双重作用的多巴胺D2/5-HT2A受体拮抗剂比较药效团分析

双重作用的多巴胺D₂/5-HT_2A受体拮抗剂是开发非典型抗精神病药物的有效途径,但最新研究显示, 非典型抗精神病药物将显著增加患者因心律失常及其他心脏疾病而猝死的风险,本文对D₂/5-HT_2A受体拮抗剂的药效团模型以及可能引起心血管风险的α_1A肾上腺素受体拮抗剂和hERG K⁺通道阻断剂的药效团模型进行比较分析,从药效团模型的角度分析多靶点药物的设计。     

一种新的α1A肾上腺素受体选择性拮抗剂—Sertindole

本工作分别在稳定表达α_1A,α_1B和α_1D肾上腺素受体(adrenoceptor,AR)的人胚胎肾脏细胞( human embryonic kidney 293,HEK 293)和大鼠离体血管上,用放射配体结合实验和离体血管收缩功能实验方法以确定sertindole对α₁-AR亚型的选择性拮抗作用。结果显示sertindole与克隆α_1A-AR的亲和性分别是与克隆α_1B-AR和克隆α_1D-AR的69倍和132倍。Sertindole拮抗去甲肾上腺素引起的主动脉和肾动脉收缩反应的pA₂值分别与其对α_1D和α_1A亚型的pKI值相符。分别稳定表达3种亚型受体的HEK293细胞膜标本经与sertindole预温育30min后,受体与¹²⁵IBE2254结合的B_max值显著降低,KD值无显著变化;而在 sertindole 存在条件下,α₁-AR3种亚型与¹²⁵IBE2254 结合的KD值显著增大,但B_max值无显著改变。上述结果表明sertindole为不可逆性竞争性α₁-AR拮抗剂,并有α_1A亚型选择性。     

用流式细胞光度术(FCM)研究争光霉素对肿瘤及正常细胞周期的影响

用流式细胞光度术发现七种争光霉素组分(A₂+B₂混合品,A₂,A₂,A₅,A₆,A₅₀₃₃和B₂)都使中国仓鼠卵巢细胞(CHO)阻断在G₂期,而对G₁→S→G₂的进行无影响。这种G₂期阻断呈剂量依赖性。不同组分的G₂阻断效应不同,在40 μg/ml时,以A₄和A₅最强,其次为A₆,A₂,A₂+B₂混合物和B₂,而A₅₀₃₃无影响。用等毒性剂量,所有组分都使小鼠艾氏腹水癌产生多倍化细胞。由于争光霉素的G₂期阻断效应与抑瘤存在着平行关系,我们认为争光霉素的抑瘤作用与癌细胞被阻断在G₂期有关。     

新型5-HT2A选择性配体N-取代哌啶-4-苯硫醚和砜类衍生物的合成及其生物活性

目的为寻找新型的5-HT_2A受体选择性配体,设计合成了一系列二芳烷基哌啶类化合物的含硫衍生物。方法以2,3-二甲氧基硫酚为原料,经烃化、氧化和水解等反应合成3个N-取代哌啶-4-苯硫醚和砜类化合物,所有目标化合物结构均经元素分析、¹HNMR谱、质谱和红外光谱确证,并测定其对5-HT_2A,5-HT_2C,5-HT₆和5-HT₇受体及其他一些中枢神经递质受体的体外亲和力。结果3个目标化合物(2a-2c)及5个中间体均为新化合物。体外受体竞争结合试验结果表明2a-2c均有较高的5-HT_2A受体选择性。结论此类化合物对5-HT_2A受体的选择性较高,值得进一步研究。     

ERK1/2通路参与大鼠肠系膜动脉平滑肌细胞ETB受体上调表达

目的探讨细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)信号转导通路在血管平滑肌细胞内皮素-1 B型受体(ET_B)上调中的作用。方法用大鼠肠系膜上动脉离体培养模型，以敏感的离体小血管张力描记技术记录血管张力变化，实时PCR定量ET_B受体mRNA，PhosphoELISA法测定细胞内磷酸化的ERK1/2蛋白水平。结果大鼠肠系膜上动脉培养3 h，细胞内ERK1/2蛋白磷酸化水平明显增高，培养24 h ET_B受体mRNA表达水平显著上调，选择性ET_B受体激动剂蛇毒类似物(sarafotoxin 6c，S6c)引起的收缩增强；与特异性ERK1/2通路阻滞剂SB386023共同孵育24 h，S6c引起的最大收缩E_max明显下降，ET_B受体mRNA水平也显著降低。结论ERK1/2信号转导通路参与大鼠肠系膜上动脉离体平滑肌细胞ET_B受体上调过程。     

