Research to practice--formal dissemination of the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (SHAHRP) in Australia

Introduction and Aims. This paper discusses the formal dissemination of the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (National SHAHRP Dissemination Project) in Australia. The original SHAHRP research programme (SHAHRP study) was assessed previously for effectiveness during a longitudinal research study which followed the student participants over 32 months post-intervention. The SHAHRP study focused on evaluating the behavioural impact of the programme and the results indicated that wider dissemination would be of value. Design and Methods. The National SHAHRP Dissemination Project involved key decision makers of drug education in the Government, Catholic and Independent schools sectors, in targeted states, agreeing to disseminate the SHAHRP Project through teacher educators and teachers in their sector and regions. Process, reach and project satisfaction were assessed. Results. The Dissemination Project conducted two workshops for 35 teacher educators. Fifteen teacher educators subsequently conducted 21 workshops for teachers between August 2003 and June 2004. One hundred and seventy schools and nearly 300 (294) teachers were involved in this training. Discussion and Conclusions. The advantages and barriers of researcher-led dissemination, as illustrated in this study, suggest that methods other than publication in scientific journals and presentation at conferences may be useful for the transfer of effective intervention research programmes to practice. There may be some benefit to identifying and testing other research-initiated pathways leading to evidence-based policy and practice which, in combination with practitioner-led transfer, can help to bridge the gap between research and practice in the future. [McBride NT, Farringdon FH, Kennedy CA. Research to practice—formal dissemination of the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (SHAHRP) in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2007;26:665 - 672]     

药学本科生专题实习带教的体会

药学本科生专题实习是提高学生科研能力的重要途径。本文结合专题实习带教工作实践,就如何做好专题实习带教工作提出建议,为药学本科生毕业实习改革提供借鉴。     

Learning Across the Curriculum: Connecting the Pharmaceutical Sciences to Practice in the First Professional Year

Objectives

To facilitate the student''s ability to make the connection of the core foundational basic science courses to the practice of pharmacy.

Design

In 2000, 10 faculty members from basic science and practice courses created and implemented an integrated Patient Care Project for which students chose a volunteer patient and completed 15 different assignments

Assessment

Evidence of student learning, such as grades and reflective comments along with collected evaluative data, indicated an enhancement in students'' perceived understanding of the connection between basic science and patient care.

Conclusion

The Patient Care Project provided students an opportunity to use knowledge gained in their first-year foundational courses to the care of a patient, solidifying their understanding of the connection between basic science and patient care.     

Pharmacy practice research – A call to action

Pharmacists have a societal duty of care. How to best provide that type of care requires scientific study. Pharmacy practice is a scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy, and its impact on health care systems, medicine use, and patient care. Its scope has expanded globally to encompass clinical, behavioural, economic, and humanistic implications of the practice of pharmacy, as well as practice change and implementation in routine practice of innovations such as health interventions and patient-care services. The development, impact evaluation, implementation, and sustainability of health interventions and patient-care services represents a key research area for pharmacy practice. An approach for conducting these is provided. There is evidence that collaborative national and international research in this area is growing, showing an increased contribution to global health research. The role of universities and pharmacy professional associations in supporting the advancement of pharmacy through pharmacy practice research is also discussed. Finally, a call to action for pharmacy practice research, education, and practice is made.     

Pharmacy,pharmaceuticals and public policy: Solving the puzzle

Increasing pressure on healthcare demand and delivery has resulted in the development of new roles and services for pharmacists. As current models of pharmacy practice continue to be evaluated, pharmacists must be involved in identifying new areas that may require research. In order to do so, the current vision of the future of pharmacy practice is discussed in this commentary. Issues such as adequate funding, professional competency and building strong interprofessional relationships are still identified as major barriers to change. These barriers have been grouped into the themes that form a conceptual model of the factors affecting the future of pharmacy practice, which have led to the development of key questions for the future.     

