骨形成蛋白与支气管哮喘

骨形成蛋白参与多种组织的纤维化进程,包括调节炎症反应,调控细胞的增殖与凋亡、纤维化、细胞外基质沉积及上皮-间质转化,诱导成纤维细胞表型转化.其信号经Smad通路转导.Gremlin是一种骨形成蛋白拮抗剂,可以阻碍骨形成蛋白与其受体的结合,抑制Smad蛋白磷酸化.本文旨在探讨骨形成蛋白及其拮抗剂gremlin在支气管哮喘中的分布及作用,阐述Smad信号通路及其与其他信号转导途径的联系,为支气管哮喘发病机制的研究及治疗提供新的思路.     

干扰素γ在支气管哮喘中的免疫学作用

干扰素γ(IFN-γ)是Th1型细胞因子,在支气管哮喘(哮喘)的Th1/Th2失衡的机制中具有重要的复杂的多样化作用.尽管研究发现IFN-γ在哮喘发病中的作用存在一些矛盾现象,但对这种细胞因子在急性重症哮喘和慢性稳定型哮喘中的重要作用的认识是一致的.它可以通过多种途径在哮喘的发病中产生作用,包括:IL-17F-IP-10信号通路、转录因子T-bet和GATA-3、NO途径和调节嗜酸粒细胞等.近年来有关IFN-γ在哮喘发病机制中的作用研究很多.本文就IFN-γ在哮喘发病机制中的作用进行简要综述.     

骨形成蛋白与支气管哮喘

骨形成蛋白参与多种组织的纤维化进程,包括调节炎症反应,调控细胞的增殖与凋亡、纤维化、细胞外基质沉积及上皮一间质转化,诱导成纤维细胞表型转化。其信号经Smad通路转导。Gremlin是一种骨形成蛋白拮抗剂,可以阻碍骨形成蛋白与其受体的结合,抑制Smad蛋白磷酸化。本文旨在探讨骨形成蛋白及其拮抗剂gremlin在支气管哮喘中的分布及作用,阐述Smad信号通路及其与其他信号转导途径的联系,为支气管哮喘发病机制的研究及治疗提供新的思路。     

γ干扰素在支气管哮喘中的免疫学作用

γ干扰素（IFN-γ）是Th1型细胞因子,在支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）的Th1／Th2失衡的机制中具有重要的复杂的多样化作用。尽管研究发现IFN-γ在哮喘发病中的作用存在一些矛盾现象,但对这种细胞因子在急性重症哮喘和慢性稳定型哮喘中的重要作用的认识是一致的。它可以通过多种途径在哮喘的发病中产生作用,包括：IL-17F—IP-10信号通路、转录因子T-bet和GATA-3、NO途径和调节嗜酸粒细胞等。近年来有关IFN-γ在哮喘发病机制中的作用研究很多。本文就IFN-γ在哮喘发病机制中的作用进行简要综述。     

白介素4在支气管哮喘发病机制中的作用及其靶向治疗研究

支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)发病率正逐年上升,其发病机制十分复杂.目前认为Th1/Th2反应失衡导致Th2细胞增多是其重要的发病机制之一,其中Th2细胞产生的细胞因子白介素4在哮喘发病中起重要的作用,成为新的哮喘治疗靶点.     

金水宝胶囊对支气管哮喘患者几种免疫细胞因子的影响

支气管哮喘是一种慢性炎症性气道疾病,免疫因素在哮喘的发病过程中发挥重要作用。以往认为辅助性T淋巴细胞Th1/Th2比例失衡是哮喘发病的重要机制。近年发现了一种以产生IL-17为主要细胞因子的Th17细胞,在哮喘的发病机制中同样具有重要作用,IL-17对于中性粒细胞参与的支气管哮喘气道炎症、气道高反应、气道重塑均发挥重要作用,有可能成为治疗哮喘的有意义的靶目标[1-3]。对支气管     

PI3K与支气管哮喘发作期T细胞增殖周期蛋白关系的研究进展

T细胞是支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)发病机制中的核心细胞.T细胞增殖周期异常在哮喘中发挥着重要作用.PI3K信号转导途径是T细胞内重要的信号转导途径,与细胞周期蛋白异常密切相关,其机制的研究对于哮喘的治疗有重要的意义.     

支气管哮喘与Toll-样受体的关系研究进展

支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是由多种细胞(如嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、气道上皮细胞等)和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病,是遗传易感个体与各种环境因素共同作用的结果.研究发现,Toll-样受体(TLR)和免疫细胞在哮喘的发生发展中起着重要作用.TLR通过识别多种病原体,激活Th1或Th2等免疫反应,被认为是防止或促进哮喘发生一个的重要因素.本文对TLR及其相关配体在哮喘发病机制中的作用作以下综述,为哮喘的治疗提供新思路.     

MicroRNA 在调控支气管哮喘 Th1/Th2免疫应答中的研究进展

MicroRNA 是一类单链非编码的小分子 RNA,它通过降解目标 mRNA 或者抑制其翻译对基因进行转录后调控。Th1/Th2免疫应答失衡在支气管哮喘发病机制中发挥关键作用。新近研究表明,miRNA 在调控 Th1/Th2平衡及其相关细胞因子表达方面发挥重要作用,与支气管哮喘的发病机制密切相关,就此作一综述。     

白介素4在支气管哮喘发病机制中的作用及其靶向治疗研究

支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）发病率正逐年上升,其发病机制十分复杂。目前认为Th1/Th2反应失衡导致Th2细胞增多是其重要的发病机制之一,其中Th2细胞产生的细胞因子白介素4在哮喘发病中起重要的作用,成为新的哮喘治疗靶点。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.