肺炎链球菌100株耐药性分析

目的　了解杭州地区小儿肺炎链球菌致病株的耐药特征。方法　用Kirby -Bauer法对浙江大学儿童医院 2 0 0 1年 7月至 2 0 0 2年 1月鉴定的 10 0株肺炎链球菌进行耐药性分析 ,同时用E -test法测定青霉素、氨苄西林、头孢噻肟和红霉素的最低抑菌浓度。结果　青霉素不敏感株 6 1株占 6 1% ,其中中介株占 46 % ,耐药株占15 % ,其最低抑菌浓度范围为 0 0 16～ 3 0 0 0mg/L ,平均 0 5 2 3mg/L。 92 %的菌株对红霉素耐药 ,对四环素、复方新诺明的耐药率也分别高达 85 %和 5 6 % ,氯霉素的耐药率为 16 %。多重耐药率为 6 3 % ,其中多数对红霉素、四环素和复方新诺明联合耐药。 99%的菌株对利福平敏感。未发现氨苄西林耐药株 ,但中介株达 43 %。所有的菌株都对头孢噻肟、万古霉素和氧氟沙星敏感。结论　杭州地区肺炎链球菌耐药现象比较严重 ,第三代头孢菌素是临床治疗耐青霉素肺炎链球菌感染的理想药物。     

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目的分析下呼吸道感染儿童肺炎链球菌(SP)对常用抗生素的药敏情况。方法采用回顾性分析方法,收集2005年1月至2009年12月温州医学院附属育英儿童医院住院患儿痰培养SP阳性且临床诊断为下呼吸道感染(包括支气管炎、毛细支气管炎、肺炎等)病例的药敏资料,分析其肺炎链球菌对常用抗生素的耐药。结果共检出643株SP,5年间SP对各种抗生素的不敏感率(中介率+耐药率)较高的前10位的药物依次为:红霉素99.3%、阿奇霉素98.6%、氯林可霉素98.3%、复方磺胺甲口恶唑95.0%、头孢克洛94.6%、头孢呋辛94.1%、四环素93.6%、青霉素93.2%、美罗培南87.4%、头孢噻肟77.9%,无耐万古霉素菌株。青霉素敏感SP组与青霉素不敏感SP组对红霉素、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、头孢克洛、头孢曲松、阿莫西林/棒酸、阿莫西林、美罗培南的耐药性比较均P<0.05,对氯林可霉素、氨苄青霉素、四环素、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、环丙沙星、壮观霉素、左氧氟沙星和阿奇霉素等抗菌药物均P>0.05。红霉素敏感SP组与红霉素不敏感SP组对氯林可霉素、青霉素、四环素、阿奇霉素的耐药性比较均P<0.05,对头孢菌素、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、环丙...     

儿童肺炎链球菌耐药性与pbp2b基因RFLP和PFGE图型分析

目的　监测肺炎链球菌对青霉素和其他抗生素的耐药情况 ;分析pbp2b基因扩增产物图谱与青霉素耐药性的相关性 ;对 3 1株青霉素耐药菌株进行血清分型 ;分析血清型 2 3F和血清型 6的青霉素耐药菌株的脉冲电场凝胶电泳 (PFGE)图型 ,初步了解北京地区耐药菌株分子流行病学上的特点。方法　 ( 1)抗生素药物敏感试验 ;( 2 )用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)和限制性内切酶片段长度多态性分析 (RFLP)方法 ,分析pbp2b基因扩增产物图谱与青霉素耐药性的相关性 ;( 3 )使用乳胶凝集的方法 ,对 3 1株青霉素耐药菌株进行血清分型 ;( 4 )使用PFGE图型方法分析 6株血清型 2 3F和 3株血清型 6的青霉素耐药菌株流行病学上的基本特性。结果　 ( 1)对青霉素的耐药性由 1997年 9 9%上升到 2 0 0 0年 14 6% (P >0 0 5)。对红霉素、复方磺胺甲基异唑和氯霉素耐药性分别由 1997年76 8%、74 7%和 2 2 6%上升到 2 0 0 0年的 87 4%、88 3 %和 40 8% (P <0 0 5) ;( 2 )通过PCR和RFLP方法分析青霉素耐药菌株和青霉素敏感菌株表明 ,pbp2b基因扩增图谱与青霉素耐药性之间有较好的相关性 ;( 3 )对 3 1株青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌 (PRSP)做了血清型 2 3F和 6分型。前者为 6株 ( 19% ) ;后者为 3株 ( 9% )。 6株血清型 2 3F肺炎链球菌均为低水平     

