇静评分.结果 与C组比较,D1组和D2组PCIA总按压次数减少,舒芬太尼用量降低,Ramsay镇静评分升高,硝苯地平使用率、呼吸抑制和呕吐发生率降低,D2组麻黄碱使用率升高(P＜0.05);与D1组比较,D2组PCIA总按压次数减少,舒芬太尼用量降低,Ramsay镇静评分升高,麻黄碱使用率升高(P＜0.05).结论 右美托咪啶不仅可减少原发性高血压病人术后舒芬太尼PCIA的用量,还可预防术后高血压进一步恶化.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) with sufentanil in patients with essential hypertension. Methods Sixty ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients with essential hypertension aged 42-63 yr weighing 48-72 kg undergoing hysterectomy were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 20 each): control group ( group C) and different doses of dexrmedetomidine groups ( group D1.2 ). PCIA was performed with sufentanil 1 μg/ml + tropisetron 5 μg/ml in 100 ml of normal saline within 24 h after operation (background infusion at 2 ml/h with a bolus dose of 0.5 ml and a 15 min lockout interval). Dexmein group C. Ramsay score was recorded. The number of attempts, consumption of sufentanil, the number of patients who needed nifedipine or ephedrine and side effects such as vomiting and respiratory depression were recoded within 24 h after operation. The level of sedation was evaluated with Ramsay sedation score at 24 h after operation.Results Compared with group C, the number of attempts, consumption of sufentanil, the number of patients who needed nifedipine and incidences of vomiting and respiratory depression were significantly decreased, while Ramsay score was significantly increased in D1 and D2 groups, and the number of patients who needed ephedrine was significanlly increased in group D2 ( P ＜ 0.05). The number of attempts and consumption of sufentanil were significantly decreased, and Ramsay score and the number of patients who needed ephedrine were significantly increased in group D2 compared with group D1 ( P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can not only reduce the consumption of sufentanil for postoperative PCIA, but also prevent postoperative hypertension from deteriorating in patients with essential hypertension.     

Epidural sufentanil provides better analgesia from 24 h after surgery compared with epidural fentanyl in children

Background: Studies comparing epidural fentanyl and sufentanil in adults reported a similar analgesic effect with variable side effects. We hypothesized that epidural fentanyl and sufentanil will have a similar analgesic effect in children undergoing urological surgery. Methods: Sixty‐four children undergoing urological surgery were randomized into two groups: fentanyl in ropivacaine (fentanyl group, n=32) and sufentanil in ropivacaine (sufentanil group, n=32). After anaesthesia, an epidural catheter was inserted at the L2–3, L3–4 or L4–5 interspace. For post‐operative pain relief, a solution consisting of fentanyl 0.1 mcg/kg/ml or sufentanil 0.015 mcg/kg/ml in 1.5 mg/ml ropivacaine was infused at a rate of 2 ml/h. To assess post‐operative pain, the faces pain scale and the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability score were recorded at 1, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after surgery. The incidence of adverse effects such as hypoxia, sedation, pruritus, nausea and/or vomiting was also evaluated. Results: Pain scores demonstrated no significant difference between the groups. The need for rescue analgesia during 24–72 h was higher in the fentanyl group than in the sufentanil group (6/32 vs. 0/32, P=0.012). The incidence of pruritus was higher in the sufentanil group compared with that in the fentanyl group (5/32 vs. 0/32). Conclusions: Epidural sufentanil provides better analgesia from 24 h after surgery compared with epidural fentanyl in infants and children undergoing urological surgery. The incidence of pruritus in the sufentanil group was higher than that in the fentanyl group.     

Intravenous ketoprofen and epidural sufentanil analgesia in children after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia

BACKGROUND: Epidural opioid analgesia has become more popular for postoperative pain treatment in children. Epidural opioids are associated with adverse effects such as respiratory depression, excessive sedation, protracted vomiting, urinary retention and pruritus. Following minor surgery, ketoprofen has a synergistic effect with opioids, resulting in an improved analgesia without increase in incidence of adverse effects. To see whether this is also true following major surgery, we compared the effect of i.v. ketoprofen and placebo as an adjuvant to epidural sufentanil analgesia. METHODS: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study design was used in 58 children, aged 1-15 years, receiving a standardised combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia. Intravenous ketoprofen or saline was provided as a bolus and a continuous infusion in addition to epidural sufentanil infusion, which was adjusted as clinically required. Epidural bupivacaine was used for rescue analgesia. The study drug infusion was discontinued when pain scores were <3 on a 0-10 scale for 6 h with an epidural sufentanil infusion rate of 0.03 microg kg(-1) h(-1). RESULTS: Children in the ketoprofen group received less rescue analgesia (none/29 vs. 8/29 children in the placebo group). In the ketoprofen group, criteria to discontinue epidural sufentanil were achieved more often (14 vs. 6 children) before the end of the 72 h study period. Less children in the ketoprofen group suffered pruritus (13 vs. 4). The incidence of nausea/retching and vomiting was similar (11 vs. 12) in both groups. CONCLUSION: In this study, ketoprofen as a background analgesic to epidural sufentanil provided improved postoperative analgesia and reduced incidence of adverse effects of the epidural opioid.     

Epidural midazolam for treatment of postoperative pain

Postoperative pain relief and sedation with epidural midazolam were studied. Twenty-one patients for elective upper abdominal surgery were divided into 3 groups. Epidural catheter was inserted into thoracic epidural space before induction of general anesthesia. In each group, either 10 ml saline only, midazolam 0.05 mg.kg-1 + 10 ml saline, or midazolam 0.1 mg.kg-1 + 10 ml saline was injected into epidural catheter for complaint of pain in recovery room. For 120 minutes after epidural injection, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, serum concentration of midazolam, and sedation score were monitored. In midazolam injected groups, only slight changes were seen in blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate. Sedation score was graded from 1 to 6:1 means complete sleep, and not responded to verbal command, 6 means agitated and many complaints. Midazolam 0.1 mg.kg-1 + 10 ml saline group had the lowest score, and saline 10 ml group had the highest score. Prolonged sedation and pain relief were obtained in midazolam injected group, especially 0.1 mg.kg-1 + 10 ml saline group. Serum midazolam concentrations were lower than 200 ng.ml-1. These values were considered as the lower limit for sedation by intravenous administration. In conclusion, epidural midazolam was useful for postoperative pain relief. The mechanism is considered to involve spinally mediated CNS action or direct spinal action.     

右美托咪定或咪达唑仑复合羟考酮用于经支气管镜超声引导针吸活检术的麻醉效果比较

目的比较右美托咪定或咪达唑仑复合羟考酮用于经支气管镜超声引导针吸活检术(EBUS-TBNA)的镇静镇痛效果,以及对循环和呼吸功能的影响。方法选择纵隔淋巴结肿大择期行EBUS-TBNA患者60例,男33例,女27例,年龄18~65岁,BMI 18~24 kg/m^2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为右美托咪定组(D组)和咪达唑仑组(M组),每组30例。入组患者均接受利多卡因口、鼻、咽部和环甲膜穿刺表面麻醉,D组于10 min内静脉泵注右美托咪定,负荷剂量为0.8μg/kg,继而以0.6μg·kg^-1·h^-1的速率维持泵入;M组以2 mg/min的速度静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05mg/kg。随后两组均静脉注射羟考酮0.08mg/kg。记录给药前(T0)、手术开始时(T1)、手术开始后5 min(T2)、10 min(T3)、15 min(T4)和术毕(T5)时的HR、SBP、DBP、SpO2,记录T1时Ramsay镇静评分、咳嗽评分,术毕时医师满意度和术后2 h患者满意度等指标。结果 T1时M组SpO2低于D组,但两组差异无统计学意义。T5时D组SBP明显低于M组(P<0.05)。与M组比较,D组Ramsay镇静评分、咳嗽评分明显降低(P<0.05),患者满意度中术中不适种类个数明显减少(P<0.05),愿意接受复查评分明显降低(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定复合羟考酮用于EBUS-TBNA手术,患者咳嗽少,镇静适度,呼吸和循环更稳定,咪达唑仑复合羟考酮术后患者愿意接受复查的程度更高。     

