Correlations between endogenous intoxication and excessive body weight

The aim of the study was to analyze correlations between endogenous intoxication (EI) and lipid peroxidation (LP) indices in patients with cardiovascular and endocrine diseases and healthy individuals, taking into account the presence of excessive body weight (EBW), as well as to compare EI and LP indices in practically healthy people with and without excessive body weight (EBW). The subjects were 165 people, including 36 healthy individuals and 129 patients with cardiovascular and endocrine disease. The healthy ones were divided into two groups: 20 with and 16 without EBW. To evaluate the degree of EI, the concentration of middle-molecular-weight peptides (MMWP) was measured by the method offered by N. I. Gabrielyan et al. in 1984. To evaluate LP processes, serum levels of the secondary LP product, malonic dialdehyde, and two antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, were measured. The results show that treatment aimed at LP suppression is not appropriate; it should be aimed at the cause of LP activation instead, which is the increase of MMWP level due to EBW. LP activation significantly correlates with increase of MMWP blood level (p < 0.05). EBW worsens EI and activates LP in healthy people, thus being a stress factor to the organism. Increased MMWP level and LP activation in healthy individuals with EBW may be a premorbid diagnostic marker.     

Relationship between body store of vitamin B6 and plasma pyridoxal-P clearance: metabolic balance studies in humans

Factors that regulate the clearance of plasma pyridoxal-P (PLP) are unknown. Four volunteers were given a diet supplying approximately 12 mumol pyridoxine (PN) per day. The pharmacokinetics of plasma PLP clearance were measured in these subjects before and after 4 weeks of intravenous PN supplementation (122 mumol/day). Urinary B6 excretion, mainly as 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA), increased progressively after initiation of PN supplementation until a new steady state was reached on day 10 of supplementation, whereupon greater than 93% of the daily injected PN could be recovered in the urine. Hence, urinary excretion is almost the sole route for vitamin B6 elimination. Fasting plasma PLP concentration increased with supplementation and also reached a new steady state at this time. When supplementation was terminated, urinary B6 excretion decreased in 5 days to an amount only slightly higher than that before supplementation. This amount was maintained for 2 months. By comparison, plasma PLP decreased more slowly and remained considerably higher than the presupplementation level for the rest of the study. These data confirm that urinary 4-PA excretion is a better indicator of B6 intake than is plasma PLP content, whereas plasma PLP content is a better indicator of the body store of the vitamin. Plasma clearance and volume of distribution of PLP decreased significantly after supplementation, but half-life t 1/2 did not change. Plasma clearance of PLP, therefore, is dependent on the vitamin B6 status of an individual.     

Relation between plasma creatinine and body size

We studied the relationship between creatinine concentration in plasma and body size in 673 healthy individuals (385 women, 288 men). Weight, height, and skinfold thickness were measured and blood was sampled (after a short fast) for estimations of urea and creatinine in plasma. Lean body mass was calculated according to Durnin and Wormsley (Br J Nutr 1974; 32:77-97). Concentrations of urea and creatinine in plasma were significantly lower in women than in men and were significantly correlated with age in both sexes. For neither sex was there a significant correlation between lean body mass and creatinine concentration, even after we took age into account either by multiple linear-regression analysis or by considering subjects at decade intervals.     

Effect of parathyroid hormone on gentamicin plasma membrane binding and tissue accumulation

Reportedly, the initiating event in the renal uptake of gentamicin is its binding to anionic, plasma membrane phospholipids. Because parathyroid hormone is known to affect phospholipid metabolism, the plasma membrane binding and tissue accumulation of gentamicin were examined as a function of the parathyroid hormone status of the animal. The experiments were conducted by evaluating the parameters in isolated brush border and basolateral membranes from control, hyper- and hypoparathyroid rats. Scatchard analysis revealed that [125I]gentamicin bound with equal affinity to either membrane to a single class of noninteracting sites. The basolateral membrane had more binding sites than did the brush border, 28 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.8 +/- 0.3 nmol/mg of protein, respectively. Neither the affinity constants nor the number of binding sites were affected by the parathyroid hormone status of the donor animal. On the other hand, in the hypoparathyroid state the amount and the rate of gentamicin accumulation were less than in the hyperparathyroid state. The difference in accumulation cannot be explained on the basis of a change in the number or affinity of the putative receptor. Therefore, the alteration must reflect some difference subsequent to the binding site.     