四地儿童肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌抗生素敏感性监测(2000～2001年)

目的 了解当前我国儿科呼吸道感染常见病原肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌对常用抗生素的敏感性，以便有效指导临床合理用药和预防。方法 连续两年对北京、上海、广州三家儿童医院和西安西京医院儿科（仅2001年）就诊的上呼吸道感染儿童鼻咽分泌物进行培养、分离肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌；采用纸片扩散法及E－test方法对分离株进行常用抗生素敏感性检测。结果 四地2年从呼吸道感染儿童鼻咽部分离肺炎链球菌共654株，流感嗜血杆菌669株。肺炎链球菌对青霉素不敏感（PRSP）率范围在14％－60％，2001年各地区发生率依次为上海55．0％、广州50．0％、西安45．0％、北京42．3％；与2000年相比，2001年部分地区如北京、上海青霉素中度敏感株明显增多。PRSP对β－内酰胺类、红霉素、复方磺胺甲基异恶唑耐药率明显高于青霉素敏感株（PSSP），且多重耐药率高达90％以上。北京、上海、西安地区分离株对阿莫西林／克拉维酸、头孢曲松仍具有很好的敏感性（96．6％－98．9％），而对头孢呋辛敏感性有不同程度下降，广州地区敏感率仅为59％，上海71％，而北京地区为92．3％，明显高于广州地区。2001年四地区分离株对头孢克洛总耐药率：广州地区耐药率最高（56％），上海、西安次之（15％、13％），北京最低（4．8％）。四地分离株对红霉素耐药率高达75％－96％，其中以高度耐药（≥256mg/L）为主，占80％－99％；2001年与北京地区分离株红霉素耐药率87．9％，高于上海（80％）、广州（78％）。肺炎链球菌四环素耐药情况与红霉素相近（60％－96％）；复方磺胺甲基异恶唑耐药也很突出（68％－88％）；而对氯霉素仍保持较低水平耐药（20％－30％）。各地区流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄青霉素、氯霉素耐药保持较低水平（5％－16％），多数地区对其他β－丙酰胺类抗生素有较好的敏感性（96％－100％），但2001年北京和广州对头孢克洛耐药已达12．7％和20％。对四环素、复方磺胺甲基异恶唑耐药率范围分别为11．3％－26．5％、37．5％－77．1％，各地区间耐药率略有差异。结论 四地区儿童上呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌耐药形势严峻，PRSP已达中等水平，有逐年上升的趋势，并以红霉素、四环素、复方磺胺甲基异恶唑等多重耐药为主要特点。     

金黄色葡萄球菌儿童株耐药性研究和mecA基因检测

目的了解金黄色葡萄球菌（简称金葡菌）儿童株对常用抗生素的耐药特点,评价苯唑西林耐药性相关基因raecA-PCR的临床价值。方法用金葡菌乳胶凝集试验和Vitek系统GPI卡鉴定金葡菌,用纸片扩散法完成12种常用抗生素的药敏试验,同时用E-test法进行苯唑西林和万古霉素耐药性检测,并对所有菌株采用PCR技术检测mecA基因。结果金黄色葡萄球菌共259株,包括185株临床株和74株健康携带株,其中95．8％的菌株产生B内酰胺酶而对青霉素G耐药,91．1％的菌株对苯唑西林敏感,对头孢噻肟和头孢曲松的敏感率均为91．9％;对红霉素、四环素、克林霉素、甲氧苄啶磺胺甲基异恶唑、氯霉素、氧氟沙星和利福平的耐药率分别为48．3％、30．9％、21．6％、11．2％、10．0％、2．3％和1．5％;所有菌株均对万古霉素敏感。临床株对苯唑西林、头孢噻肟和头孢曲松的耐药率高于携带株（P〈0．05）,对红霉素的耐药率低于携带株（P〈0．01）。mecA-PCR结果显示：标准株ATCC25923和所有苯唑西林敏感株mecA基因均阴性,中介株mecA基因阳性1株,耐药株中均阳性。结论本研究中金葡菌对苯唑西林的耐药率不高,而mecA-PCR技术可以作为快速检测耐苯唑西林金葡菌的有效方法。     