争光霉素A5和争光霉素A2的抗肿瘤作用与毒性研究

争光霉素是由浙江平阳分离的链霉菌产生的抗肿瘤物质,是由十多种组分组成的复合物。理化性质研究表明,争光霉素A₂、A₅、B₂等组分与日本报道的博莱霉素(Bleomycin)相应的组分A₂、A₅、B₂等相同。目前国外临床使用的博莱霉素是以A₂为主要组分的复合物。我们对A₅与A₂组分进行了比较研究,结果表明,两者的生物活性有明显差别,主要表现为:(1)对小鼠食管癌(SGA-73)的抑制作用,A₆比A₂强;(2)在小鼠食管癌组织中的浓度(微生物测定法),A₅比A₂高;(3)对小鼠肺的损害作用,A₅比A₂轻;(4)对小鼠的急性毒性,A₅比A₂低。上述研究结果提示,争光霉素A₅是具有一定特点的新抗癌药。最近,单一组分的争光霉素A₅定名为平阳霉素。     

腺苷A1受体阻断剂对学习记忆的影响及机制分析腺苷A1受体阻断剂对学习记忆的影响及机制分析

目的探讨腺苷A₁受体阻断剂对学习记忆的影响及其与胆碱能、氨基酸能神经的关系。方法采用避暗实验、分光光度法和HPLC法,观察腺苷A₁受体特异性阻断剂8-环戊-1,3-二丙基黄嘌呤(DPCPX)对东莨菪碱(Scop)、2-氨基-5-磷戊酸(AP₅)致小鼠记忆障碍及脑胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性、氨基酸水平的影响。结果DPCPX可显著改善Scop致记忆障碍,但对AP₅致记忆障碍无影响；在体内外高剂量DPCPX可显著抑制小鼠脑AChE活性；DPCPX icv可显著升高小鼠脑Glu和Asp含量,降低GABA含量,使脑内Glu/GABA比值显著升高。结论腺苷A₁受体特异性阻断剂DPCPX可显著改善Scop而不能改善AP₅致记忆障碍,在高剂量时可影响脑AChE活性和脑氨基酸水平、升高脑内Glu/GABA比值。     

AMP579与腺苷对大鼠和豚鼠心室肌钾离子或钠离子通道作用的比较

目的研究AMP579和腺苷对钾离子与钠离子通道的影响及其作用机制，比较它们对负性变力及抗心律失常作用的离子机制。方法采用膜片钳全细胞记录模式记录大鼠和豚鼠心室肌细胞离子通道电流。结果腺苷对大鼠心室肌瞬时外向钾电流(I_{to)的激动作用强于AMP579，腺苷和AMP579的EC50值分别为2.33与8.32 μmol·L^-1 (P<0.05)；两者激动Ito的作用均可被腺苷A1受体阻滞剂PD116948阻断，表明其作用机制均是通过腺苷A1受体介导的。腺苷对豚鼠心室肌延迟整流钾电流(IK)的抑制作用强于AMP579，腺苷和AMP579的IC50值分别为1.21与2.31 μmol·L^-1 (P<0.05)；AMP579对内向整流钾电流(IK1)的抑制作用强于腺苷，AMP579和腺苷的IC50值分别为4.15与20.7 μmol·L^-1 (P<0.01)。AMP579和腺苷对大鼠心室肌钠电流(INa)的抑制作用相似，其IC50值分别为9.46与6.23 μmol·L^-1。结论腺苷对大鼠心室肌Ito的激动作用强于AMP579，两者对Ito的作用机制均是通过腺苷A1受体介导的。AMP579对IK1的抑制作用强于腺苷，而腺苷对IK的抑制作用强于AMP579，两者对INa的抑制作用相似，这些离子机制与两者发挥负性变力与抗心律失常作用有关系。}     

不同组分的57Co(钴57)——争光霉素在肿瘤动物中的分布特性及其与抑瘤和毒性关系的探讨

⁵⁷Co标记的七种争光霉素组分(A₂+B₂混合品、A₂、A₄、A₅、A₆、A₅₀₃₃和B₂)在实体型艾氏腹水癌小鼠的分布实验中,发现七种组分都亲瘤和抑瘤。争光霉素A₅和A₆的亲瘤性最高。用等毒性剂量,A₅、A₄和A₂具有最高的抑瘤性。小鼠肝、肾和肿瘤对各种标记的争光霉素组分的摄取以A₅₀₃₃为最低,A₆为最高,因此目前看来,以A₆进行临床试用的前景似比其他的组分为差。A₅₀₃₃在肺中集聚少,排出较快,急性毒性又最低,按相等的LD₅₀剂量给药其抑瘤率也较高,从减少肺纤维化这点考虑,它可能是值得进一步研究的。A₅亲瘤抑瘤较高,肾和肝摄取较高,但较A₆为低,排出较慢,在体内保留时间较长,也是一种有发展前途的单一争光霉素组分。     

Comparison of CGS 15943, ZM 241385 and SCH 58261 as antagonists at human adenosine receptors

Three structurally related non-xanthine compounds, CGS 15943, ZM 241385 and SCH 58261, are potent A_2A adenosine receptor antagonists and have been used as tools in many pharmacological studies. We have now characterized their affinity and selectivity profile on human adenosine receptors stably transfected into either CHO cells (A₁ and A_2B receptors) or HEK-293 cells (A_2A and A₃ receptors). In binding studies using [³H]SCH 58261 as a radioligand, the three compounds were equally potent at A_2A receptors, their K _i value being less than 1 nM. Affinity for A₁ and A₃ receptors was measured using [³H]DPCPX and [¹²⁵I]AB-MECA as radioligands. Given the lack of selective ligands, interaction with A_2B receptors was assessed using the cAMP accumulation assay following stimulation by the adenosine receptor agonist N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA). CGS 15943 was almost as potent at A₁ receptors (K _i 3.5 nM) as at A_2A receptors, showed moderate affinity for A₃ receptors (K _i 95 nM) and also interacted with A_2B receptors (K _i 44 nM; pA₂ 7.5). ZM 241385 showed little affinity for A₁ receptors (K _i 255 nM), and did not interact with A₃ receptors (K _i>10 μM); however, it displayed moderate affinity for A_2B receptors (K _i 50 nM; pA₂ 7.3). SCH 58261 had weak affinity for A₁ receptors (K _i 287 nM), no interaction with A₃ receptors (K _i>10 μM), and showed negligible interaction with A_2B receptors (K _i 5 μM; pA₂ 6.0). These data indicate that SCH 58261 is the most selective A_2A antagonist currently available. Moreover, the different receptor selectivity of these three chemically related compounds provides useful information to progress with structure-activity relationship studies. Received: 2 July 1998 / Accepted: 6 October 1998     

Adenosine receptors and asthma

The accumulation of evidence implicating a role for adenosine in the pathogenesis of asthma has led to investigations into all adenosine receptor subtypes as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of asthma. Selective A(1) receptor antagonists are currently in preclinical development since adenosine has been shown experimentally to mediate various features of asthma through this receptor such as bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion and inflammation. The A(2A) receptor is expressed on most inflammatory cells implicated in asthma, and as A(2A) stimulation activates adenylate cyclase and consequently elevates cAMP, selective A(2A) receptor agonists have now reached clinical development. However, initial reports concerning their efficacy are inconclusive. A(2B) receptor antagonists are also under investigation based on the rationale that inhibiting the effects of adenosine on mast cells would be beneficial, in addition to other reported pro-inflammatory effects mediated by the A(2B) receptor on cells such as airway smooth muscle, epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Whilst the effects in pre-clinical models are promising, their efficacy in the clinical setting has also yet to be reported. Finally, adenosine A(3) receptor stimulation has been demonstrated to mediate inhibitory effects on eosinophils since it also elevates cAMP. However, some experimental reports suggest that A(3) antagonists mediate anti-inflammatory effects, thus the rationale for A(3) receptor ligands as therapeutic agents remains to be determined. In conclusion, establishing the precise role of adenosine in the pathogenesis of asthma and developing appropriate subtype selective agonists/antagonists represents an exciting opportunity for the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of asthma.     

A(2A) adenosine receptor ligands and proinflammatory cytokines induce PC 12 cell death through apoptosis

A(2A) adenosine receptor-mediated signaling affects a variety of important processes in the central nervous system both in physiological and pathological conditions, and has been indicated as possible novel therapeutic target in several nervous system diseases. In the present work, cell death induction was investigated after neuronal PC 12 cell treatment with proinflammatory cytokines and adenosine receptor ligands. Interleukin-1-beta (IL-1-beta, 500 U/mL), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha, 1000 U/mL) and the non selective adenosine receptor agonist, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), caused a significant reduction of cell viability with a maximal effect within 3-48 hr. Moreover, an addictive effect was detected when the cells were simultaneously treated with Interleukin-1-beta and NECA for 3 hr. To investigate the adenosine receptor subtypes involved in PC 12 cell death, the effects of several adenosine receptor agonists/antagonists were evaluated. The endogenous nucleoside, adenosine, and the selective A(2A) adenosine receptor agonist, 2-(carboxyethylphenylethylamino)adenosine-5'-carboxamide (CGS21680) reduced PC 12 cell viability. This effect was counteracted by the selective A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonist, 7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5c]pyrimidine (SCH58261), but not by selective A(2B) adenosine receptor antagonist N-(4-acethylphenyl)-2-[4-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-1H-purin-8-yl)phenoxy]acetamide (MRS1706), suggesting the specific involvement of A(2A) adenosine receptor subtype in adenosine-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, the selective A(1) adenosine receptor agonist, N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), did not induce any significant effect on cell viability. By ELISA immunoassay cell death detection and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) we demonstrated that A(2A) adenosine receptor ligands and cytokines induced cell death through an apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, our results showed that A(2A) adenosine receptors are involved in the control of PC 12 cell survival/death and may contribute to modulate cellular activity in response to tissue damage associated with inflammatory mediator production.     

Recent progress in the development of adenosine receptor ligands as antiinflammatory drugs

Adenosine receptors belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. Four distinct subtypes are known, termed A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3). Adenosine is an important signaling molecule which is released under inflammatory conditions. It can show antiinflammatory as well as proinflammatory activities, and the contribution of the specific adenosine receptor subtypes in various cells, tissues and organs is complex. Agonists selective for adenosine A(1) receptors show antinociceptive activity and are active in animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Adenosine A(2A) receptor agonists are potent antiinflammatory drugs. A(2A)-selective antagonists have shown antihyperalgesic activity in animal models of inflammatory pain. For A(2B)agonists as well as A(2B) antagonists antiinflammatory activity has been postulated. Selective A(2B) antagonists were shown to decrease (inflammatory) pain, and are promising candidates for the treatment of asthma. Adenosine A(3) receptor agonists appear to be proinflammatory, while there is evidence for an antiinflammatory effect of A(3) antagonists. There are some contradictory findings, and A(3) agonists are being developed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. Indirect mechanisms increasing the extracellular concentration of adenosine using adenosine kinase inhibitors, adenosine deaminase inhibitors or adenosine uptake inhibitors, or increasing the potency of adenosine at the A(1) receptor subtype by allosteric modulators lead to potent antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activity. The advantage of indirectly acting drugs may be their site- and event-specific action since they are only active where adenosine has been released. In the past decade considerable progress has been made towards the identification of novel lead structures and the development of potent and selective ligands for all four adenosine receptor subtypes. A large number of patents has recently been filed and the field is finally in the process of translating many years of basic science into therapeutic application. This review article will focus on compounds published or patented within the past three years.     

Adenosine receptors and their ligands

The regulatory actions of adenosine are mediated via four subtypes of G protein-coupled receptors distinguished as A1, A2A, A2B and A3 receptors. Their presence on basically every cell makes them an interesting target for the pharmacological intervention in many pathophysiological situations. A large number of ligands have been synthesized over the last two decades and provide agonists and antagonists that are more or less selective for the known receptor subtypes. In addition, many radioligands are available in tritiated or radioiodinated form. The comparative pharmacological characterization of all four human adenosine receptor subtypes revealed that some of the compounds thought to be selective from data in other species have unexpected potencies at human receptors. As a result, compounds that exhibit high affinity to only one subtype are an exception. Although the selection of ligands is immense, it is less than satisfying for most subtypes of adenosine receptors.     

Medicinal chemistry of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists

Due to the clearly demonstrated receptor-receptor interaction between adenosine A(2A) and dopamine D(2) receptors in the basal ganglia, the discovery and development of potent and selective A(2A)adenosine receptor antagonists became, in the last ten years, an attractive field of research to discovery new drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinsons disease. Different compounds have been deeply investigated as A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonists, which could be classified in two great families: xanthine derivatives and nitrogen poliheterocyclic systems. These studies led to the discovery of some highly potent and selective A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonists such as ZM241385, SCH58261 and some xanthine derivatives (KW6002), which have been used as pharmacological tools for studying this receptor subtype. However, those compounds showed some problems that do not permit their use in clinical studies, such as poor water solubility (SCH58261, and xanthine derivatives) or good affinity for A(2B) adenosine receptor subtype (ZM241385). In the last few years great efforts have been made to overcome these problems, trying to optimize not only the pharmacological profile but also the pharmacokinetic character of this class of compounds. The aim of this report is to briefly summarize the recent progress made in this attractive field of research.     

Pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidine derivatives as adenosine receptor antagonists: a possible template for adenosine receptor subtypes?

Adenosine, a widely distributed modulator, regulates many physiological functions through specific cell membrane G-protein-coupled receptors classified as A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3). An intense medicinal chemistry effort made over the last 20 years has led to a variety of selective adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists. In particular, the pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidine nucleus has been strongly investigated in the last years by our group. All the modifications performed and a tentative of structure-activity-relationship is reported. In fact, the combination of different substitutions at the N(7), N(8) and N(5) positions afford compounds which showed good affinity and selectivity for the different adenosine receptor subtypes. The data herein summarized, permit to speculate on the use of this nucleus as possible template for the adenosine receptor subtypes.     

Evidence for an atypical receptor mediating the augmented bronchoconstrictor response to adenosine induced by allergen challenge in actively sensitized Brown Norway rats

The bronchoconstrictor response to adenosine is markedly and selectively increased following ovalbumin (OA) challenge in actively sensitized, Brown Norway rats. We present a pharmacological analysis of the receptor mediating this response. Like adenosine, the broad-spectrum adenosine receptor agonist, NECA, induced dose-related bronchoconstriction in actively sensitized, OA-challenged animals. In contrast, CPA, CGS 21680 and 2-Cl-IB-MECA, agonists selective for A(1) A(2A) and A(3) receptors, respectively, induced no, or minimal, bronchoconstriction. Neither the selective A(1) receptor antagonist, DPCPX, nor the selective A(2A) receptor antagonist, ZM 241385, blocked the bronchoconstrictor response to adenosine. MRS 1754, which has similar affinity for rat A(2B) and A(1) receptors, failed to block the bronchoconstrictor response to adenosine despite blockade of the A(1) receptor-mediated bradycardia induced by NECA. 8-SPT and CGS 15943, antagonists at A(1), A(2A), and A(2B) but not A(3) receptors, inhibited the bronchoconstrictor response to adenosine. However, the degree of blockade (approximately 3 fold) did not reflect the plasma concentrations, which were 139 and 21 times greater than the K(B) value at the rat A(2B) receptor, respectively. Adenosine and NECA, but not CPA, CGS 21680 or 2-Cl-IB-MECA, induced contraction of parenchymal strip preparations from actively sensitized OA-challenged animals. Responses to adenosine could not be antagonized by 8-SPT or MRS 1754 at concentrations >50 times their affinities at the rat A(2B) receptor. The receptor mediating the bronchoconstrictor response to adenosine augmented following allergen challenge in actively sensitized BN rats cannot be categorized as one of the four recognized adenosine receptor subtypes.     

Use of the triazolotriazine [3H]ZM 241385 as a radioligand at recombinant human A2B adenosine receptors

Radiolabeled ZM 241385 (4-(2-[7-amino-2- ?furyl??1,2,4?triazolo?2,3-a??1,3,5?triazin-5-ylaminoethyl)p henol), has previously been used as a high affinity radioligand for the labeling of A2A adenosine receptors in cell membranes. Another subtype, the A2B receptor, is the least well-defined subtype of adenosine receptors and lacks selective pharmacological probes. In the present study, we have used [3H]ZM 241385 as a radioligand to label recombinant human A2B adenosine receptors in HEK-293 cell membranes, that do not express A2A adenosine receptors, and found that the pharmacological profile is consistent with the SAR of A2B receptors. Saturable, specific binding (Kd 33.6 nM, Bmax 4.48 pmol/mg protein) that was best described by a one-site model was found, and specific binding was approximately 75% of total binding. [3H]ZM 241385 binding was displaceable by a large number of compounds known to interact with A2B receptors; thus, this method has promise as a tool in the search for agonists and antagonists selective for this subtype. Xanthine analogs, which are antagonists, proved to be the most potent displacers. The Ki of XAC, xanthine amine congener, was 12.3 nM, while CPX (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine) was less potent. The non-selective triazoloquinazoline antagonist CGS 15943 (Ki 16.4 nM), which is similar in structure to ZM 241385, was slightly less potent than XAC. The non-xanthine A2B-antagonist alloxazine displaced [3H]ZM 241385-binding with a Ki of 462 nM, similar to its affinity in functional assays. Adenosine derivatives known to activate this receptor subtype, such as NECA (5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) and R-PIA (N6-phenylisopropyladenosine), were considerably less potent than the 8-substituted xanthines examined.