PDCA循环用在阳光用药建设的实践及效果分析

目的 探讨PDCA循环用于医院阳光用药建设中的可行性及效果。方法 自2011-01~2013-12,运用PDCA循环理论从Plan（计划）、Do（执行）、Check（检查）、Action（处理）四个阶段入手,对阳光用药进行建设与持续改进。结果 通过3年的建设与持续改进,本院各项药事质量管理指标均有不同程度的改善,除抗菌药物使用强度稍偏高外,其他指标均符合卫生管理部门的规定,阳光用药建设达到如期目标。结论 PDCA循环用于阳光用药建设持续改进中效果明显,可在医院阳光用药建设中推广使用。     

本科生参加药学科研实践的探索与认识

作为一名一年级本科生,笔者于2007年暑期参加了科研课题为"新药筛选技术平台研究"的第一次探索,这不仅让其的科研技能得到了初步的锻炼和提高,而且让其感受到:没有药界前辈们不畏风险与艰辛研制新药所做出的杰出贡献,就没有今天人类的和谐安康。这次探索,磨砺了笔者意志品格,让其体会到:从事药学研究既要有扎实的理论基础,又要有熟练的操作技能;既要有不辞辛劳的献身精神,又要有一丝不苟的谨慎态度;既要有忘我工作的热情,又要有不急不躁的心情,善于从偶然现象中发现问题;科学研究不是一帆风顺的,不能因为失败而灰心丧气。     

Improving Research Transfer in the Addictions Field: A Perspective from Canada

This paper discusses how to enhance the research-to-practice exchange in the addictions field, while maintaining a balance with the demands and complexities of program delivery and policy development. It outlines the evolution of the concept of evidence-based practice, discusses the practical limitations and ways to improve transferring research to practice, and provides examples of research transfer activities in Canada. Practical limitations to research transfer include individual, organizational, and community factors. A strategic approach to research transfer includes addressing these limitations by combining dissemination activities with interventions such as individual instruction and incentives; building relationships among researchers, practitioners, and populations served; and obtaining commitments at a systemic level from funding bodies and research organizations to support research transfer. The potential is noted for the concept of workforce development to facilitate research transfer at organizational levels. The conclusion shown in this paper is that the tools and concept of evidence-based practice can lead the way to strengthening addictions programs and policies, and the development of a conceptual model for addiction research transfer in Canada would be a useful next step.     

Use of the Delphi technique in pharmacy practice research

Consensus research methods are used in health services research to generate evidence through systematic means of measuring collective agreement and developing consensus from experts of a subject matter. Delphi technique is the most commonly reported consensus research method and is a structured, multistage interaction method to determine consensus using repetitive administration of anonymous questionnaires across two or three rounds. The Delphi technique is increasingly being used in pharmacy practice research. Despite its wide use in the development of statements of policies, guidelines, and performance indicators, there is lack of standardized guidelines and criteria to support the Delphi technique study design, conduct, and reporting, leading to inconsistent approaches and methodological difficulties among researchers. In this themed article, we provide the reader with a collation of best practices and highlight key methodological issues and areas of uncertainty of the Delphi method, especially as it pertains to pharmacy practice research.     

Narratives about illness and medication: a neglected theme/new methodology within pharmacy practice research. Part II: medication narratives in practice

AIM: Part 2 of this paper aims to provide a methodological framework for the study of medication narratives, including a semi-structured interview guide and suggested method of analysis, in an attempt to aid the development of narrative scholarship within pharmacy practice research. Examples of medication narratives are provided to illustrate their diversity and usefulness. METHODS: The framework is derived from the work of other researchers and adapted for our specific purpose. It comes from social psychology, narrative psychology, narrative anthropology, sociology and critical theory and fits within the social constructionist paradigm. The suggested methods of analysis could broadly be described as narrative analysis and discourse analysis. Examples of medication narratives are chosen from a variety of sources and brief interpretations are presented by way of illustration. CONCLUSION: Narrative analysis, a neglected area of research in pharmacy practice, has the potential to provide new understanding about how people relate to their medicines, how pharmacists are engaged in producing narratives and the importance of narrative in the education of students. IMPACT OF THE ARTICLE: This article aims to have the following impact on pharmacy practice research: Innovative approach to researching and conceptualising the use of medicines. Introduction of a new theoretical perspective and methodology. Incorporation of social science research methods into pharmacy practice research. Development of narrative scholarship within pharmacy.     