B组链球菌的耐药性及红霉素耐药基因检测研究

目的探讨北京和广州地区B组链球菌（GBS）抗生素耐药菌谱及对红霉素耐药机制。方法GBS菌193株,其中140株和47株GBS分别来自北京和广州地区正常妇女阴道拭子标本,6株GBS菌株来自北京地区新生儿感染性肺炎和脑膜炎患儿体液标本中培养分离。应用标准的KB纸片法对临床常用7种抗生素耐药性检测。应用PCR法对102株（包括57株敏感株及45株耐药株）GBS进行红霉素耐药基因ermB、mefA检测。结果193株GBS菌均对青霉素类、头孢菌素类抗生素敏感;但青霉素和氨苄青霉素中介率均为17％;北京地区GBS的红霉素和林可霉素耐药率从1998年到1999年分别从8％增加到16％和从20％增加到28％;广州地区1999年分离的GBS菌株对红霉素和林可霉素耐药率分别为45％和26％,与北京地区1998、1999年分离的GBS菌株的红霉素耐药率比较,差异有统计学意义（P=0．000）。在45株红霉素耐药GBS菌中有40株同时对林可霉素耐药,5株表现为红霉素耐药而林可霉素敏感。20株GBS红霉素耐药仅含有ermB基因;13株红霉素耐药株仅含有mefA基因;同时含有ermB和mefA基因有6株。6株耐药株未能检测到ermB和mefA基因。结论青霉素、氨苄青霉素可作为治疗GBS感染首选药物;头孢菌素类抗生素可作为二线的选择药物。而红霉素和林可霉素作为预防和治疗GBS感染的药物应用价值应重新给予评价。在我国ermB基因介导的核糖体靶位点改变在GBS耐药机制中可能起主要作用。     

2004-2007年温州地区下呼吸道感染患儿肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的 检测2004-2007年温州地区下呼吸道感染患儿肺炎链球菌(Sp)对常用抗生素的耐药情况.方法 采集2004年1月-2007年12月温州医学院附属育英儿童医院收治的下呼吸道感染住院患儿的痰标本,经实验室培养、分离、并采用奥普托欣鉴定出339株Sp,检测其对青霉素等10种抗生素的敏感性.结果 Sp 339株中对青霉素的不敏感率达83.18%,耐药率56.34%;Sp菌株对红霉素、克林霉素、四环素、复方磺胺甲噁唑、头孢噻肟、氯霉素、阿莫西林和氧氟沙星的耐药率分别为98.23%、97.52%、84.36%、69.82%、29.0%、24.56%、5.32%和3.01%,未检出对万古霉素耐药的菌株.4 a间Sp对青霉素、氧氟沙星的小敏感率逐年升高(X2=10.193,7.779 Pa<0.05),对复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率2007年较2006年降低(X2=36.929 P<0.05),Sp对其余抗生素的耐药率年度间比较羞异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05).青霉素不敏感Sp(PNSP)对红霉素、四环素、头孢噻肟的耐药率均高于青霉素敏感Sp(PSSP)(Pa<0.05),而对其余几种抗生素耐药率的差异均尤统计学意义(Pa>0.05).耐药模式分析表明多重耐药率达95%以上,PNSP较PSSP更为多见(72.56% vs 22.72%);红霉素耐药Sp较红霉素敏感Sp也更为多见(94.42% vs 0.88%).结论 温州地区下呼吸道感染患儿Sp耐药情况严峻,Sp对克林霉素、红霉素、四环素等多重耐药,对本地区Sp感染儿童的治疗和抗生素的选择具有指导价值.实用儿科临床杂志,2009,24(10):765-767     

2006年抚顺地区儿童肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的了解2006年抚顺地区儿童肺炎链球菌耐药性,以指导临床合理用药。方法对2006年在抚顺矿务局总医院鉴定的113例肺炎链球菌,用纸片扩散法进行常用抗生素敏感性检测。结果113株肺炎链球菌对青霉素、氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢克洛、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮、头孢曲松钠、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、红霉素的耐药株数(耐药率)分别为93株(82.3%)、73株(64.6%)、72株(63.7%)、30株(26.5%)、18株(15.9%)、15株(13.3%)、3株(2.7%)、1株(0.9%)、1株(0.9%)、78株(69.0%)。结论抚顺地区儿童肺炎链球菌对青霉素、红霉素的耐药性比较严重,而对第三代头孢菌素类抗生素比较敏感,故第三代头孢菌素类抗生素是本地目前临床治疗耐青霉素肺炎链球菌感染的较佳药物。     

