经内镜胆道金属支架置入术后胆道感染的原因及处理

目的 探讨经内镜胆道金属支架置入术后胆道感染的原因及处理方法.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2012年12月47例经内镜胆道金属支架引流患者的临床资料.结果 47例均一次成功置入胆道金属支架,6例肝门部胆管癌、3例胆管癌（胆总管）、2例壶腹癌以及1例肝移植术后吻合口狭窄患者在金属支架植入术后3周～31个月发生胆道感染,发生率为25.5％,包括4例肿瘤堵塞金属支架、3例胆泥及食糜淤积、3例急性化脓性胆囊炎以及2例肝脓肿,分别采取经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流（PTGBD）、经皮经肝脓肿穿刺置管引流（PTCD）、经内镜球囊取石/覆膜金属支架及鼻胆管引流治疗,12例均治愈,未发生严重并发症.结论 胆泥及食糜淤积、肝脓肿、肿瘤长入支架、胆囊颈管开口受压是胆道金属支架置入术后胆道感染的主要原因,PTGBD、PTCD及治疗性ERCP是其主要治疗方法.     

腰大池置管引流治疗开颅术后脑脊液切口漏合并颅内感染

目的探讨腰大池置管引流对开颅术后脑脊液切口漏合并颅内感染的治疗效果。方法对杭州市第一人民医院2008年1月至2015年1月期间36例经腰大池置管引流治疗的开颅术后脑脊液切口漏合并颅内感染患者的临床病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果 33例患者完全治愈出院,平均带管时间为9.2天,随访1~6月无复发;1例并发重症肺部感染放弃治疗自动出院;2例死于颅内鲍曼不动杆菌感染。结论在全身应用抗生素的前提下,腰大池置管引流是治疗开颅术后脑脊液切口漏合并颅内感染的一种操作简便、安全、有效的方法,能减少患者的痛苦与不便,值得在临床工作中推广应用。     

中西医结合治疗胆源性肝脓肿74例

目的：分析胆源性肝脓肿的中西医结合治疗的临床疗效。方法：对74例胆源性肝脓肿患者,在广谱抗生素、病因治疗和全身支持治疗基础上,根据病情发展不同阶段,行肝脓肿穿刺置管引流或手术引流,配以中药辨证施治。结果：74例中中药及抗生素治疗有效24例,全组治疗总有效率89%。结论：治疗胆源性肝脓肿,中医辨证施治与抗生素及穿刺置管引流等方法综合应用有利于提高疗效,缩短疗程。     

外伤性肝破裂44例临床分析

目的对手术治疗外伤性肝破裂的经验进行总结,提高外伤性肝破裂的外科治疗水平。方法根据肝脏损伤的分级、部位和患者的全身情况,选择相应的手术方式。回顾性分析44例患者的临床资料。结果本组治愈41例,其中发生术后并发症8例(膈下感染3例,肝脓肿1例,腹腔脓肿2例,,应激性溃疡出血2例,分别经抗感染、脓肿穿刺置管引流、应用止血药和质子泵抑制剂等治疗后痊愈)。3例患者死于严重合并伤(颅脑损伤或下腔静脉损伤)。结论早期诊断、根据肝脏损伤分级、部位和复合伤情况,把握手术探查指证、正确选择时机和手术方式,是提高外伤性肝破裂治愈率的关键。     

超声引导经皮肝穿刺置管对口引流治疗胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后肝脓肿

目的:探讨超声引导经皮肝穿刺置管对口引流治疗胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后肝脓肿的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2012年1月—2014年1月接受超声引导经皮肝穿刺置管对口引流治疗胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后肝脓肿的20例患者的临床资料。结果:20例患者均穿刺置管成功,置管后24~48 h疼痛症状缓解,48~72 h体温恢复正常,疼痛、寒战症状消失,72~96 h白细胞恢复到正常范围,且在持续引流过程中引流管未见堵管及引流不畅现象。带管时间为11 d至1个月,平均时间为14 d。20例患者均未出现出血、周围脏器损伤等严重并发症。结论:超声引导经皮肝穿刺置管对口引流是治疗胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后肝脓肿可靠、有效的方法。     