Mixed‐methods research in pharmacy practice: recommendations for quality reporting (part 2)

This is the second of two papers that explore the use of mixed‐methods research in pharmacy practice. This paper discusses the rationale, applications, limitations and challenges of conducting mixed‐methods research. As with other research methods, the choice of mixed‐methods should always be justified because not all research questions require a mixed‐methods approach. Mixed‐methods research is particularly suitable when one dataset may be inadequate in answering the research question, an explanation of initial results is required, generalizability of qualitative findings is desired or broader and deeper understanding of a research problem is necessary. Mixed‐methods research has its own challenges and limitations, which should be considered carefully while designing the study. There is a need to improve the quality of reporting of mixed‐methods research. A framework for reporting mixed‐methods research is proposed, for researchers and reviewers, with the intention of improving its quality. Pharmacy practice research can benefit from research that uses both ‘numbers’ (quantitative) and ‘words’ (qualitative) to develop a strong evidence base to support pharmacy‐led services.     

科研课题型毕业实习与创新型药学人才培养

科研课题型毕业实习在理论联系实际能力、创新能力、学习能力和综合能力的培养方面发挥了举足轻重的作用,是培养创新型药学人才不可或缺的重要环节。论述该模式的具体实施过程和产生的积极影响。对重点环节加以讨论。     

Implementation Science to Advance Care Delivery: A Primer for Pharmacists and Other Health Professionals

Health care is experiencing increasing pressure to implement evidence‐based interventions that improve quality, control costs, and maximize value. Unfortunately, many clinical services and interventions to optimize medication use do not consistently produce the intended humanistic, clinical, and economic outcomes. The lack of conclusive results is believed to stem from the widely recognized research‐to‐practice gap. The field of implementation science seeks to discover and apply strategies designed to accelerate successful integration of interventions into routine practice. This primer provides an overview of implementation science principles for pharmacists and other health care providers interested in accelerating practice transformation to improve health care delivery and, ultimately, patient care.     

Pharmacy practice research in Saudi Arabia; A bibliometrics analysis from (2000 to 2021)

BackgroundPharmacy is a growing profession in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia which has experienced tremendous changes in the past 20 years. Pharmacy practice or clinical pharmacy have an attention ever since the emerging of PharmD programs throughout the Saudi universities. As a result, the number of affiliated faculty in the pharmacy practice departments has increased dramatically in the past 20 years and thus significant changes in research output were observed.ObjectivesThe main objective is to conduct a bibliometric analysis and evaluate the research output of pharmacy practice faculty in Saudi Universities from 2000 to 2021MethodsA systematic search was conducted using Scopus database to explore the research output from pharmacy practice affiliated faculty from 2000 to 2021. The following search terms AFFILORG (“Pharmacy Practice Department” OR “Department of Pharmacy practice” OR “Clinical Pharmacy Department” OR “Department of Clinical Pharmacy” OR “Department of Pharmacy Services”) AND AFFILCOUNTRY (“Saudi Arabia” OR “KSA” OR “Kingdom of Saudi Arabia”) were used. Only original research papers were retrieved and analyzed using MS Excel (v16.0), MS Access (v16.0), Bibexcel (v2017), VOS viewer, and Biblioshiny.ResultsIn the past two decades, most publications with pharmacy practice departments affiliation were pharmacy practice research irrelevant (only 1075 out of 2809). King Saud University and King Abdulaziz University were the top performing institutes, and median of 5-year impact factor for journals was more than 3 for most of the top 10 institutes. 19% of the total retrieved articles were review publications were the rest majorly classified as cross-sectional studies.ConclusionThe research contribution of pharmacy practice departments in Saudi Arabia has been improving. Key recommendations are to promote more applied and interventional research, increase publications in top journals, and enhance national collaborations.     