2003-2004年广州地区儿童肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌抗生素敏感性调查

目的了解2003-2004年广州地区儿童呼吸道感染常见病原肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌对常用抗生素的敏感性,以便有效指导临床合理用药和预防.方法对2003-2004年在广州市儿童医院就诊的1565例上呼吸道感染儿童鼻咽分泌物进行培养,分离肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌;采用纸片扩散法及E-test方法对分离株进行常用抗生素敏感性检测.结果从1565例呼吸道感染儿童鼻咽部分离肺炎链菌球共172株,流感嗜血杆菌484株.172株肺炎链球菌对常用抗生素耐药株数（耐药率）分别为：青霉素55（32.0%）、阿莫西林/克拉维酸19（11.1%）、头孢曲松56（32.6%）、头孢呋辛31（18.1%）、头孢克洛68（39.5%）、红霉素142（82.6%）、四环素135（78.5%）、氯霉素42（24.4%）、复方磺胺甲基异噁唑150（87.2%）、克林霉素119（69.2%）、氧氟沙星5（3.1%）;肺炎链球菌的青霉素不敏感株对β-内酰胺类、红霉素、复方磺胺甲基异噁唑耐药率明显高于青霉素敏感株,且多重耐药率在90%以上.484株流感嗜血杆菌中,143株β-内酰胺酶阳性,产酶率为29.5%,484株流感嗜血杆菌的耐药株数（耐药率）分别为：氨苄西林194（40.1%）,阿莫西林/克拉维酸16（3.4%）、头孢曲松20（4.1%）、头孢呋辛9（1.9%）、头孢克洛27（5.6%）、复方磺胺甲基异噁唑272（56.2%）、四环素252（52.1%）、氯霉素84（17.4%）、阿奇霉素10（2.1%）、氧氟沙星3（0.6%）.结论广州地区儿童呼吸道肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌耐药形势严峻,与该地区前3年资料比较,肺炎链球菌对青霉素敏感性有所增加,但对头孢曲松耐药性增加,青霉素不敏感株的多重耐药率较高,以红霉素、四环素、复方磺胺甲基异噁唑多重耐药为主要特点.流感嗜血杆菌的产酶率上升,导致菌株对氨苄西林耐药性明显增高,对头孢二、三代抗生素、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、阿奇霉素有较高的敏感性.     

2001年至2011年沈阳地区肺炎链球菌感染分布及耐药性变迁

目的 了解肺炎链球菌对青霉素等10种抗生素耐药性的动态变迁、感染病例的科室分布及耐药现状,为临床治疗肺炎链球菌感染提供参考依据.方法 采用法国生物梅里埃API鉴定系统、VITEK 2-COMPACT鉴定系统以及Optochin试验、胆汁溶解试验进行细菌鉴定;用K-B纸片扩散法联合浓度梯度法对青霉素、头孢噻肟等10种抗生素进行体外药敏试验,对2001年至2011年各年药敏结果进行分析.结果 11年来肺炎链球菌对临床常用抗生素的耐药率逐年上升,特别是青霉素的耐药率和不敏感率明显上升,已从2001年的8.3％上升至2011年的72.7％(脑膜炎86.4％,非脑膜炎59.0％);3代头孢菌素头孢噻肟的耐药率已占54.0％(脑膜炎64.0％,非脑膜炎44.0％);大环内酯类抗菌药物的耐药率为100％;未检测到万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药菌株.结论 青霉素不敏感的肺炎链球菌已占很高的比例,肺炎链球菌青霉素、头孢菌素、大环内酯类抗菌药物耐药情况严重.临床在治疗肺炎链球菌引起的重症感染病例中应首选万古霉素和利奈唑胺或根据分离菌体外药敏结果选择合适的抗菌药物.     

Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from a paediatric population: changes in 10 years

Susceptibility to penicillin, cefotaxime, erythromycin and chloramphenicol, as well as serotypes of 100 Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated between 1984 and 1985, were compared to those of the same number of strains isolated between 1994 and 1995. The strains were obtained in Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, and were thought to be the cause of a variety of infectious diseases in paediatric patients attending this centre. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of penicillin were higher in strains of the second period (51% of resistant strains during the first period vs 61% during the second one), as were those of cefotaxime (12% vs 18%) and erythromycin (6% vs 36%), while chloramphenicol MICs showed a light decrease (65% vs 46%). Serotypes 6, 19 and 23 were the most prevalent. Five new serotypes (4, 10, 18, 22 and 31) were detected in 10 penicillin-susceptible strains during the second period. Because of the increase in resistance to antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of systemic and localized infections, therapeutic alternatives must be studied and suggested in order to offer oral and percutaneous treatment for our children's infections caused by pneumococci.     