Tetanus toxin and neuronal membranes: the relationship between binding and toxicity

Tetanus toxin labeled by the Bolton-Hunter technique possesses high specific activity and retains substantial biological activity. This material can be used to characterize tetanus toxin binding to receptors in brain membrane preparations. In experiments aimed at measuring the absorption of labeled toxin, the displacement of labeled toxin by unlabeled toxin and the on-rate and off-rate constants, the data revealed two binding sites. The high affinity site had a Kd of 0.033 to 0.070 nM and a Bmax of 0.26 to 0.4 pmol/mg of protein; the low affinity site had a Kd of 0.89 to 6.9 nM and a Bmax of 1.55 to 3.0 pmol/mg of protein. The binding of tetanus toxin to brain membranes was enhanced greatly by low pH and ionic strength. Similarly to tetanus toxin, botulinum neurotoxin could be labeled by the Bolton-Hunter technique, and its binding to brain membranes was also enhanced by low pH and ionic strength. In studies with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against tetanus toxin, the antigen-antibody interaction was not significantly altered by media with low ionic strength and pH. On the other hand, the ability of the antibody to block toxin binding to brain membranes was reduced substantially in nonphysiologic media. In a bioassay aimed at determining the effect of pH and tonicity on tissue association by toxin, low pH and ionic strength did not enhance toxicity. The biological activity of tetanus toxin was unaffected and that of botulinum neurotoxin was greatly diminished. The present findings confirm the widely reported observation that low pH and ionic strength promote tissue association by tetanus toxin, but they challenge the premise that this binding is relevant to the normal process of cell poisoning.     

Differences in plasma binding of drugs between Caucasians and Chinese subjects

Interracial differences in drug responsiveness can be accounted for, at least in part, by differences in drug disposition. To investigate whether reversible interactions with plasma constituents may be a contributing factor in such differences, the binding of a number of model drugs was studied in plasma obtained from healthy Caucasian and Chinese subjects (n = 8 in each group). The unbound fractions of drugs binding to sites I and II on albumin (warfarin, diazepam, and salicylic acid) were similar in the two groups, and there was no difference in the plasma albumin concentration. By contrast, the percentages of unbound diphenhydramine (26.40% +/- 6.46% versus 18.30% +/- 4.31, mean +/- SD) and propranolol (13.81% +/- 1.33% versus 11.68% +/- 2.37) were significantly (p less than 0.05) higher in Chinese subjects compared to Caucasians. A 30% difference was also observed in the nonlinear binding of disopyramide. These basic drugs interact with both alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and albumin, and the lower binding was associated with a lower plasma concentration of the acute-phase reactant in Chinese subjects. Kinetic analysis of the disopyramide binding isotherm was also suggestive of reduced binding capacity with no change in binding affinity. The reason for the racial difference in the alpha 1-acid glycoprotein level is unknown; however, for drugs extensively bound to this glycoprotein the resulting difference in unbound fraction would be expected to have predictable pharmacokinetic consequences that may result in differences in responsiveness. Determination of plasma binding, especially of drugs interacting with alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, should therefore be an essential component of comparative studies in subjects of different races.     

抗精神病药物引起的体质量增加与瘦素的关系

目的:体质量增加是抗精神病药物的主要副作用之一,也是影响患者服药依从性、增加复发率的重要因素,而瘦素是调控体质量的重要因子,它能抑制食欲、增加能量消耗、调节体质量平衡。我们回顾了抗精神病药物引起的体质量增加与瘦素关系的实验及临床研究结果,以阐明抗精神病药物引起体质量增加的具体机制,进而寻求有效的干预方法,增加患者服药依从性,减少复发率。资料来源:应用计算机检索Medline数据库1980-01/2003-12期间的相关文章,检索词“antipsychotics,bodymassgain,leptin”,限定文章语言种类为英文。同时计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库和《中国临床康复》杂志1990-01/2003-12期间的相关文章,检索词“抗精神病药物,体质量增加,瘦素”,限定文章语言种类为中文。资料选择:对资料进行初审,选取试验包括上述治疗组和对照组的文献,然后筛除非随机临床试验的研究,对剩余的文献开始查找全文,以是否为随机对照临床试验(RCT)作为纳入标准。资料提炼:共收集到16篇关于抗精神病药物引起的体质量增加与瘦素关系的随机和未随机试验,12个试验符合纳入标准,排除4篇。资料综合:12个试验的对象均为符合诊断标准的精神分裂症患者,治疗选用了非典型抗精神病药物和传统抗精神病药物,前者包括奥氮平、利培酮、氯     