Building Implementation Science Capacity in Academic Pharmacy: Report of the 2020-2021 AACP Research and Graduate Affairs Committee

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The 2020-2021 AACP Research and Graduate Affairs Committee (RGAC) continued the work begun by the 2019-2020 RGAC to increase awareness of and capacity for implementation research to advance practice transformation in academic pharmacy. AACP President Anne Lin charged the RGAC with developing resources and programs for training faculty and graduate students in implementation science. The committee was further charged with developing a mechanism to pair pharmacy faculty and implementation experts on practice advancement projects. In its work, the committee focused on generating near-term opportunities for pharmacy practice faculty to pursue projects while developing programs that would support ongoing career development and future implementation practice and research by pharmacy faculty and trainees.     

Integrating research and practice in the CSAT Methamphetamine Treatment Project

This study investigates the dynamics of integrating research and practice in community-based treatment organizations that participated in the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Methamphetamine Treatment Project (MTP). Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted in eight treatment organizations throughout the western United States and involved 85 participants working either directly under the MTP cooperative agreement (n = 77) or for the agency in which the MTP was taking place (n = 8). The interview explored how participants viewed the integration of substance abuse treatment and research and how they characterized successful and ideal drug treatment. Participants were concerned that clients' needs were not met within the parameters of a research study. They also described new relationships (e.g., between Research Assistants and clients) that had potentially important implications for the integrity of research in clinical settings. Projects attempting to integrate research and practice should attend to clinicians' orientations toward clients and to the effects of research on treatment program dynamics.     

毕业实习质量监控体系的构建

论述建设毕业实习质量监控体系的必要性，对高职药科各专业毕业实习过程进行研究，旨在提高毕业实习的质量。     

超越pharmaceutical care，呼吸中国特色的药学实践规范

本文将各种药学实践模式及中国药学实践规范加以阐述。药学实践在美国可分为5个阶段,Pharmaceutical care（PC）是美国药学发展的一个新阶段,此概念已进入国内药学。虽然国外药学已走上规范化发展,但国内药学存在许多问题,药学工作离规范化发展相距甚远,因而建立中国药学实践规范极有必要。为此,我们提出了中国药学实践规范的初步建议。     

Privacy considerations in the context of an Australian observational database

Observational databases are increasingly acknowledged for their value in clinical investigation. Australian general practice in particular presents an exciting opportunity to examine treatment in a natural setting. The paper explores issues such as privacy and confidentiality--foremost considerations when conducting this form of pharmacoepidemiological research. Australian legislation is currently addressing these exact issues in order to establish clear directives regarding ethical concerns. The development of a pharmacoepidemiological database arising from the integration of computerized Australian general practice records is described in addition, to the challenges associated with creating a database which considers patient privacy. The database known as 'Medic-GP', presently contains more than 950,000 clinical notes (including consultations, pathology, diagnostic imaging and adverse reactions) over a 5-year time period and relates to 55,000 patients. The paper then details a retrospective study which utilized the database to examine the interaction between antibiotic prescribing and patient outcomes from a community perspective, following a policy intervention. This study illustrates the application of computerized general practice records in research.     

Health Promotion Integrated Into a Thai PharmD Curriculum to Improve Pharmacy Practice Skills

Objective

To implement and evaluate 5 integrated teaching modules in the fifth-year doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum to increase students'' ability to promote patients'' health as part of their pharmacy practice.

Design

Activity-based learning was added to each module: (1) a practice experience in which students provided health information and counseling to the public; (2) academic debates on current issues in pharmacy (3) journal clubs on articles from the pharmacy literature; and (4) research projects relating to ongoing faculty research on diabetes. Students on 12-week practice experiences had visits to patients in inpatient wards, outpatient clinics, and either primary care units or community pharmacies.

Assessment

Practice examinations at the end of the first semester, the average student score was above 80% as determined by preceptors in experience sites and from faculty members. Group interviews found that students were positive about the benefits of integrated teaching.

Conclusion

The integration of the teaching between modules in the same semester is possible and greatly benefits student learning.