Antimicrobial resistance of nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy carriers: report of a study in 5-year-olds in Marcory, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae is of growing public health concern. The aim of this study was to assess resistance rates of S. pneumoniae to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents. Between November 1997 and February 1998 in a community health centre in Marcory, an Abidjan suburb, 138 S. pneumoniae strains were isolated from the nasopharynxes of 218 apparently healthy children aged 3-60 months. The sensitivity of the isolates was tested using the Kirby-Bauer method. In isolates with a possibly abnormal sensitivity to the Kirby-Bauer test, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were estimated using the E-test. Antimicrobials tested included penicillin G, amoxycillin, cefotaxime, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, rifampicin and vancomycin. Twelve of 108 isolates (8.7%) had reduced sensitivity to penicillin G, and in three of them the MIC for penicillin reached at least 2 micrograms/ml. Resistance to amoxycillin and cefotaxime was lower than to penicillin (2.2%). With regard to cotrimoxazole, 37% were moderately resistant and 15.2% highly resistant. The lowest resistance rate observed was to rifampicin (2.2%) and the highest was to tetracycline (57.2%). Rates of resistance to erythromycin and chloramphenicol were 11.6% and 2.9%. All strains were sensitive to vancomycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 9.4% of S. pneumoniae isolates. In children, epidemiological surveillance of resistance can be monitored by bacteriological surveys, as shown in this study.     

Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from healthy children in day-care centers: results of a multicenter study in Russia

BACKGROUND: It has been previously shown that study of susceptibility of nasopharyngeal isolates in healthy carriers can predict resistance in clinical isolates. The purpose of this multicenter study was to determine the carriage rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy children attending day-care centers in Moscow, Smolensk and Yartsevo, Russia, and in vitro activity of penicillin G, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) against representative isolates. METHODS: Included in this study were 305 pneumococcal isolates from 733 children attending 9 day-care centers in Moscow, Smolensk and Yartsevo. All children enrolled in this study were <7 years of age. MICs of selected antimicrobials were determined by Etest. Serotyping of selected pneumococcal isolates was done with pool and type antisera. RESULTS: The carriage rate of S. pneumoniae in the 3 centers varied from 44.9% to 66.0% (mean, 55.9%). Susceptibility testing was performed with 305 (74.4%) of 410 isolates. Only 23 (7.5%) of 305 pneumococcal isolates were penicillin-intermediate (range, 2.8 to 12.8%) with no penicillin-resistant strains. All tested pneumococci were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanate. Macrolides possessed comparable activity against S. pneumoniae, at 4.6% resistant strains for both erythromycin (range, 1.1 to 17.1%) and clarithromycin (range, 1.7 to 17.1%). The highest level of resistance was observed with TMP-SMX, 53.4% (range, 43.8 to 70.9%). Of 23 strains 20 (87.0%) with intermediate resistance to penicillin were serotyped. The most prevalent serotype was 14 (5 isolates), followed by serogroups 19 (4) and 23 (4). CONCLUSIONS: Resistance to penicillin, other beta-lactams and macrolides does not seem to be a problem for Russia now. The high level of resistance to TMP-SMX considerably restricts its usage for the treatment of pneumococcal infections.     

Susceptibility of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci to thirteen antibiotics: examination of 301 strains isolated in the United States between 1994 and 1997

BACKGROUND: Because of continuing reports from many countries of increasing resistance of group A streptococci to macrolide antibiotics, we determined the antibiotic susceptibility of recent group A streptococcal isolates from the United States. METHODS: We evaluated 301 Streptococcus pyogenes isolates (245 from patients with uncomplicated pharyngitis and 56 isolates from patients with invasive systemic infections) for susceptibility using the Etest technique. The isolates came from 24 states and the District of Columbia during the years 1994 through 1997. Thirteen antibiotics (azithromycin, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, imipenem, levofloxacin, oxacillin, penicillin G, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) were studied. RESULTS: The MIC90 for penicillin was 0.016 microg/ml, which is not significantly different from previous reports. Of the 301 isolates only 2.6% were resistant to a macrolide antibiotic and only 4% were resistant to tetracycline. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that antibiotic resistance among recent isolates of group A streptococci (including those from patients with severe infections) currently is not a clinically significant problem in the United States.     