平衡仪与人体平衡功能的评定及干预

背景：随着计算机辅助技术在平衡功能评估领域的应用,平衡的评定和训练有了新的发展.目的：总结国内外平衡能力评估的研究进展及干预策略.方法：以＂Balance,Balance master,Postural control＂为检索词检索PubMed数据库（1996-01/2011-03）;以＂平衡,平衡仪,姿势控制＂为检索词检索中国期刊全文数据库（1996-01/2011-03）的相关文章,对资料进行初审,以平衡能力相关的文献为评价标准,纳入与平衡能力相关的34个研究进行综述.结果与结论：康复医学中平衡功能的研究正从单纯的主观定性研究向客观定量评估转变,平衡仪作为一种客观评定方法,可以定量、客观、准确地评定患者的平衡功能状态,平衡仪可以通过视觉反馈开展平衡功能训练,指导拟定康复计划,进行平衡训练,对评价康复效果具有重要作用.近年来在国外平衡仪已被证实在提高人的平衡能力方面是有效的,因此被越来越多地应用到临床康复中.     

Assessment of endogenous intoxication and thrombocyte functions in beta-thalassemia

The parameters of humeral immunity and of the aggregation function of blood platelets were comparatively analyzed in 11 healthy and 26 children with beta-thalassemia; 18 of them had beta-thalassemia of the homozygous type (spleen was extracted in 8 children, and it remained intact in 10 children). It was demonstrated that there was an increased quantity of antibodies to blood platelets and an increased quantity of large, medium-size and small circulating immune complexes in patients with beta-thalassemia and especially in those, who did not undergo splenectomy; there was also an increased quantity of immunoglobulins of classes A, M, and G, a reduced total activity of the complement and a high parameter of the degree of endogenous intoxication, i.e. the content of medium-size molecular peptides. The mentioned disorders were accompanied by worsened aggregation abilities of blood platelets and by their increased disaggregation. Finally, insignificant changes were detected in patients with beta-thalassemia of the heterozygous type.     

平衡仪与人体平衡功能的评定及干预

背景:随着计算机辅助技术在平衡功能评估领域的应用,平衡的评定和训练有了新的发展。目的:总结国内外平衡能力评估的研究进展及干预策略。方法:以"Balance,Balance master,Postural control"为检索词检索PubMed数据库(1996-01/2011-03);以"平衡,平衡仪,姿势控制"为检索词检索中国期刊全文数据库(1996-01/2011-03)的相关文章,对资料进行初审,以平衡能力相关的文献为评价标准,纳入与平衡能力相关的34个研究进行综述。结果与结论:康复医学中平衡功能的研究正从单纯的主观定性研究向客观定量评估转变,平衡仪作为一种客观评定方法,可以定量、客观、准确地评定患者的平衡功能状态,平衡仪可以通过视觉反馈开展平衡功能训练,指导拟定康复计划,进行平衡训练,对评价康复效果具有重要作用。近年来在国外平衡仪已被证实在提高人的平衡能力方面是有效的,因此被越来越多地应用到临床康复中。     

正常人群血浆脂肪源性因子水平与体质量的相关性

目的 探讨正常人群血浆脂肪源性因子水平与体质量的相关性.方法 将80名健康志愿者根据2012年世界卫生组织制定的肥胖诊断标准分为超重/肥胖组（41名）和正常体质量组（39名）,分别检测空腹血浆脂肪源性因子、血压水平及体质量指数.结果 超重/肥胖组血浆脂肪源性因子水平、收缩压、舒张压及体质量指数均显著高于正常体质量组（P＜0.01）.偏相关分析显示,血浆脂肪源性因子与体质量指数呈正相关（r=0.253,P＜0.05）.结论 体质量指数增高可能是引起血清脂肪源性因子水平升高的主要因素.     

肉毒素中毒患者血小板计数及中性粒细胞形态学变化

目的 探讨肉毒素中毒患者血小板计数及中性粒细胞形态学改变的临床意义.方法 将43例肉毒素中毒患者按诊断标准分为轻、中、重度中毒组,常规取血2 ml,应用Backman-Coulter Gens五分类血常规分析仪进行血小板计数、白细胞计数及分类,同时做血涂片,瑞氏染色后,观察血小板、中性粒细胞形态学改变,分类200个中性粒细胞,计算毒性指数和核突积分,与健康对照组30例进行比较.结果 各肉毒素中毒组血小板、中性粒细胞较对照组明显升高(P＜0.01);轻度肉毒素中毒患者中性粒细胞胞浆未见中毒颗粒,白细胞计数、胞核核突与对照组比较差异无统计学意义;中、重度肉毒素中毒患者中性粒细胞均有毒性颗粒出现,且中毒越严重,中毒颗粒粗大,毒性指数也越高;中、重度肉毒素中毒患者中性粒细胞核有多种形态的核突出现,与正常对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),且病情越重,差异越显著.结论 动态监测肉毒素中毒患者外周血血小板、白细胞计数及中性粒细胞形态的变化,对于了解中毒程度、指导临床治疗、判断预后及转归以及与其他疾病的鉴别等方面有重要意义.     

