以眼外肌肥大为主要CT征的眼眶病分析

目的 多种眼眶病表现为以眼外肌肥大为主要的临床特征,根据不同的眼外肌肥大CT表现特点,可为临床诊断和治疗提供依据.方法 自2004年1月至2007年12月,对CT表现有不同特征的眼外肌肥大的连续就诊患者共225例,据其表现特点,明确病因并鉴别诊断.结果 计有8种眼眶病.甲状腺相关眼病(TAO)175例,肌炎型炎性假瘤26例,颈动脉海绵窦漏(CCF)8例,转移性眼外肌肿瘤4例,肌肉静脉血管瘤4例,眶内恶性淋巴瘤6例,眼外肌血肿1例,眼外肌植物性异物1例.结论 根据眼外肌肥大的CT特征,结合病史及临床表现能做出正确的诊断.     

眼上静脉扩张的影像学诊断意义

目的：探讨超声,CT及MRI检查在眼上静脉扩张及其病因诊断中的意义。方法：对1984－2000年临床资料完善的116例（232只眼）伴眼上静脉扩张患者进行回顾性分析。结果：发现多种疾病均可引起眼上静脉扩张,颈动脉－海绵窦瘘是导致眼上静脉扩张的主要疾病。其中颈动脉－海绵窦瘘92例（包括高和低流瘘）,眼型Graves病14例,眶尖炎症2例,Tolosa-Hunt综合征2例,眼部血管畸形2例,眶炎性假瘤、眶内血肿、海绵窦肿瘤及海绵窦血栓形成各1例。扩张的眼上静脉直径为3．5－7．0mm,各病种眼上静脉管径扩张大小无明显差异,但颈动脉－海绵窦瘘眼上静脉最粗7．0mm。影像学检查同时能发现眼外肌肥大、眶部病变及海绵窦膨大等相关影像学表现。结论：超声、CT及MRI检查均能良好显示眼上静脉扩张,综合其他影像学表现,可确定眼上静脉扩张的病因。     

首诊眼科的颈动脉海绵窦瘘患者的影像学检查分析

目的分析首诊于眼科的颈动脉海绵窦瘘患者的影像学表现,并讨论其诊断意义。方法对有临床表现11例(12只眼)颈动脉海绵窦瘘患者采用B超、CT和/或MR I检查。结果三种影像学检查均发现眼上静脉扩张、眼外肌肥大、眶内脂肪垫增厚;部分CT或MR I检查还显示扩张的海绵窦。结论医学影像学在颈动脉海绵窦瘘检查中具有特征性的影像表现。对于首诊眼科的此类患者应联合采用多种影像学检查以明确诊断,避免造成误诊。     

颈动脉海绵窦瘘的影像学诊断

目的探讨超声、CT及MRI检查对颈动脉海绵窦瘘诊断的意义。方法对1997至2004年临床资料完整并行超声、CT及MRI检查的58例颈动脉海绵窦瘘患者进行回顾性分析,详细观察B超、彩色多普勒超声、CT及MRI检查结果,总结颈动脉海绵窦瘘的影像学表现以资诊断。结果颈动脉海绵窦瘘的影像学表现主要包括眼上静脉扩张、海绵窦膨大、眼球突出及眼外肌增粗。眼上静脉扩张是颈动脉海绵窦瘘最具特异性的影像学征象,分别为：B超发现51例,呈管状无回声腔,有与心脏同步的搏动;彩色多普勒发现49例,显示眼上静脉内充满反向流动的动脉化血流;CT检查发现58例,显示扩张的眼上静脉呈从前内向后外的梭形血管影;MRI检查发现眼上静脉扩张58例,信号特征为在T1WI和T2WI均为流空的无信号血管影。海绵窦膨大是另一特异性征象,分别为：CT检查发现41例,显示膨大的海绵窦呈高密度影;MRI发现37例海绵窦膨大,显示在T1WI和T2WI上均呈流空的无信号影。结论颈动脉海绵窦瘘具有独特的影像学表现,B超、彩色多普勒、CT及MRI检查均能清晰呈现,并且对颈动脉海绵窦瘘的临床诊断和鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

硬脑膜海绵窦瘘的临床表现与诊断分析

目的 探讨硬脑膜海绵窦瘘的临床表现，以减少误诊率。方法 对我院1993年9月～2006年6月收治的36例硬脑膜海绵窦瘘的病例进行回顾性分析。结果 硬脑膜海绵窦瘘好发于中年女性，结膜充血水肿、眼球突出、眶周血管杂音是其主要临床表现，三种症状同时存在者占58．33％，且球结膜血管迂曲呈螺丝状，色暗红。CT和MRI检查显示眼上静脉扩张、眼球突出、眼外肌增粗、海绵窦膨大等征象。数字减影血管造影均显示出载瘘动脉。结论 根据眼球突出、眶周血管杂音、结膜水肿及特征性的螺丝状球结膜血管等临床表现和眼上静脉扩张等影像学表现可基本诊断，数字减影血管造影可明确诊断。     