超声引导下经皮肝穿刺置管引流治疗肝脓肿并发症分析与防治

目的评价超声引导下经皮肝穿刺置管引流治疗肝脓肿的效果,探讨超声引导下置管引流肝脓肿的安全性及并发症的防治。方法回顾性研究超声引导下经皮穿刺置管引流治疗肝脓肿49例,其中经皮穿刺抽脓18例,套管针法及Seldinger法经皮穿刺置管引流31例,术后2小时、4小时床边超声检查。结果49例肝脓肿患者中1例于术后2小时出血,1例在4小时后出血,1例置管后脓腔破溃而中转手术,引流不畅再次穿刺2例,并发症发生率10.20%（5/49）,除破溃1例外,其余全部治愈,治愈率97.95%（48/49）。结论超声引导下穿刺置管治疗肝脓肿安全可靠、并发症低、治愈率高。床边超声的应用有助于及时发现并发症,尽早采取有效治疗手段。     

超声引导下反复置管引流治疗肝内多发胆汁瘤伴肝脓肿1例

患者，男，51岁，胃泌素瘤两次术后2年，因肝内转移接受4次经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术（ transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, TACE）。末次TACE术后2天发热，体温39℃伴寒战，CT提示肝脏多发脓肿，在CT引导下行肝脓肿穿刺置管引流，抽出脓液培养提示大肠埃希菌等细菌复合感染，给予局部冲洗及抗生素治疗后体温控制。一周后夹管，再次出现发热并出现黄疸，造影提示胆总管下端梗阻，导丝疏通后引流管内出现脓性液体及坏死样物质。     

超声引导穿刺置管引流术在肝脓肿治疗中的临床应用

肝脓肿是临床常见的严重感染性疾病,单一药物治疗往往疗效很长,且不易根治。对于脓腔较大的肝脓肿,目前首选超声引导下穿刺置管引流脓液,同时配以局部和全身抗病原治疗。笔者对2005年1月-2008年10月在浙江省绍兴市第六人民医院住院的18例肝脓肿患者予以B超引导下肝脓肿定位穿刺置管引流术,取得了满意的疗效,现报道如下。     

腰大池置管持续引流治疗脊柱术后脑脊液漏的疗效分析

目的:探讨腰大池置管持续引流治疗脊柱术后脑脊液漏的疗效。方法:2003年3月~2010年7月在我科行脊柱手术的患者共982例,术后出现脑脊液漏45例,其中26例行腰大池置管持续引流。23例为单纯脑脊液漏,采用腰大池置管持续引流;2例脑脊液漏合并颅内感染,行腰大池置管持续引流加鞘内注射抗生素;1例脑脊液漏合并颅内感染及伤口深部感染,行腰大池置管持续引流加鞘内注射抗生素,同时行伤口深部病灶清除冲洗引流。结果:26例患者均痊愈出院,腰大池置管时间平均为7.2d。无一例出现脑脊液漏复发、颅内感染和伤口感染等并发症。23例单纯脑脊液漏患者中,22例在行腰大池引流2d后脑脊液漏停止,1例在引流5d后脑脊液漏停止,腰大池置管时间平均为6.7d;2例脑脊液漏合并颅内感染患者,均在引流2d后脑脊液漏停止,腰大池置管时间均为9d;1例脑脊液漏合并颅内感染及伤口深部感染患者,经腰大池置管持续引流、鞘内注射抗生素及伤口深部病灶清除冲洗引流综合治疗14d后痊愈。结论:腰大池置管持续引流治疗脊柱术后脑脊液漏安全、有效。     

手术治疗腰椎间隙感染疗效分析

目的探讨病灶清除＋置管冲洗治疗腰椎间隙感染的疗效。方法对9例腰椎间隙感染患者行病灶清除＋置管冲洗。术后冲洗至全身局部症状消失、引流液清亮、引流液3次培养无细菌生长。同时静脉用两联抗生素至拔管后1～2周,再改口服抗生素巩固治疗4～6周。绝对卧床3—6个月。结果平均冲洗时间25．7d。随访6～24个月,7例痊愈,2例复发。复发的2例均有炎症向上位椎间隙扩散,其中1例用同样的方法治愈,另1例经长时间使用抗生素及消炎镇痛治疗基本治愈。结论病灶清除＋置管冲洗手术治疗腰椎间隙感染,疗效确切,可缩短疗程。     

