腰椎弓根长度与椎管大小的相关性

目的 :研究腰椎弓根长度与椎管大小的关系,为临床腰椎管狭窄的诊治提供解剖学依据。方法 :在成人干燥腰椎骨上测量双侧第1腰椎到第5腰椎(L_(1～5))椎弓根的长度、侧隐窝的长度、椎管的正中矢状径和椎管横径。结果:平均双侧椎弓根长度、双侧侧隐窝长度从L_1到L_5逐渐减小;椎管正中矢状径和椎管横径从L_1到L_4逐渐减小,L_5增大。L_5椎管正中矢状径平均为(17.43±3.52)mm,椎管横径平均为(21.36±4.14)mm。双侧椎弓根长度与同侧侧隐窝长度L_3、L_4、L_5差异存在统计学意义,在L_2差异无统计学意义。双侧椎弓根长度与椎管矢状径在L_1、L_2、L_4、L_5差异均无统计学意义。双侧椎弓根长度与椎管横径在L_1、L_2、L_3、L_4、L_5差异均无统计学意义。结论 :在L_(3～5),腰椎弓根长度与同侧侧隐窝长度有关,而与椎管正中矢状径、椎管横径关系不明显。     

脊柱腰段断面解剖观测及临床意义

目的旨在为脊柱腰段病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供形态学依据。方法 30例横断面标本,观测椎体、椎弓根、椎孔、椎弓板等结构。结果椎体横、矢径,以及椎孔横径存在性别差异(男性女性,P0.0001),但椎孔矢径无性差(P=0.6441),而不同椎体间椎孔矢径存在差异(P=0.0349),不同椎体的横、矢径存在显著差异(P0.0001);脊椎指数均1:4.5,且存在性别差异(P0.0001),不同腰椎间有显著性差异(P=0.0018);腰椎椎板夹角变化较大(70°～90°),同椎骨A、B两个断面该角的大小具有显著性差异(P0.0001),但无性差、各椎体间也无显著性差异;椎弓根横径、OE径存在性别差异(男性女性,P0.0001),不同椎体的该两径存在显著差异(P0.0001),但该两径值的侧差无显著性差异(P0.6070);Z角在不同腰椎间存在显著性差异(P0.0001),但无性差、侧差(性别P=0.4153,侧差P=0.7579)。结论⑴不同性别、不同腰椎间的形态数据存在显著差异;⑵椎体横、矢径,椎孔横、矢径,脊柱指数,椎弓板夹角均可作为诊断腰椎孔狭窄的参考指标;⑶椎弓根螺钉选择需结合术前影像测量。     

Cross-sectional anatomy of the human corpus striatum

目的:为纹状体的影像诊断提供形态学依据和相关测量值.方法:选取31例成人头部横断面标本,观测纹状体及其毗邻结构的面积和横、矢径,标准化前、后数据均进行相应统计学处理.结果:纹状体面积存在性差(女性＞男性);尾状核头面积与背侧丘脑面积负相关,壳矢径与背侧丘脑横径呈正相关;端脑面积与壳面积呈正相关;端脑横径与尾状核头横径、壳横径,端脑矢径与壳横矢径、苍白球矢径均呈正相关.结论:纹状体各部面积存在性差(女性＞男性);背侧丘脑面积、横径与端脑面积、横矢径均可作为研究纹状体形态变化的参考指标;数据标准化可有效排除个体差异的干扰.     

中国北方地区成人C3～L5椎孔形态的测量及临床应用研究

目的:研究中国北方地区成人椎孔形态从C3～L5的连续性变化特征,补充国人椎骨形态的数据资料.方法:选用中国北方出土的干燥椎骨(C3～L5)124套,其中男性56例,女性68例,采用人体测量方法,用电子游标卡尺测量了椎孔横、矢状径,也计算了椎孔指数.结果:(1)颈、胸、腰椎的椎孔横径男性分别为23.02、16.17和23.40mm,女性分别为22.78、16.49和22.83mm.(2)颈、胸、腰椎的椎孔矢状径男性分别为13.39、14.80和15.62 mm,女性分别为13.06、14.80和16.29 mm.(3)颈、胸、腰椎的椎孔指数男性分别为58.2、92.5和67.2,女性分别为57.4、90.4和71.7.结论:椎孔横径和矢状径有明显的地区差别,而性差不明显.     

侧隐窝横、矢径测量在腰椎管狭窄症的诊断意义

目的探讨侧隐窝狭窄的原因及其横、矢径测量在腰椎管狭窄症的诊断意义。方法利用30例横断面、8例矢状面标本,观测侧隐窝、黄韧带、椎间盘等结构。结果 (1)L3-5骨性侧隐窝矢径为(6.97±0.95)、(6.46±0.86)、(6.37±0.54)mm,盘黄间隙矢径为(7.21±0.82)、(7.20±0.79)、(7.01±0.59)mm;(2)椎间盘横径、矢径均存在性差,各椎体间的椎间盘也存在差异;黄韧带厚度、侧隐窝横径及矢径均无侧差,但黄韧带厚度存在性差,侧隐窝横径、矢径均无性差;(3)椎间盘前缘高度大于后缘,L4～5前、后缘高度之比较L5～S1小。结论⑴不同性别、不同腰椎间的形态数据存在显著差异;⑵椎间盘、黄韧带数据均可作为诊断侧隐窝狭窄的参考指标;⑶侧隐窝狭窄是导致腰椎管狭窄的一个重要因素。     