甲状腺相关性眼病眼球突出CT影像分析

目的 探讨甲状腺相关性眼病眼球突出时眼外肌肥厚、眶脂肪增多等相关性CT影像学分析.方法 回顾性分析58例甲状腺相关性眼病CT影像资料,男22例,女36例,行横轴位和冠状位检查,层厚和层距2mm.结果 58例甲状腺相关性眼病眼球突出CT影像观察,单纯眼外肌肌腹肥厚(n=54),肌腹及肌腱、肌止点均受累及(n=3);眶脂防增多(n=16);眼外肌肥厚伴眼上静脉增粗(n=3);眼外肌肥大伴视神经增粗(n=1);眼肌肥大伴泪腺增大(n=2);眼睑肿胀(n=39).结论 在对甲状腺相关性眼病眼球突出的研究中眼外肌、眼眶脂肪容积的改变都应加以考虑;CT对该病的诊断具有重要的价值.     

颈动脉海绵窦瘘眼球突出四例

颈动脉海绵窦瘘眼球突出四例王德良姜善好颈动脉海绵窦瘘，临床比较少见，容易误诊为眶蜂窝织炎、眶内假瘤、眶内血管瘤及Ｇｒａｖｅｓ眼病等。我们诊治４例，报告如下。例１男，２５岁。因右眼球突出、复视，于１９９４年１２月来我科就诊。体检未见异常。眼部检查：右眼...     

眼科试题

(在以下试题中选择一个最佳答案 )1 下列眼眶疾病中哪些病变眼球向外侧移位 :Ａ 甲状腺相关眼病Ｂ 泪腺恶性肿瘤Ｃ 额窦粘液囊肿Ｄ 上颌窦鳞癌Ｅ 视神经鞘脑膜瘤2 成人时期双侧眼球突出常见原因 :Ａ 淋巴瘤Ｂ 海绵状血管瘤Ｃ 颈动脉海绵窦瘘Ｄ 甲状腺相关眼病Ｅ 蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤3 成年人最常见单侧眼球突出原因Ａ 淋巴瘤Ｂ 海绵状血管瘤Ｃ 颈动脉海绵窦瘘Ｄ 甲状腺相关眼病Ｅ 蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤4 儿童最常见单侧眼球突出原因Ａ 急性白血病Ｂ 眶蜂窝织炎Ｃ 眶假瘤Ｄ 甲状腺相关眼病Ｅ 横纹肌肉瘤5 适于眼眶和眼球的超声频率是 :Ａ 10ｈｅｒｔｚ(Ｈ…     

28例颈动脉海绵窦瘘影像诊断分析

目的探讨超声、CT、MRI和数字减影血管造影(DSA)等各种影像学检查在颈动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)诊断中的价值。方法收集我院经DSA证实诊断的CCF共28例,所有患者行眼科标准化A／B超声、DSA检查,部分患者行彩色多普勒超声、CT及MRI检查中的一项或多项。结果超声检查可发现眼上静脉增粗与脉搏同周期的搏动等,并能检测血流频谱。CT和MRI检查可发现海绵窦扩大及异常表现。DSA检查显示CCF分为颈内动脉海绵窦段直接供血和颈动脉的供应硬膜的动脉供血,供血动脉包括：颈内动脉海绵窦区细小脑膜分支;颈外动脉来源的脑膜中动脉、副脑膜动脉、咽升动脉、圆孔动脉等;瘘血向眼静脉、岩下窦、海绵问窦、侧裂静脉及皮层引流等。结论超声、CT、MRI等影像学检查对CCF的诊断各有所长,联合应用多可做出正确的临床诊断;DSA是诊断CCF的“金标准”,可明确瘘的大小、瘘血来源及引流方向。（中华眼科杂志,2004,40：674-678)     

首诊于眼科的颈动脉海绵窦瘘7例回顾性分析

目的 探讨颈动脉海绵窦瘘眼部表现特点及诊断要点。方法 回顾分析5年中7例首诊于我科的外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘者的眼部症状及体征、影像学检查、治疗方法等。所有病例中最常见的眼部表现为搏动性眼球突出、球结膜高度充血水肿、眼压升高等。CT或MRI检查所有病例均显示眼上静脉扩张和海绵窦增宽,数字减影血管造影检查明确诊断。结果 7例行血管内介入栓塞治疗均一次成功,眼部症状和体征得到明显改善。结论 在临床工作中,对于可疑病例,应考虑颈动脉海绵窦瘘的可能,血管造影是该病诊断的金标准,血管内介入栓塞治疗对颈动脉海绵窦瘘是有效的。     

Recognition and differential diagnosis of enlarged extraocular muscles in computed tomography

We found enlargement of the extraocular muscles in 70 patients out of 603 orbit studies, of whom 310 had exophthalmos. The majority (46 of 70) had the eye signs of Graves' disease. Arteriovenous malformations and carotid cavernous fistulas can cause enlargement of the extraocular muscles by a diffuse increase in orbital venous pressure, Acute orbital myositis can be distinguished from other forms of pseudotumor by the presence of a single enlarge extraocular muscle with associated inflammatory findings which responds to corticosteroid therapy. Neoplasms may invade extraocular muscles or compress their venous drainage causing secondary muscle enlargement. In all these patients the presence of a mass was correctly identified. The ability of the computed tomography scanner to recognize abnormalities of the extraocular muscles represents a significant advance in classification and diagnosis of the causes of exophthalmos.     