Pyogenic liver abscess after hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery

From 1984 to 1998, a total of 2158 patients underwent hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, and 12 patients developed liver abscess after hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery; thus, the incidence of liver abscess was 0.6%. The main reasons for liver abscess were anastomotic stricture in 5 patients, obstruction of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) tube in 3 patients, and portal vein and hepatic artery obstruction due to intraoperative radiation in 1 patient, transportal chemotherapy in 1 patient, chemo-lipiodolization in 1 patient, and unknown in 1 patient. Ten of the 12 patients initially underwent percutaneous transhepatic abscess drainage of whom 2 patients subsequently received surgical drainage. The other 2 patients were treated with antibiotics only. Eight of the 12 patients were cured, but 4 patients died. The reasons for death were sepsis in 3 patients and liver failure due to portal vein and hepatic artery obstruction in 1 patient. Our results indicate that liver abscess should be taken into consideration for patients with risk factors.     

肝肿瘤TACE后并发肝脓肿和胆汁瘤的诊治

目的探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞术(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)后并发肝脓肿和胆汁瘤的诊断方法和应用经皮肝穿刺外引流术加抗生素灌(冲)洗治疗的疗效。方法2005年8月～2008年8月行TACE治疗的肝癌患者589例,并发肝脓肿6例和胆汁瘤2例,其中4例肝脓肿和2例胆汁瘤行经皮肝穿刺外引流术和抗生素灌(冲)洗,2例肝脓肿行保守治疗。结果4例肝脓肿行经皮肝穿刺外引流术和抗生素灌(冲)洗治疗后临床症状明显改善,脓(瘤)腔均有不同程度缩小,2例保守治疗无效,于发病后4d和28d死亡;2例胆汁瘤临床症状改善,1例瘤腔缩小,1例瘤腔无变化。结论肝癌TACE并发肝脓肿和胆汁瘤,应根据其临床及影像学特征,灵活运用多种方法综合诊断,而经皮肝穿刺外引流术和抗生素灌(冲)洗是相对有效的治疗方法之一。     

肝移植术后肝脓肿的诊治体会（附8例报道）

目的探讨肝移植术后肝脓肿的临床特点和治疗手段,以改善其预后。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院1999年4月到2013年9月期间收治的8例肝移植术后肝脓肿病例的临床资料,总结其临床特点、诱发因素、治疗方法及预后转归。结果 387肝移植患者术后发生肝脓肿8例,发生率为2.07%,主要诱因为各种胆道并发症、肝动脉并发症等。其主要的治疗方法包括使用敏感抗生素、减少或停用免疫抑制剂、超声引导下的脓肿穿刺引流、胆管狭窄球囊扩张成形术、经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术（PTCD）、留置胆管支架、经内镜鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）及肝病灶切除术。8例患者均获访,随访时间3-59个月,中位数为23个月;其中4例治愈,1例好转,3例死亡。结论肝动脉和胆道并发症是肝移植术后肝脓肿发生的重要诱因,积极预防、治疗胆道和肝动脉并发症是减少肝移植术后肝脓肿发生和改善其预后的关键。     

The role of hepatic resection in the management of bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy

The creation of a specialized hepatobiliary surgery unit at our medical center has resulted in referral of 16 patients with bile duct complications following laparoscopic cholecystectomy over the last 18 months. No patient required conversion to open cholecystectomy. Although no injury was recognized at the time of surgery, 15 of 16 patients became symptomatic within the first 30 days. Two patients died from sepsis and multisystem organ failure after protracted hospital courses. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and/or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography determined diagnosis and level of injury. Six of seven patients with cystic duct leak underwent successful endoscopic stent placement and one patient sealed spontaneously after percutaneous drainage of a large biloma. Nine patients required surgery that included hepaticojejunostomy (five), T-tube insertion and drainage of abscess (two), or segmental hepatic resection (two). Timely recognition of bile duct complications following laparoscopic cholecystectomy is critical to a successful long-term outcome. Although the majority of cystic duct leaks can be managed with endoscopic stenting, patients with ductal injuries require hepaticojejunostomy. Segmental liver resection may serve an important role in the management of carefully selected patients with high intrahepatic injuries to avoid long-term transhepatic stenting and complications such as episodic cholangitis and late stricture formation.     

原位肝移植术后肝脓肿的原因和处理

目的：探讨原位肝移植术(OLT)后肝脓肿的病因及治疗选择。 方法：分析4年间行OLT 558 例术后1~18 个月发生肝脓肿10 例(1.8％)的原因。结果：7 例为术后胆道并发症,2 例为肝癌复发灶射频消融术（RFA）后,1 例为不明原因感染。主要临床表现有发热、肝功能损害、低蛋白血症和贫血等。诊断主要根据临床表现及超声或CT 检查。治疗方法主要包括脓肿抽吸引流、PTCD胆道内外引流、抗感染和支持治疗及再次肝移植。 10 例中6 例通过肝脏穿刺引流治愈,2 例通过再次肝移植治愈,2 例死于脓毒血症;治愈率为80.0％。结论：OLT 后发生肝脓肿地原因复杂,可能与胆管吻合口狭窄或梗阻、胆道缺血坏死、肝癌复发灶介入治疗、肝动脉血栓或狭窄和激素冲击治疗等有关。OLT 后肝脓肿的预后较差,早期诊断和治疗是关键。     

Radiofrequency ablation of 231 unresectable hepatic tumors: Indications, limitations, and complications

Background: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is increasingly used for the local destruction of unresectable hepatic malignancies. There is little information on its optimal approach or potential complications. Methods: Since late 1997, we have undertaken 91 RFA procedures to ablate 231 unresectable primary or metastatic liver tumors in 84 patients. RFA was performed via celiotomy (n=39), laparoscopy (n=27), or a percutaneous approach (n=25). Patients were followed with spiral computed tomographic (CT) scans at 1 to 2 weeks postprocedure and then every 3 months for 2 years. Results: Intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) detected intrahepatic disease not evident on the preoperative scans of 25 of 66 patients (38%) undergoing RFA via celiotomy or laparoscopy. In 38 of 84 patients (45%), RFA was combined with resection or cryosurgical ablation (CSA), or both. RFA was used to treat an average of 2.8 lesions per patient, and the median size of treated lesions was 2 cm (range, 0.3–9 cm). The average hospital stay was 3.6 days overall (1.8 days for percutaneous and laparoscopic cases). Ten patients underwent a second RFA procedure (sequential ablations) and, in one case, a third RFA procedure for large (one patient), progressive (seven patients), and/or recurrent (three patients) lesions. Seven (8%) patients had complications: one skin burn; one postoperative hemorrhage; two simple hepatic abscesses; one hepatic abscess associated with diaphragmatic heat necrosis following sequential percutaneous ablations of a large lesion; one postoperative myocardial infarction; and one liver failure. There were three deaths, one (1%) of which was directly related to the RFA procedure. Three of the complications, including one RFA-related death, occurred after percutaneous RFA. At a median follow-up of 9 months (range, 1–27 months), 15 patients (18%) had recurrences at an RFA site, and 36 patients (43%) remained clinically free of disease. Conclusions: Celiotomy or laparoscopic approaches are preferred for RFA because they allow IOUS, which may demonstrate occult hepatic disease. Operative RFA also allows concomitant resection, CSA, or placement of a hepatic artery infusion pump, and isolation of the liver from adjacent organs. Percutaneous RFA should be reserved for patients at high risk for anesthesia, those with recurrent or progressive lesions, and those with smaller lesions sufficiently isolated from adjacent organs. Complications may be minimized when these approaches are applied selectively. Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Surgical Oncology, March 16–19, 2000, New Orleans, Louisiana.     