枢椎4层皮质骨椎弓根螺钉的影像学测量及置钉策略

目的　探讨枢椎经椎管4层皮质骨椎弓根螺钉置钉策略的可行性及技术方法。 方法　利用PACS系统调阅92例正常成人枢椎椎弓根水平横断面MRI图像,测量椎弓根内侧壁切线（tangent of pedicle medial wall,TPMW）与脊髓切线（tangent of spinal cord,TSC）、硬膜切线(tangent of dura mater,TDM)间距离及椎管内侧壁切线 (tangent of spinal canal medial wall,TSCMW)与TSC、TDM间距离,以及脊髓和椎管横径、矢状径等参数。 结果　同性别双侧参数差异无统计学意义。男性枢椎TPMW与TSC的距离为9.05 mm,女性为8.57 mm;男性TPMW与TDM的距离为5.04 mm,女性为4.76 mm。男性TSCMW与TSC的距离为7.14 mm,女性为6.70 mm;男性及女性TSCMW与TDM的距离均为3.28 mm。 结论　在枢椎椎弓根水平,经椎管行枢椎4层皮质骨椎弓根螺钉理论上可行,但需根据具体情况采用个性化的策略。     

成人下颈椎椎体、椎体间隙、椎弓根的增龄性变化

目的:揭示正常成人下颈椎椎体、椎体间隙、椎弓根随年龄增长的形态学变化规律.方法:对200名受检者进行64排螺旋CT扫描后数据处理,测量第3至第7颈椎(C3～C7)椎体横径、矢状径及椎体高度、椎体间隙、椎弓根的高与宽,按性别、年龄分组进行统计学分析.结果:颈5、颈6椎体矢径在男性66～年龄组,女性56～65岁及66～年龄组,较其他各组明显增大;各椎体横径、高度的增龄变化差异无统计学意义;随年龄增长,男、女性椎体间隙前、中高先增大后减小,而后高逐渐减小,颈5～6、颈4～5间隙后高,在女性46～55和男性56～65年龄段较25～35年龄组降低;椎弓根宽度小于高度,随年龄增长,宽度呈递进型增宽,高度无明显变化.结论:多排螺旋CT应用广泛,可为影像学诊断及临床应用提供翔实数据;椎体间隙受年龄因素的影响较大.     

下颈椎椎弓根的数字化影像学观测

目的:探讨成人下颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的相关解剖学参数,为临床选择应用螺钉的直径、长度、角度,进钉点定位及判断手术复位等提供理论依据.方法:采集颈椎CT图像,并依据性别与身高等因素分组,对椎弓根具有临床意义的数据进行测量.结果:椎弓根皮质、松质骨高度、宽度,第3～7颈椎同节段侧别间比较因性别和身高因素差异有统计学意义.男性较女性均宽大,第3～7颈椎总的趋势均逐渐增大.椎弓根轴线骨性长度、椎弓根长同节段侧别间比较与性别和身高因素关系密切,男性第3颈椎椎弓根轴线骨性长度最短,第7颈椎椎弓根长度最短;女性第4颈椎椎弓根轴线骨性长度最短,第7颈椎椎弓根长度最短.椎弓根外展角度及向头、尾侧倾斜角度,无性别差异.结论:下颈椎椎弓根等骨性结构个体差异较大(性别、身高因素关系密切),但仍是有规律可循的.术中螺钉直径的选择主要取决于下颈椎椎弓根松质骨的宽度,但应注意个体差异,第3～7颈椎均可用3.5mm的螺钉;螺钉长度选用范围29～32 mm,置入角度有明显规律性,是术中螺钉进钉定位、判断手术复位程度的重要依据.     

CT三维重建技术对颈椎理想椎弓根螺钉的选择及意义

目的运用CT三维重建技术测量颈椎(C3～C7)理想椎弓根螺钉的形态并探讨临床意义。方法应用CT三维重建技术对56例颈椎(C3～C7)进行模拟椎弓根内固定术,并对理想椎弓根螺钉的形态进行测量,包括理想螺钉的长度、直径、螺钉的偏角(外偏角)及矢状角。结果C3～C7理想椎弓根螺钉的长度分别为(28.2±1.9)、(27.9±2.1)、(29.7±2.0)、(30.8±2.3)、(30.6±2.4)mm;直径分别为(4.3±0.8)、(4.5±0.8)、(4.9±0.8)、(5.4±0.9)、(6.2±0.9)mm;外偏角分别为(48±4)°、(50±5)°、(48±4)°、(43±4)°、(36±3)°;矢状角分别为(9±5)°、(6±4)°、(1±3)°、(-1±4)°、(-1±3)°。结论C3～C7椎弓根的形态变异范围较大,应用CT三维重建技术模拟椎弓根内固定术,可测量理想椎弓根螺钉的形态并进行评估,对术中置入螺钉的角度和形态的选择有指导意义。     

腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎的形态学特点及临床意义

目的　研究腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎的形态特点,为腰骶移行椎合并腰椎滑脱、不稳症时椎弓根螺钉内固定术提供依据。 方法　对59例腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎标本的矢状径、横径,峡部的高度、厚度;椎弓根的纵径、横径;椎板的高度、厚度;脊椎指数及退变情况等进行观测。 结果　腰骶移行椎上一节段椎体前后径(34.1±2.7)mm,横径(47.5±4.6)mm;峡部高度(12.9±1.6)mm;峡部厚度(9.0±1.2)mm;椎弓根纵径 (10.6±2.4)mm,椎弓根横径 (14.0±2.4)mm;椎板高度(18.2±2.6) mm,椎板厚度 (5.7±1.2)mm。脊椎指数：1：4.35; 81.4%（48例）发生椎体增生,未发现峡部裂。 结论　腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎椎体各径线及椎弓根横径较正常L4椎体大,可选择直径稍大的椎弓根螺钉;峡部厚度较正常L4增加;峡部不存在发育薄弱和局部缺损。     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964