不同剂量纳布啡复合舒芬太尼用于腹腔镜全子宫切除术后患者自控静脉镇痛的效果

目的观察不同剂量纳布啡复合舒芬太尼在腹腔镜全子宫切除术后PCIA中的效果。方法选择本院择期行腹腔镜全子宫手术的患者120例,年龄40~60岁,体重45~70 kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法随机分为四组,每组30例。术后均采用PCIA,S组给予舒芬太尼2.0μg/kg+格拉司琼2 mg+生理盐水至120 ml,SN1、SN2、SN3组分别给予0.2、0.4和0.8mg/kg纳布啡+舒芬太尼2.0μg/kg+格拉司琼2 mg+生理盐水至120 ml。记录患者术后1、4、8、12、24、48 h Ramsay镇静评分、PCIA有效按压次数及补救镇痛和术后48 h内不良反应的发生情况。结果术后8、12、24、48 h,与S组比较,SN2组和SN3组镇痛泵有效按压次数明显减少,Ramsay镇静评分明显升高(P<0.05);与SN1组比较,SN2组和SN3组镇痛泵有效按压次数明显减少,Ramsay镇静评分明显升高(P<0.05);与SN2组比较,SN3组Ramsay镇静评分明显升高(P<0.05)。S组和SN1组补救镇痛率明显高于SN2组和SN3组(P<0.05)。术后48 h内SN2组和SN3组恶心、呕吐发生率明显低于S组和SN1组,SN3组嗜睡发生率明显高于SN2组(P<0.05)。结论纳布啡0.4mg/kg复合舒芬太尼2.0μg/kg用于腹腔镜全子宫镇痛效果满意,不良反应发生率低。     

不同硬膜外阻滞对患者异丙酚镇静效应的影响

目的 评价不同硬膜外阻滞对患者异丙酚镇静效应的影响.方法 择期行肠癌根治术患者30例和胃癌根治术患者15例,年龄20～64岁,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将肠癌根治术患者随机分为2组(n=15):生理盐水对照组(Ⅰ组)和腰段硬膜外阻滞组(Ⅱ组);胃癌根治术患者为胸段硬膜外阻滞组(Ⅲ组).Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组于L2.3间隙行硬膜外穿刺置管,Ⅲ组于L9.10间隙行硬膜外穿刺置管,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组硬膜外注射1.5％利多卡因15 ml(包括试验量3 ml);Ⅰ组给予等容量生理盐水.于硬膜外给药后12 min时TCI异丙酚,血浆靶浓度4μg/ml.于输注异丙酚前记录硬膜外阻滞范围(阻滞脊神经数);分别于输注异丙酚2、3、4、5min时采集动脉血样,测定血浆异丙酚浓度,同时记录各时间点TCI泵计算的异丙酚血浆浓度和BIS值.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组BIS值降低(P＜0.05),血浆异丙酚浓度和异丙酚血浆计算浓度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组BIS值降低,硬膜外阻滞范围较广(P＜0.05),血浆异丙酚浓度和异丙酚血浆计算浓度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 胸段硬膜外阻滞强化患者异丙酚镇静效应的程度高于腰段硬膜外阻滞.     

Continuous epidural administration of midazolam and bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia

BACKGROUND: Midazolam has been reported to have a spinally mediated analgesic effect. Clinically, single-shot epidural or spinal administration of midazolam has been shown to have an analgesic effect on perioperative pain. In this study, we investigated the analgesic effect of continuous epidural administration of midazolam with bupivacaine on postoperative pain. METHODS: Four groups of 20 patients who underwent gastrectomy or cholecystectomy were studied. Continuous epidural infusion of bupivacaine 100 mg (Group C), bupivacaine 100 mg + midazolam 10 mg (Group M10), or bupivacaine 100 mg + midazolam 20 mg (Group M20) in 40 ml per 12 h was started after surgery using the balloon infuser. Group I received intermittent epidural bupivacaine (2.5 mg.ml-1) 6 ml every 2 h. When necessary, an indomethacin suppository and then a single epidural shot of bupivacaine (2.5 mg.ml-1) 6 ml was administered. Blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, analgesic area, analgesia score, and sedation score were monitored for 12 h postoperatively. Memory and frequencies of supplemental analgesia (indomethacin suppositories and epidural bupivacaine) were also checked. RESULTS: Group M20 showed a significantly wider area of pinprick analgesia and better analgesia scores than other groups. The need for rescue analgesics were significantly less in Group M20. Sedation and amnesia were more pronounced in Group M20 than the other groups. CONCLUSION: Adding midazolam (10 to 20 mg per 12 h) to continuous epidural infusion of bupivacaine for postoperative pain can provide a better analgesia, amnesia and sedation than bupivacaine alone.