甲状腺功能亢进症患者血抵抗素与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 探讨甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)患者血抵抗素水平与胰岛素抵抗(IR)的关系.方法 分别测定32例甲亢患者及40例健康对照(NC)者空腹血清抵抗素、胰岛素、血脂、血糖等水平,测量身高、体重,计算BMI、IR指数,分析相关因素.结果 与NC组比较,甲亢患者空腹血清抵抗素、胰岛素、FPG及HOMA-IR明显升高(11±6μg/L vs 7±4μg/L,P＜0.01;7.76±2.92mU/L vs 6.37±2.67mU/L,P＜0.05;5.38±0.92mmol/L vs 4.79±0.48mmol/L,P＜0.01;2.20±1.03 vs 1.43±1.12,P＜0.01);甲亢时血抵抗素与游离三碘甲腺氨酸、游离甲状腺素及HOMA-IR正相关(r=0.448,0.405,0.393,P=0.011,0.023,0.036)、与高敏促甲状腺激素负相关(r＝-0.361,P＝0.045),校正年龄和BMI后偏相关分析显示,血抵抗素水平仍与HOMA-IR呈正相关.结论 抵抗素可能是甲状腺功能亢进时发生IR和糖代谢紊乱的重要因素之一.     

老年糖尿病患者餐后脂代谢紊乱及其与胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的探讨空腹甘油三酯(TG)正常的老年糖尿病患者餐后脂代谢紊乱及其与胰岛素抵抗(IR)的相关性。方法采用脂餐负荷试验,以空腹TG正常的老年糖尿病患者为观察组,依据餐后4hTG(TG4h)水平将观察组分为餐后正常组和餐后增高组,以健康体检者为对照组。采用HOMA-IR作为评价IR的指标,并与脂代谢相关指标进行相关分析。结果高脂餐后各组TG水平较空腹均增高,与对照组相比,餐后增高组差别有显著性(P<0.05),观察组TG、HbA1C、FBG、FINS、HOMA-IR水平均明显增高(P<0.05);餐后增高组与餐后正常组比较,空腹TG、HOMA-IR差异显著(P<0.05)。与正常对照组相比,餐后增高组TG-AUG和TGPR均显著增高(P<0.05),而餐后正常组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。观察组IR与BMI及TG水平分别呈正相关(r=0.384,P<0.05;r=0.295,P<0.05),与餐后4h及餐后6h的TG呈显著正相关(r=0.632,P<0.05;r=0.487,P<0.05)。对照组IR与BMI呈显著正相关(r=0.659,P<0.05),与空腹及餐后血脂各项指标均无显著相关性。结论老年糖尿病患者具有程度不同的餐后脂代谢紊乱及IR,IR与餐后4h及餐后6h的TG呈显著正相关,提示IR是老年糖尿病患者餐后血脂异常的发病机制之一。     

妊娠期糖尿病胰岛素抵抗与铁蛋白和游离脂肪酸的相关性研究

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇胰岛素抵抗(IR)与铁蛋白(SF)和游离脂肪酸(FFA)的关系。方法 2011—2013年,按照随机原则选择在我院就诊的GDM孕妇71例为GDM组,正常孕妇50例为正常孕妇组,体检健康且未孕女性50例为正常非孕组。检测3组受试者血清SF、FFA、空腹血糖(FBG)及空腹胰岛素(Fins)水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果正常非孕组、正常孕妇组及GDM组血清SF水平分别为(119.57±22.04)μg/L、(197.81±46.32)μg/L、(388.79±91.67)μg/L,差异有统计学意义(F=57.543,P0.01);GDM组血清SF水平高于正常孕妇组和正常非孕组,正常孕妇组高于正常非孕组(P0.01)。正常非孕组、正常孕妇组及GDM组血清FFA水平分别为(0.43±0.18)mmol/L、(0.67±0.14)mmol/L、(1.03±0.21)mmol/L,差异有统计学意义(F=37.619,P0.01);GDM组血清FFA水平高于正常孕妇组和正常非孕组,正常孕妇组高于正常非孕组(P0.01)。正常非孕组、正常孕妇组及GDM组HOMA-IR分别为(1.83±0.45)、(2.92±0.87)、(3.94±1.02),差异有统计学意义(F=45.071,P0.01);GDM组HOMA-IR高于正常孕妇组和正常非孕组,正常孕妇组高于正常非孕组(P0.01)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,血清SF水平(r=0.832)、血清FFA水平(r=0.759)均与HOMA-IR呈正相关(P0.01);血清SF水平与血清FFA水平呈正相关(r=0.893,P0.01)。结论 GDM孕妇存在IR及高铁蛋白血症、高游离脂肪酸血症,IR程度与血清SF、FFA水平相关,在GDM的早期干预中应重视SF和FFA的调控。     