眼肌肥大的诊断与鉴别诊断

目的 探讨眼肌肥大的原因。方法 收集1996-2000年收治的眼眶病中肌肉肥大的病例，并对其原因进行分析和分类。结果 导致眼肌肥大的疾病按其发病率由高至低依次为：甲状腺相关眼病，动静脉畸形，炎性假瘤，囊虫病。结论 影像学检查包括B型超声和CT扫描能够揭示上述各类疾病的特征，并作为鉴别诊断的依据。     

Echographic measurement of extraocular muscle thickness in proptosis.

Echographic extraocular muscle thickness was measured in 102 eyes of 51 patients with proptosis of varied etiology. That of vascular origin was associated with extraocular muscle enlargement in all cases. Enlargement of the medial rectus was found to be statistically significant in thyroid orbitopathy. Sixty percent of cases with nonspecific orbital inflammatory disease had enlarged extraocular muscles. We discuss the supportive role of determining echographic measurements of extraocular muscle thickness in proptosis and highlight the uniform extraocular muscle enlargement found in proptosis of vascular origin.     

眼眶炎性假瘤的CT诊断价值

目的 总结分析眼眶炎性假瘤CT表现，探讨CT扫描对眼眶炎性假瘤的诊断价值。方法对39例经手术病理或临床随诊证实的眼眶炎性假瘤患者的CT表现和临床表现作回顾性分析。结果泪腺炎型13例，5例双侧泪腺增大，8例单侧增大，密度均匀，边界清楚；前部假瘤4例，位于球后，与其紧贴，边缘不清，密度不均，临近眼环局限性增厚；后部假瘤5例，位于眶尖部，密度不均，形态不规则；弥漫型5例，充满眶内球后区，眶内结构分界不清；肌炎型12例，单侧发病，累及一条或多条眼外肌，多为弥漫性增粗，眼外肌附着点增厚。结论眼眶炎性假瘤的CT表现有一定特点，CT能明确病变部位、范围和对眼眶炎性假瘤的分型，并能追踪随访疾病过程及疗效的评价。     

Correlation of CT Scanning and Pathologic Features of Ophthalmic Graves' Disease

Correlating the CT scan features of patients with orbital Graves' disease with histopathologic observations allows one to focus more specifically on the distinguishing features of this disease with future research implications. Both CT scanning and pathologic studies have shown clearly that the extraocular muscles are the primary focus of the disease. Swelling of the extraocular muscles generally occurs within their bellys with sparing of the tendons. This contrasts with idiopathic inflammation of the muscles or myositis, which tends to involve the tendon as well. All of the associated findings in orbital Graves' disease probably flow from the enlarged volume of the extraocular muscles: proptosis, bowing of the medial lamina papyracea to accommodate the swollen belly of the medial rectus muscle, venous engorgement from stasis induced by direct compression of the orbital venous drainage, conjunctival and lid swelling, and lacrimal gland enlargement. Both radiographic and pathologic changes in the orbital fat are secondary and comparatively insignificant. While there appears to be no selective inflammation of the optic nerve meninges or the perineural connective tissues, enlargement of the extraocular muscle bellys where they converge at the crowded orbital apex brings about compression of the optic nerve, impairs its function, and causes visual decrease. Lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltration along with edema within the endomysium of the extraocular muscles leads to the activation of fibroblasts with the production of acid mucopolysaccharides and progressive fibrosis. It is not known what attracts the lymphocytes to the extraocular muscles, why certain extraocular muscles are affected preferentially, why the disease may be asymmetrically unilateral, and whether a defect in T cell or B cell functions (or both) is immunologically at fault.     

Orbital myositis

We report five cases of presumed orbital myositis mimicking extraocular muscle motility disturbances and manifesting clinical signs of active inflammation over the involved muscles. Computed tomographic evidence for extraocular muscle enlargement is helpful in confirming the diagnosis. If not present or atypical, another etiology should be sought. All patients responded rapidly and dramatically to systemic corticosteroids. Anterior inflammation may be accompanied by iritis and respond to topical corticosteroids. We believe the diagnosis of orbital myositis may be made on clinical grounds with confirmation by computed tomographic evidence for extraocular muscle enlargement and clinical response to corticosteroids. Biopsy is unnecessary except in atypical cases.     

Extraocular muscle involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis

A 44-year-old man with Wegener's granulomatosis involving the upper and lower respiratory tracts developed a diplopia with involvement of three extraocular muscles of one eye and one extraocular muscle of the other eye. The ocular and orbital examinations were otherwise normal, as were computerized tomography (CT) scans of the brain and orbits. The patient was treated with systemic Cytoxan and Prednisone and the respiratory and extraocular muscle abnormalities cleared within 1 month. Because of the bilateral extraocular muscle involvement, the absence of central nervous system or orbital findings, and the rapid and complete resolution after Cytoxan and Prednisone therapy, a diffuse vasculitis affecting the extraocular muscles was implicated as the etiology of the diplopia.