人体动静态姿势平衡能力测试的理论与应用

背景:平衡功能是人体的一项重要功能,可分为静态平衡和动态平衡.目的:文章较详细地介绍了目前人体静态、动态姿势平衡能力测试的研究现状及其应用情况.针对目前的现状,提出平衡能力测试技术的发展方向.方法:在Google学术搜索、上海理工大学和复旦大学等学校图书馆进行检索中1990-01/2009-12关于人体动静态姿势平衡能力的文章,在标题和摘要中以"平衡评估;平衡测试;平衡能力"或"balance assessment;balance testing;balance ability"为检索词进行检索.选择文章内容与人体动静态姿势平衡能力相关,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章.初检得到400篇文献,根据纳入标准选择26篇文章进行综述.结果与结论:人体平衡功能的测试已研究多年,但是该领域仍还存在着许多尚待进一步解决的问题,如平衡机制复杂迄今尚未彻底阐明;平衡功能检测的指征和评价标准尚未统一;平衡功能检测对于疾病的定位、定性及鉴别诊断等还存在局限性;故目前迫切需要研发一种集训练与评定于一体的功能全面、精度高、价格低廉的人体平衡功能测试仪器.     

不同专业男性大学生平衡能力与认知功能的关系

目的:对不同专业男性大学生进行平衡能力测试和认知功能评定,旨在探索不同专业大学生的平衡能力与认知功能的关系。方法:选取首都体育学院运动训练专业、体育舞蹈专业、中国舞专业和运动人体科学专业大学生共48名作为受试对象,所有受试对象先采集体成分信息,然后采用意大利Postural Equa平衡分析系统,在受试者单脚站立时分别测定睁眼和闭眼两个状态的静态平衡指标,最后采用Psy Key心理测试系统测定受试者的认知功能。结果:在睁眼和闭眼的状态下不同专业学生之间的平衡能力没有显著性差异(P0.05)。但是在闭眼的状态下,四个专业学生的线性图总长度(P0.01)、最大摆幅(P0.05)、线性图面积(P0.01)均显著高于睁眼状态时。运动训练专业学生的简单反应时显著低于中国舞专业学生(P0.01)和体育舞蹈专业学生(P0.05)。运动人体科学专业学生的简单反应时显著低于中国舞专业学生(P0.01)。但是各专业学生的空间位置记忆广度值之间没有显著性差异(P0.05)。简单反应时与闭眼状态下线性图面积具有显著的相关性(r=0.341,P0.05),而空间位置记忆广度值与各项平衡指标没有明显的相关性(P0.05)。结论:在健康男性大学生中,平衡能力与认知功能具有相关性,其中闭眼状态下平衡能力中的线形图面积与简单反应时之间存在显著的正相关性。至于不同运动专项对男性大学生平衡能力与认知功能相关性的特异性影响还有待进一步研究。     

Suppression of body fat accumulation in myostatin-deficient mice

Myostatin is a TGF-beta family member that acts as a negative regulator of muscle growth. Mice lacking the myostatin gene (Mstn) have a widespread increase in skeletal muscle mass resulting from a combination of muscle fiber hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Here we show that Mstn-null mice have a significant reduction in fat accumulation with increasing age compared with wild-type littermates, even in the setting of normal food intake (relative to body weight), normal body temperature, and a slightly decreased resting metabolic rate. To investigate whether myostatin might be an effective target for suppressing the development of obesity in settings of abnormal fat accumulation, we analyzed the effect of the Mstn mutation in two genetic models of obesity, agouti lethal yellow (A(y)) and obese (Lep(ob/ob)). In each case, loss of Mstn led to a partial suppression of fat accumulation and of abnormal glucose metabolism. Our findings raise the possibility that pharmacological agents that block myostatin function may be useful not only for enhancing muscle growth, but also for slowing or preventing the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes.