阿奇霉素与环丙沙星合用对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜的影响

目的研究阿奇霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜的影响及与环丙沙星合用后的抗菌协同作用。方法用0．22μm微孔滤膜构建金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜模型；测定阿奇霉素、环丙沙星的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）值；银染金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜，扫描电镜（SEM）观察生物膜形态结构，连续稀释法进行活菌计数。结果生物膜（BF）可在七天内稳定形成，1／16MIC、1／4MIC浓度阿奇霉素显著减少单用环丙沙星组中的BF活菌数（P〈0．05）。结论阿奇霉素能显著提高环丙沙星对BF中金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性。     

纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用及其机制研究

目的以金黄色葡萄球菌为对象,研究纳米银的抗菌作用,并对抗菌机制进行探讨。方法金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC6538)、双倍浓度营养肉汤和营养肉汤由中国食品药品检定研究院提供;纳米银粉末(≤100 nm,576832-5G,SIGMA-ALORICH)。采用最小抑菌浓度(MIC)实验,测定纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌的振荡培养时(转速为300 r/min)最小抑菌浓度值;采取烧瓶振荡法测定质量浓度50.00、100.00、200.00、800.00μg/m L纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌作用的光密度(OD)值;扫描电子显微镜观察纳米银处理后金黄色葡萄球菌结构的变化。结果振荡培养时,纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值为800.00μg/m L;纳米银使金黄色葡萄球菌的延滞期延长,浓度800.00μg/m L纳米银溶液能够完全抑制金黄色葡萄球菌在肉汤培养液中的增殖生长;用50.00μg/m L的纳米银作用金黄色葡萄球菌4 h,电子显微镜结果显示,金黄色葡萄球菌细胞壁破裂、胞内物质外流及细胞的死亡。结论纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌有抗菌作用,可能进入细菌细胞内造成其死亡。     

氧氟沙星抗菌活性研究

氧氟沙星(氟嗪酸,Ofloxacin)系第三代喹诺酮类抗菌药物,对革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌均有较强的抗菌活性。一、体外抗菌活性测定:使用60株试验菌,测定了MIC值(最低抑菌脓度)。实验结果表明:氧氟沙星对革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌MIC=0.05μg/ml,克雷伯氏菌MIC=0.2μg/ml,阴沟杆菌MIC=0.1—0.78μg/ml等的活性相当于或略好于甲氟沙星,     

进口头孢替安酯体内外抗菌作用的实验研究

目的:评价进口头孢替安酯体内外抗菌作用。方法:进口头孢替安酯为试验药,头孢克洛、头孢氨苄、头孢克肟为对照药,测试它们对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克伯杆菌的体外抗菌活性,即最低抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC);以小鼠为实验动物,用体内保护试验来测量各个药物的半数有效量(50%effective dose,ED_(50))。结果:对所选的三类细菌而言,较其它3种对照药(头孢克洛、头孢克肟和头孢氨苄),进口头孢替安酯有更高的MIC;体内抗菌实验中,进口头孢替安酯对大肠埃希菌ED_(50)低于其他3种对照药,对肺炎克雷伯菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的ED_(50)也仅高于头孢克肟,表现出较强的抗菌能力。结论:进口头孢替安酯对三类细菌的MIC高于其他3种对照药,对大肠埃希菌的体内抗菌活性高于其他3种对照药,对肺炎克雷伯菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的体内抗菌活性仅次于头孢克肟。     

五谷虫抗金黄色葡萄球菌物质的纯化及抗菌机制

背景：五谷虫抗菌物质提纯方法存在争议,抗菌作用机制不清。 目的：分离纯化五谷虫抗菌物质,并明确其抗菌机制。 方法：应用超滤法对五谷虫粗提物进行纯化,用酶标浊度法及K-B纸片琼脂扩散法筛选出具有明显抗菌活性的滤出液;MTT法检测滤出液对金黄色葡萄球菌增殖的影响及测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC);应用电镜技术观察抗菌物质作用后金黄色葡萄球菌的形态变化。 结果与结论：酶标浊度法及K-B纸片琼脂扩散法均显示与五谷虫粗提物及截留液相比较,滤出液   (Mr<10 000)的抗菌活性最强(P < 0.05),能明显抑制金葡萄菌增殖,且对金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为1 g/L。五谷虫滤出液抗菌物质能使金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜的通透性增加,使细菌细胞膜破裂,细胞内容物渗出。五谷虫抗菌物质相对分子质量小于10 000,其可能通过作用于金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜而形成孔洞,增加细胞膜通透性,而发挥抗菌作用。     