Hepato-pericardial fistula following radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for liver metastasis: a case report and review of the literature

Introduction  Recent large-scale studies have demonstrated the efficiency and safety of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for unresectable hepatic tumors. Nevertheless, severe side effects especially relating to non-target thermal injury have occurred after radiofrequency ablation. Case report  We observed the development of a hepato-pericardial fistula leading to pericardial empyema after RFA of a metastatic hepatic lesion. Concerning the genesis of the fistula, development from thermal damages in the diaphragm and pericardium as well as abscess formation in the liver is assumed. Treatment consisted of percutaneous drainage and flushing via remaining hepatic and pericardial catheters. Recovery was achieved conservatively after 2 months. To the best of our knowledge, a hepato-pericardial fistula as a complication of RFA has not been reported so far. The review of the literature revealed several cases of intrahepatic abscess formation after RFA as well as one case of pericardial empyema due to perforation of hepatic amoebic abscess. Two cases of pericardial tamponade after RFA are reported in the literature leading to death. Treatment via percutaneous drainage has been successful in this case and correlates with the successful treatment of abscess formation after RFA of metastatic pancreatic cancer. Other authors suggest pericardectomy or thoracotomy in the treatment of pericardial empyema. Conclusion  The management of hepatic abscess formation subsequent to RFA of metastatic hepatic malignancies is not well described. We regard the percutaneous drainage as treatment of pericardial empyema as well as hepatic abscess as less invasive and sufficient, as demonstrated in this case.     

Use of percutaneous drainage to treat hepatic abscess after radiofrequency ablation of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is well described in the treatment of primary hepatic malignancies and colorectal carcinoma hepatic metastases. A known complication of RFA is the development of hepatic abscess. The management of hepatic abscesses subsequent to RFA for metastatic disease is not well described. A 49-year-old female with pancreatic adenocarcinoma underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy followed by adjuvant chemoradiation. Following 6 months' treatment, a new liver metastasis was identified. It remained stable for 6 months during additional chemotherapy and thereafter was treated with RFA. Three weeks after RFA, the patient presented with malaise and leukocytosis, and a CT scan demonstrated a large hepatic abscess at the site of the RFA. She remained febrile despite needle aspiration and intravenous antibiotics. A percutaneous drain was placed and the symptoms resolved. Contrast injection of the drain 4 weeks later demonstrated resolution of the abscess cavity but communication with the biliary tree. The drain was removed and the tract embolized with Gel-foam to prevent complications of biliary-cutaneous fistula. She remains well without evidence of abscess or disease recurrence. Thus, RFA can be used in treatment of limited isolated hepatic metastases from previously treated pancreatic adenocarcinoma. However, the incidence of hepatic abscess is increased due to bilioenteric anastomosis; extended antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered.     

The role of interventional radiology for complications of cholecystectomy

This report summarizes diagnostic and therapeutic radiologic procedures in 45 patients who suffered major complications from cholecystectomy. Complications were divided into (1) bile duct injury or ligation and (2) a variety of pathologic fluid collections. Specific lesions were bile duct injury (n = 6), accidental bile duct ligation (n = 12), ductal stricture (n = 12), abscess (n = 11), biloma (n = 7), hematoma (n = 5), infected pancreatic pseudocyst (n = 3), and stones (n = 2). Presenting problems were sepsis, jaundice, and intermittent cholangitis. The patients underwent 104 interventional radiologic procedures including 29 percutaneous transhepatic cholangiograms, 21 percutaneous biliary drainages, 12 balloon dilatations of strictures, drainage of 11 abscesses, 8 bilomas, 5 hematomas, and 3 pancreatic pseudocysts. Stones were removed by baskets in 2 patients; 12 pressure and perfusion studies were performed. One hundred of 104 procedures were successful; there was one failed biliary drainage, one unsuccessful stricture dilatation, one unsuccessful hematoma drainage, and one recurrent biloma. Thirty patients were spared another operation. The percutaneous procedures were beneficial although not curative in 14 of 15 patients who underwent reoperation; in those patients the procedures helped to establish a diagnosis, improve the patient's preoperative status, or serve as a landmark for the surgeon to locate and repair the ligated or injured duct. One patient died after reoperation, a 2.2% mortality rate. Sectional imaging studies combined with interventional radiologic procedures help to diagnose promptly and effectively treat major complications of cholecystectomy. These interventional procedures either cure the complication and obviate reoperation or aid the surgeon by relieving sepsis and jaundice before reoperation and providing an intraoperative guide for bile duct reconstruction.