Failure of cefotaxime treatment in two children with meningitis caused by highly penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae

Two infants, aged 8.5 and 11 months, were admitted for meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Failure of cefotaxime led to the identification of highly penicillin-G-resistant strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for penicillin were2 μg/ml, and cefotaxime MICs were 2 μg/ml. Both patients rapidly responded to a combination of iv imipenem and rifampicin. It is now mandatory to test in-vitro susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin G and other beta-lactam agents when meningitis is diagnosed in infants. Antibiotics, meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae     

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Type b Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Antibiotic Concentration in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Antibiotic susceptibilities of 38 type b Haemophilus influenzae and 28 Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid, blood and other specimens between 1973 and 1988 were studied. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin against 10 β-lactamase positive and 28 negative H. influenzae isolates were 32–64 and 0.25 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC of chloramphenicol against one of the β-lactamase positive H. influenzae strains was 8 but MICs against the rest of the organisms were 0.5–1 μg/ml. MICs of cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and cefuroxime against all H. influenzae strains were 0.016, 0.008 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. No S. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to penicillin G and MICs of this drug were 0.016–0.032 μg/ml. MICs of cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and cefuroxime against all S. pneumoniae strains were 0.016–0.032, 0.016–0.032 and 0.032–0.063 μg/ml, respectively. MICs of chloramphenicol against 15, 4 and 9 of S. pneumoniae isolates were 2, 8 and 16 μg/ml, respectively. Antibiotic concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis after intravenous administration of ampicillin (50–70 mg/kgx4/day), penicillin G (31–63 mg/kgx4/day), cefotaxime (50 mg/kgx4/day) and chloramphenicol (25 mg/kgx4/day) were 4.70±1.83 (n=11), 0.57±0.32 (n=7), 4.97±2.60 (n=9) and 8.52±3.54 μg/ml (n=3), respectively. The initial choice of antibiotics in older children with bacterial meningitis is a combination of ampicillin (75 mg/kgx4/day) and cefotaxime (50 mg/kgx4/day) to cover ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae , and Listeria monocytogenes in Japan. These antibiotics should be changed according to the causative organisms and their antibiotic susceptibilities.     

2000~2004京沪穗渝5家儿童医院革兰阳性球菌耐药情况分析

[摘要]探讨我国不同地区儿科主要革兰阳性球菌耐药的情况。方法 对五家儿童专科医院从2000年1月1日至2004年12月31日内检验科送检标本分离出的四种革兰阳性球菌(共计8215株)进行Kirby-Bauer琼脂扩散法进行抗生素敏感试验，并按照每年NCCLS标准进行判读，并计算出所测细菌对抗菌药物的耐药率（R%＋I%）和敏感率（S%）。 结果 从感染患儿中分离出4004株金黄色葡萄球菌，甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率为7.15%，红霉素总耐药率为61.96%,并且有逐年上升的趋势，4004株金葡菌中未发现对万古霉素耐药或中介的金葡菌；肺炎链球菌共2402株，青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌（PNSP）的检出率为63.42%，红霉素耐药率为86.22%，两者耐药率均在上升；β溶血性链球菌共432株，对青霉素全部敏感，对红霉素的耐药率为68.47%，且耐药率在逐年增加；肠球菌共1377株，对万古霉素的中度敏感率为2.73%，对氨苄西林的耐药率为51.91%，对红霉素的耐药率高达88.10%。 结论 除了β溶血性链球菌之外，多数G＋细菌对广谱青霉素的耐药率都偏高；G＋细菌对万古霉素和环丙沙星的敏感率较高,但对红霉素的耐药率居高不下并有逐年上升的趋势。MRSA及仍在较低水平，在本研究中没有发现VRSA及VISA，但是仍然要加强各地对革兰阳性球菌耐药性和抗生素使用情况的监测,合理使用抗生素。     

Carriage of penicillin resistant pneumococci.

A survey of 303 urban and 156 rural children showed nasopharyngeal carriage of relatively resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae organisms in 14.2% and 19.2% of children, respectively. These organisms have minimum inhibitory concentrations for penicillin in the range of 0.12-1 microgram/ml. An analysis of 40 relatively resistant S. pneumoniae strains showed resistance to co-trimoxazole in 47.5%, trimethoprim in 42.5%, fusidic acid in 20%, tetracycline in 2.5%, and rifampicin in 5%. All the strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol and vancomycin, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations of third generation cephalosporins and imipenem were comparable with or lower than those of penicillin. Eighty three per cent of the strains tested belonged to serogroups 6 and 19. These findings are discussed in relation to the poor clinical response to treatment with penicillin for relatively resistant S. pneumoniae meningitis, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations of alternate agents under review for treatment of systemic pneumococcal disease are presented.