国产司帕沙星体内外抗菌作用

采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定了国产司帕沙星(SPFLX)对537株临床分离革兰氏阳性、阴性需氧菌和厌氧菌的体外抗菌活力,并与同类产品中的环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星进行比较。结果表明SPFLX具有广谱高效的体外抗菌作用,该品对革兰氏阳性球菌具有很强抑菌活力,对金黄色葡萄球菌(包括喹诺酮类耐药株及甲氧西林耐药株MRSA)具较强的抑菌活力,MIC范围在<0.004～16mg/L,表葡菌、化脓性链球菌、粪链球菌、肺炎链球菌的MIC在0.015～8mg/L。SPFLX对革兰氏阴性细菌中的大肠杆菌、克氏肺炎杆菌亦具有强抑菌作用,MIC_(50)在0.03～0.06mg/L,对变形杆菌属、粘质沙雷氏菌的MIC_(50)在0.125～0.5mg/L,对绿脓杆菌的MIC_(50)、     

金黄色葡萄球菌agrC结合小肽对生物膜的抑制作用

目的:体外观察金黄色葡萄球菌附属基因调节子(Accessory gene regulator,agr)agrC的特异结合小肽对葡萄球菌生物膜形成的影响。方法:人工合成agrC结合小肽(命名为N1),微量板半定量和激光共聚焦显微镜观察其对生物膜形成的影响;RT-PCR及Western blot观察其对自溶血素(Autolysin E,altE)和icaA蛋白的转录与表达水平的影响。结果:N1在金葡菌的粘附聚集期能显著抑制生物膜的形成,并影响生物膜形成相关因子的转录与表达。结论:N1可用于预防和治疗早期金葡菌生物膜相关感染。     

头孢哌酮/舒巴坦体外抗菌活性的研究

采用琼脂平板稀释法测定了头孢派酮/舒巴坦(SPZ,比例1:1)、头孢哌酮(CPZ)和舒巴坦(SBT)对8种322株临床常见致病菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),并统计了MIC50、MIC90、IC50等数值。结果表明,除金黄色葡萄球菌外,SPZ对其它7种致病菌的抗菌活性均强于CPZ,MIC90值均下降2—4倍;SPZ对肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌的MIC50值     

注射用头孢拉宗钠的体内外抗菌活性研究

目的评价注射用头孢拉宗钠的体内外抗菌活性。方法选取663株临床分离致病菌为实验菌,以头孢美唑、头孢西丁、头孢替坦、头孢米诺、头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛、头孢哌酮、头孢吡肟为对照药物,分别采用平皿二倍稀释法测定药物最低抑菌浓度（MIC）、最低杀菌浓度（MBC）、绘制杀菌曲线（KCs）并行诱导耐药实验,观察头孢拉宗的体外抗菌作用;建立小鼠腹腔感染模型,评价头孢拉宗皮下给药对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染小鼠的体内疗效。结果头孢拉宗对多种革兰阴性菌具有较高的抗菌活性,尤以对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌的抗菌活性更为突出,其MIC50、MIC90分别为0.5、8μg/ml,对产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌的抗菌活性也较强,其MIC50、MIC90分别为4、8μg/ml;头孢拉宗对革兰阴性菌的抗菌作用大多优于头孢西丁、头孢美唑、头孢唑啉、头孢哌酮、头孢替坦和头孢呋辛,而对革兰阳性菌的抗菌活性较弱,与头孢替坦和头孢米诺相近。MBC和KCs测定结果表明,头孢拉宗对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌均具有杀菌作用。以1/4MIC剂量诱导20d后,头孢拉宗对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌的抗菌活性无明显改变。头孢拉宗皮下给药对大肠埃希菌ATCC25922、大肠埃希菌1515、肺炎克雷伯杆菌7、肺炎克雷伯杆菌9613感染小鼠的体内疗效明显优于头孢美唑和头孢唑啉（均P〈0.01）;对金黄色葡萄球菌感染小鼠的体内疗效与头孢美唑相近（P〉0.05）,但弱于头孢唑啉（P〈0.01）。结论注射用头孢拉宗钠对多数革兰阴性菌,特别是大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌具有较强的体外抗菌活性;同时对大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌腹腔感染小鼠的体内疗效也较好。     

金银花水煎液及联合头孢他啶对铜绿假单胞菌生物膜的体外影响

目的　通过在体外复制铜绿假单胞菌 (Pseudomonasaeruginosa ,P .a)的生物膜 (biofilm ,BF)模型 ,研究金银花水煎液对BF的影响及其与头孢他啶 (ceftazidime ,CAZ)的协同杀菌效果。方法　选取临床分离呼吸道P .a ,采用LB(Luria Bertanimedium)肉汤系统复制体外BF模型 ,扫描电子显微镜(scanningelectronmicroscopy ,SEM)观察BF ,连续稀释法进行活菌计数 ,试管二倍稀释法测定药物的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC)。结果　 37℃培养 2 4h ,P .a即表现出对固体表面的黏附性 ,3d形成早期BF ,7d形成成熟BF。金银花组P .a在固体表面的黏附数明显少于空白对照组。 6 2 .5mg/ml的金银花可以抑制和破坏早期及成熟BF ,并增强CAZ对BF内P .a的抗菌活性。结论　金银花水煎液在体外能抑制P .a对固体表面的黏附能力及BF形成能力 ,并能破坏P .a已形成的BF ,增强CAZ对BF内铜绿假单胞菌的清除作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.