不稳定型心绞痛患者血浆胰岛素生长因子-1与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的:探讨无糖尿病的不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)患者血浆胰岛素(INS)样生长因子(IGF)-1与INS抵抗(IR)的关系。方法:42例无糖尿病的UAP患者(UAP组)与30例非冠心病患者(对照组)比较,行75g葡萄糖口服耐量试验,测定空腹、餐后30min、餐后120min血糖、INS、IGF-1水平。结果:UAP组和对照组伴IR患者分别为26例和12例(P<0·05),UAP组中,伴IR与不伴IR者比较,空腹、餐后30min、餐后120minIGF-1明显降低(均P<0·05);HOMA-INS敏感指数(HOMA-ISI)、HOMA-IR指数(HOMA-IRI)分别明显增高和降低(P<0·05)。相关分析显示HOMA-IRI与体质指数(BMI)呈正相关(r=0·353,P<0·05);与空腹及餐后120minIGF-1和IGF-1曲线下面积(IGF-1AUC)呈负相关。多重逐步回归分析显示,HOMA-IRI=0·45722BMI-0·34285IGF-1空腹。结论:IGF-1与无糖尿病的UAP患者IR存在密切关系。     

青春期PCOS患者血清C反应蛋白水平的变化及意义

目的 探讨青春期多囊性卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者血清C 反应蛋白(CRP)水平的变化及其意义.方法 对26 例青春期PCOS患者(研究组)及20例正常青春期对照者(对照组)进行血清CRP及性激素检测,同时进行葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)及胰岛素(INS)释放试验.计算体质量指数(BMI)、空腹血糖胰岛素比率(FGIR)、糖负荷120 min血糖胰岛素比率(G120/I120)及稳态模型的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).结果 研究组血清T水平及LH/FSH比值、logCRP均明显高于对照组(P均＜0.05);研究组BMI、空腹INS及OGTT后血糖、INS、HOMA-IR均明显高于对照组(P均＜0.05),而FGIR及G120/I120均明显低于对照组(P均＜0.05);Pearson相关分析显示,logCRP与BMI、HOMA-IR呈正相关(r=0.37,P均＜0.05);排除BMI影响后的偏相关分析显示,logCRP与HOMA-IR仍呈正相关(r=0.28,P均＜0.05),与FGIR及G120/I120呈负相关(r分别为-0.32、-0.29,P均＜0.05).结论 合并IR的青春期PCOS患者血清CRP水平升高.     

多囊卵巢综合征患者性激素结合球蛋白和总睾酮与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的 了解性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)和总睾酮在预测多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者胰岛素抵抗和生殖内分泌以及糖脂代谢紊乱中的作用.方法 选择2004年6月至2006年5月在复旦大学附属妇产科医院就诊的344例PCOS患者为病例组,年龄12～35岁,平均年龄(23±5)岁.选择同期月经规律、基础体温双相的100名妇女作为对照组,比较PCOS患者SHBG和总睾酮与对照组的差异,并用Spearman相关分析法分别分析SHBG和总睾酮与其他指标的相关性,Logistic回归分析胰岛素抵抗的风险因子并做SHBG对胰岛素抵抗的受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线,获得预测胰岛素抵抗的风险值,比较不同水平SHBG患者的糖脂代谢紊乱的程度.结果 PCOS患者SHBG为(114±88)mmol/L,与对照组[(201±106)mmol/L]比较差异有统计学意义(t=-5.60,P<0.01),总睾酮为(2.8±1.0)nmol/L,与对照组[(1.7±0.6)nmol/L]比较差异有统计学意义(t=7.73,P<0.01);SHBG与空腹胰岛素、胰岛素释放试验曲线下面积、口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)的葡萄糖曲线下面积、胰岛素抵抗指数、甘油三酯和腰围/臀围比呈负相关(r值分别为:-0.30、-0.26、-0.29、-0.19、-0.20、-0.29、-0.22,均P<0.01);总睾酮与空腹胰岛素(r=0.14,P<0.01)、胰岛素释放试验(1、2、3 h的r值分别为0.15、0.12、0.11,均P<0.05)以及相应的曲线下面积(r=0.15,P<0.05)、胰岛素抵抗指数(r=0.11,P<0.05)呈正相关.Logistic回归分析发现SHBG是PCOS患者胰岛素抵抗的独立危险因素(OR=3.741).由ROC曲线得到SHBG预测胰岛素抵抗的大致风险值为88 mmol/L(95%CI为0.668～0.774).在低SHBG(<88 mmol/L)患者中,空腹胰岛素、胰岛素释放试验相应的曲线下面积、胰岛素抵抗指数、空腹血糖、OGTT的葡萄糖曲线下面积与高SHBG(≥88 mmoL/L)患者比较差异有统计学意义(t值分别为-6.45、-5.08、-6.19、-3.16、-3.66,均P<0.01),甘油三酯也高于高SHBG患者(t=-2.06,P<0.05).结论 PCOS患者总睾酮水平高于对照组,SHBG低?     

高血压患者血清抵抗素水平与大动脉弹性的关系

目的 探讨高血压患者血清抵抗素水平与大动脉弹性改变的关系.方法 将入选的271例受试者分为正常对照组和高血压组,均检测血压、身高、体重、腰围、臀围、体质指数(BMI).用酶联免疫吸附法检测空腹血清抵抗素水平,放射免疫法检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和胰岛素水平,用胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)评价胰岛素抵抗.应用VP-1000动脉硬化分析仪测定受试者臂踝脉搏波传导速度(baPWV).结果 (1)高血压组血清抵抗素水平、baPWV和TNF-α均高于正常对照组[(0.65±0.12)μg/L比(0.59±0.13)μg/L;(1513.24±182.30)cm/s比(1301.69±151.15)cm/s;(5.69±1.98)μg/L比(3.83±2.38)μg/L;均P<0.01].(2)Pearson相关分析显示:高血压组血清抵抗素水平与baPWV、TNF-α、HOMA-IR呈正相关(r=0.219,r=0.212,r=0.183,P均<0.05);偏相关分析显示:血清抵抗素水平仍与baPWV、TNF-α呈正相关(r=0.238,P<0.01;r=0.207,P<0.05),而与HOMA-IR无关.(3)多元逐步回归分析显示:高血压组收缩压、年龄、TNF-α、血清抵抗素水平是影响baPWV的独立因素(R2=0.368,P<0.01).结论 高血压患者的大动脉弹性随着血清抵抗素水平的升高而降低.     

老年肥胖者高三酰甘油血症与胰岛素抵抗

目的 测定老年单纯肥胖者、肥胖和糖耐量受损(IGT)患者、肥胖和2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者及健康人外周血三酰甘油(TG)水平变化,探讨高TG血症在胰岛素抵抗中的作用.方法 将82名受试对象分为单纯肥胖组、IGT肥胖组、T2DM肥胖组与健康对照组.测身高、体质量、血压、空腹血糖(FPG)、血TG、血胆固醇(TC);采用放射免疫法(RIA)测定空腹胰岛素水平(FPI),并计算稳态模型评价胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR). 结果单纯肥胖组、IGT肥胖组、T2DM肥胖组血TG明显高于健康对照组[分别为(1.3±0.6)、(1.9±0.9)、(2.1±0.7)mmol/L与(1.0±0.2)mmol/L,均P<0.05],且肥胖程度相同的IGT肥胖组、T2DM肥胖组比单纯肥胖组TG水平明显升高[分别为(1.9±0.9)、(2.1±0.7)mmol/L与(1.3±0.6)mmol/L,均P<0.05],FPG、FPI、HOMA-IR、收缩压水平亦明显升高(均P<0.05).线性相关分析表明TG水平和体质指数(BMI)、FPG、HOMA-IR、TC、收缩压呈正相关(r值分别为0.363、0.392、0.387、0.287、0.268,均P<0.05).多元线性回归分析结果亦显示,FPG和HOMA-IR是影响TG水平的独立相关因素(b=0.244,b=0.082,均P<0.05). 结论 高TG血症可能在胰岛素抵抗发生中起重要作用.     

GDM患者血清脂联素、FFA水平及其与胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

选取妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇40例为观察组,其中孕前体重指数(BMI)<25者20例,BMI≥25者20例.另取正常妊娠孕妇60例为对照组,BMI<25者30例,BMI≥25者30例.采用放免法测定两组孕妇空腹脂联素、胰岛素水平,用酶法测定血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)、甘油三脂、总胆固醇、血糖,并计算胰岛素抵抗(IR)指数(HOMA-IR).结果显示观察组孕妇空腹血清脂联素显著低于对照组(P<0.05),FFA、空腹血糖、胰岛索、总胆固醇、甘油三脂显著高于对照组(P均<0.05).当BMI<25时,GDM组血清脂联素显著低于对照组(P<0.05).而当BMI≥25时,两组脂联素水平无差异.HOMA-IR与脂联素呈负相关(r=-0.161,P<0.05),与FFA呈正相关(r=0.24JD,P<0.01).认为GDM孕妇血清脂联素水平降低,FFA水平升高.排除体脂因素后,只有在正常体质量的GDM患者中才有空腹脂联素水平降低.低脂联素和高FFA水平与GDM患者胰岛素抵抗密切相关.     

脂毒性对肥胖人群胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的探讨脂毒性对肥胖人群胰岛素抵抗(IR)的影响。方法将106例入选者按照体重指数(BMI)的不同分为三组(正常体重组、超重组和肥胖组),测定空腹和餐后2小时血糖(FBG、2hBG)和真胰岛素(FTI、2hTI)、空腹胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、瘦素(Lep)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)含量,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),并进行相关分析。结果超重组TG、FFA、Lep、TNFα、FTI、2hTI、2hBG水平和HOMA-IR高于正常体重组但低于肥胖组(P<0.05~0.001);超重组与肥胖组之间TC、LDL-C水平无显著性差异(P>0.05)但均高于正常体重组(P<0.05~0.01);正常体重组FBG、HDL-C水平分别低于和高于肥胖组(P<0.05),但与超重组无显著性差异(P>0.05);TG与FFA、Lep与FFA、Lep与TNFα、TNFα与FFA之间均呈正相关(r分别为0.62、0.49、0.41、0.54,P均<0.01);FFA、Lep、TNFα、腰围臀围比值(WHR)与HOMA-IR独立相关(F值为242.08,偏回归系数分别为1.55、1.69、1.02、0.03,P<0.05~0.01)。结论脂毒性是引起肥胖人群IR的重要因素之一。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.